Unit Cell Size Research Articles

A Hybrid Data-Driven Metaheuristic Framework to Optimize Strain of Lattice Structures Proceeded by Additive Manufacturing.

This research is centered on optimizing the mechanical properties of additively manufactured (AM) lattice structures via strain optimization by controlling different design and process parameters such as stress, unit cell size, total height, width, and relative density. In this regard, numerous topologies, including sea urchin (open cell) structure, honeycomb, and Kelvin structures simple, round, and crossbar (2 × 2), were considered that were fabricated using different materials such as plastics (PLA, PA12), metal (316L stainless steel), and polymer (thiol-ene) via numerous AM technologies, including stereolithography (SLA), multijet fusion (MJF), fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and selective laser melting (SLM). The developed deep-learning-driven genetic metaheuristic algorithm was able to achieve a particular strain value for a considered topology of the lattice structure by controlling the considered input parameters. For instance, in order to achieve a strain value of 2.8 × 10-6 mm/mm for the sea urchin structure, the developed model suggests the optimal stress (11.9 MPa), unit cell size (11.4 mm), total height (42.5 mm), breadth (8.7 mm), width (17.29 mm), and relative density (6.67%). Similarly, these parameters were controlled to optimize the strain for other investigated lattice structures. This framework can be helpful in designing various AM lattice structures of desired mechanical qualities.

Broadband Effective Permittivity Simulation and Measurement Techniques for 3-D-Printed Dielectric Crystals

Frequency-dependent dielectric properties of 3-D-printed structured dielectrics (dielectric crystals) with engineered effective permittivity for micro-and mmWave applications are studied. Different modeling and measurement techniques for broadband dielectric properties of such 3-D-printed crystals are reviewed, their tradeoffs discussed, and individual results compared. Numerically obtained results from the plane wave expansion method (PWEM) and Floquet port scattering are compared with traveling-wave measurements in both guided and free-space setups. Furthermore, the shortcomings of effective media theories (EMTs) and resonance measurement methods are addressed and contrasted against broadband methods. Individual simulation and measurement setups are reviewed with respect to dielectric crystals with simple cubic (SC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) symmetry, with different unit cell sizes and volumetric infill fractions. Extracted effective permittivity values from PWEM and Floquet port simulations show excellent agreement with traveling-wave measurements in both guided and free-space scenarios. Furthermore, the discussed broadband methods predict and measure frequency-dependent effects that are not covered by EMTs and resonance measurement setups, highlighting the necessity to adopt more sophisticated simulation tools for the design of graded-index devices. It is shown that the effective media bandwidth of dielectric crystals depends on the respective unit cell symmetry and that FCC symmetry obtains a significantly increased bandwidth compared with SC symmetry.

Deep-subwavelength phononic beams with topological interface states

We propose deep-subwavelength phononic beams that can support topological interface states (TISs) at low frequencies. To achieve this, we employ unit cells with acoustic black hole (ABH) configurations, enabling the creation of the first band gap in a low-frequency range where the unit cell size is much smaller than the wavelength of the controlled wave. Connecting two distinct beams with different topological properties results in TISs within their low band gaps. Through numerical simulations and experimental validation, we demonstrate the realization of TISs in the frequency range of 4.3–8.5 Hz, utilizing the designed phononic beams with lattice constants less than λ/20.

Rational design process for gas turbine exhaust to supercritical CO2 waste heat recovery heat exchanger using topology optimization

Advances in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and topology optimization methodologies are enabling sophisticated novel designs for heat exchanger performance. These tools have been demonstrated for development of high-performance heat sinks considering local or component-level performance factors (e.g., heat transfer per volume). To leverage such capabilities in larger-scale energy systems, structured design methodologies are needed that consider system-level factors, such as production cost, cycle-level efficiency, and operational constraints. This study seeks to develop and assess a rational approach for designing thermo-economically optimal heat exchangers for such applications. The methodology is illustrated through development of the Primary Heat Exchanger (PHX) for a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycle recovering exhaust heat from a 6 MW-scale natural gas turbine. The proposed approach begins with a detailed thermodynamic cycle model, which is then extended to account for techno-economics. Next, an optimal PHX heat transfer capacity target is identified, and a high-level geometry is selected based on operating characteristics. This geometry is then divided into repeating 2D prismatic unit cells, for which topology optimization is applied to identify high-performance heat transfer geometries. A key aspect of this process is that the unit cell geometries are optimized using the total PHX mass as the objective function, which represents a surrogate for production cost. This leads to distinct designs compared with approaches that optimize local heat transfer and flow resistance factors. A second topology-optimized design is developed using a representative local thermal-fluid performance objective function and is found to require 1.6× the mass of the design generated with the system-level techno-economic objective for the same unit cell size. Conventional-type PHX designs with simple longitudinally finned tubes are developed for comparison, and are found to require total masses 1.5× or greater than the design obtained with the proposed process. Integrating this approach with detailed additive manufacturing costing models and experimentally validated fabrication constraints can yield a streamlined workflow for HX design for future energy systems.

Effect of cell size and wall thickness on the compression performance of triply periodic minimal surface based AlSi10Mg lattice structures

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) are mathematical surfaces with zero mean curvature and are spatially invariant. Recently, these surfaces are investigated for potential application in the manufacturing of cellular materials or lattice structures for a variety of purposes. However, designing such structures is a difficult task as the dedicated design platforms impose higher costs. Therefore, in this study, lattice structures have been designed using an in-house developed opensource tool for different cell sizes and cell wall thicknesses. The lattice structures have been additively manufactured through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and their design compliance and manufacturing defects have been investigated through optical micrography and SEM. The lattice structures have been subjected to quasistatic uniaxial compression test in as-manufactured and heat-treated conditions and the resulting compressive stress-strain curves have been analyzed in detail to draw a relationship between the two varying quantities and the mechanical properties of the lattice structure. The results show that there has been small but visible differences between the as-designed and as-manufactured lattice structures. The mechanical properties of lattice structures deteriorated with increasing cell size at constant wall thickness and improved with increasing cell wall thickness at constant unit cell size. The heat treatment procedures homogenized and increased plastic deformation while decreasing the strength and modulus values. Overall the study outlined a significant effect of cell geometry, size, and cell wall thickness on the mechanical properties of the TPMS lattice structures.

Structural modifications, low temperature magnetic behavior and optoelectronic trends in A-site substituted spinel ferrites

MnxZn1-xFe2O4nanoparticles having cubic spinel phase were synthesized through chemical sol–gel method. The results showed a linear increase in crystallite size, lattice constant, packing factor, and number of unit cells per sample with x, following Vegard's law. High specific surface area (20.34–34.35 m2/g) has been observed which shows suitability for energy storage applications. Magnetic propertieswere improved, likely due to the blocking state of tiny nanoparticles. Switching in direct (4.26–5.12 eV) and indirect (3.03–4.63 eV) bandgaps and Urbach energy was observed at x = 0.5. Refractive index showedtunable trend against incident wavelength making the system a potential candidate for hetero-lasers and non-linear optics. Nyquist plot revealed a non-Debye relaxation phenomenon and the contribution of grain boundaries and grains. Variations in dispersion energy (2.61–30.49 eV), excitation energy (8.44–10.25 eV), optical spectrum moments (M−1: 0.3047 to 2.9757, M−3: 0.0041 to 0.0283 eV−2), and high frequency dielectric constants (1.30–3.98)have been observed.

Topological design factor optimization in the development of periodic‐type honeycomb lattice structure on the carbon fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol composite

AbstractIn most of the automobile and aerospace materials, cellular structures are extensively used due to their lightweight and high energy absorption capabilities. Naturally available animal bones and plant stems are light in weight due to their natural cellular structures. This may inspire various researchers for integrating the various lattice structures such as beam, planar, triply periodic minimal surfaces, and voronoi structures on the various structural materials. The development of lattice structures using 3D printing technology has opened up major attention towards fabricating lightweight components without any complications. In this study, the detailed crashworthiness responses such as compressive strength was optimized in terms of varying the topology‐related factors on the carbon fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol (CF/PETG) composite. The experimentation was conducted concerning variable topology factors such as shell thickness, unit cell type, wall thickness (WT), unit cell orientation (UCO), skewing angle, and unit cell size. The model was examined and optimized by means of the Taguchi optimization technique. The crashworthiness response was analyzed using the compression test and moreover, this experimental response is used for the optimization processes. From the observation, the topology factors which contributed more for the higher compressive strength will be UCO of 65.47% and WT of 15.20%. Results of the regression study show that the R square value with concern to the compressive strength will be 92.74%. The optimized design parametric condition for CF/PETG composite established a higher compressive strength of 41.179 MPa, From the overall results, it is clear that the variation in the topology factors has developed a huge and favorable impact on the mechanical characteristics of the lattice‐structured CF/PETG polymer composite.Highlights Hexagonal Lattice structure incorporation on the carbon fiber reinforced PETG composite. Design optimization on the compressive properties. Taguchi optimization is performed on design‐based lattice structures. Unit cell orientation has higher percentage contribution on compressive strength.

Determination of the Effect of Zinc Acetate as a Doped Substance on the Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanomaterials by using a Hydrothermal Interaction Technique

In the current work, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS) NPs were synthesized via the hydrothermal interaction technique. Especially, the deviation in zinc Acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 with 0.5% 1.5%, and 2.25% was examined for its part in nanoparticles size. The nanoparticle size seems to reduce from 149.7 nm to 116.3 nm by enhancing the zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2. With increasing zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 in CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) small lattice phase changes appeared due to angle peaks of diffraction shifting toward higher angle. The standard crystallite size and lattice parameters were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The average crystallite size and volume unit cell were found to increment with increasing Zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 concentrations. Absorption peaks in the UV visible spectra corresponding to zinc acetate Zn(CH3CO2)2 of CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) were analyzed at various wavelengths of 368 nm and 369 and 371nm. These findings show the tuning ability of structural, and optical characteristics of cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs.

Uniform and graded bio-inspired gyroid lattice: Effects of post-curing and print orientation on mechanical property

Additive manufacturing is spreading rapidly because it offers great design freedom in creating intricate lightweight shapes using lattice structures that offer numerous possibilities, including applications in aerospace, automotive, and electronics where mechanical properties are paramount. In this paper, inspired by the wing scale of the C. Rubi butterfly, unique uniform and density-graded gyroid lattice structures were proposed. This research designed the uniform gyroid lattice structure with two design configurations of unit cell sizes (4, 6, and 8) and solidity percentages (20, 30, 40, and 50) and density-graded gyroid with a solidity range of 20–80% in a constant volume of 30*30*30 mm. The designs have been modeled in nTopology software and manufactured using the Vat polymerization additive manufacturing technique with two printing orientations (0° and 25°). Two sets of the samples were printed, and one group was given postcuring treatment at 80°C for 2 hours. Quasi-static compression testing was performed to investigate the improvement in mechanical characteristics due to postcuring treatment and print orientation. The results indicate significant relationships between design parameters and mechanical performance. The density-graded gyroid lattice exhibits four times higher compressive strength than higher solidity uniform gyroid samples (UC-8-solidity-40 and 50%) when subjected to the same or less mass. In addition, debonding of connecting surfaces due to higher postcuring temperature, and better performance of horizontally printed samples have been addressed. Moreover, simulation and experimental deformation patterns for uniform and graded gyroid lattice structures have been displayed.

Improved mechanical performance of quasi-cubic lattice metamaterials with asymmetric joints

In this paper, we propose a simple method for the modification of the unit cells in the lattice metamaterials that provides an improvement of their impact strength. The idea is based on the introduction of small mutual offsets of the interconnected struts inside the unit cells. In such way, the joints between the struts become asymmetric and the overall geometry of the unit cells can be defined as the quasi-cubic with the axis of chirality. Considering four types of cubic lattices with BCC, BCT, FCC and octahedron structures, we modified their geometry and investigated the influence of the offsets and the unit cell size on the overall performance in static and dynamic tests. From the experiments we found that the small offsets (less than the strut diameter) can allow to increase the impact strength of 3d-printed polymeric specimens in 1.5–3 times remaining almost the same density and static mechanical properties. Based on the numerical simulations, we show that the explanation of the observed phenomena can be related to the increase of plastic deformations and damage accumulation in the unit-cells with asymmetric joints leading to the transition from the quasi-brittle to the ductile type of fracture in tested specimens.

3D-Printed Twisting Tubular Metamaterials with Tunable Mechanical and Torsional Characteristics

Innovative tubular compression-torsion mechanical metamaterials with potential applications in sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting are introduced. The metamaterials are parametrically designed and fabricated through stereolithography appearance 3D printing method, and their behaviour is analyzed using experiments, finite element method, and machine learning (ML). The effects of unit cell geometrical parameters, such as the unit cell size, the struts length, the angle between the struts, and the in-plane and out-of-plane thicknesses, on the performance of the structure, are investigated. Additionally, the influence of section geometry, longitudinal and circumferential cell numbers, and the unit cell assembly layouts on the metamaterial's twisting capability and mechanical properties is studied. The results demonstrate the tunability of the metamaterial by setting the unit cell design parameters, compression-torsion conversion property, volume fraction, and effective Young's modulus. ML is employed to predict a geometric design suitable to fit known working specifications. ML facilitates tuning the proposed metamaterial based on the desired responses which are expected from the structure. The problem is addressed through a multi-target supervised regression using the Random Forest regressor algorithm with optimized hyperparameters.

Fabrication and mechanical properties of three-dimensional enhanced TiAl/GH3536 hetero-honeycomb sandwich structure

The mechanical properties of honeycomb sandwich structures are improved using topological-reinforcement and material-strengthening. This study introduces a novel type of TiAl/GH3536 hetero-honeycomb sandwich structure, called the enhanced honeycomb sandwich structure, which boasts a relative density of core range of 3.2%–21.2%. The enhanced honeycomb sandwich structure is designed and fabricated through a vacuum-brazing method using BNi-2 brazing filler metal. The microstructure and out-of-plane compression behavior of both the as-brazed and original honeycomb cores are experimentally and analytically investigated. The study establishes good correlations between analytical predictions and experimental results. The results highlight the sensitivity of the mechanical properties of the enhanced honeycomb cores to the unit-cell size and parent–alloy properties, specifically inelastic buckling, and elastic modulus. The compressive characteristics of the enhanced honeycomb sandwich structures were thoroughly examined, and it was determined that the efficient filling of gaps between the honeycomb core walls with liquid BNi-2 brazing filler metal, coupled with the optimal core structure, resulted in the precipitation of mesh-like Mo-boride compounds within the GH3536 parent material. This resulted in a significant increase in the compressive strength and elastic modulus, by up to 57.4% and 26.3%, respectively. The combination of topological-reinforcement and material-strengthening provided a way to achieve lightweight sandwich structures with high specific strengths and low densities, which is important on the fabrication of engineering bioinspired materials and devices designed based on honeycomb structures.

Design of single‐layer bandstop fractal frequency selective surface based on WLAN applications

AbstractIn this letter, we present a new frequency selective surface (FSS) for shielding 2.4–2.5 and 4.98–5.825 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) bands. This FSS structure is based on the traditional Sierpinski octagon and we improve it. Compared with the traditional structure, the improved one has a smaller element size and better angular stability. The design is realized on float glass with a relative permittivity () of 8, and the unit cell size is 0.1152λ0 × 0.1152λ0 (λ0 is the free space wavelength at the first resonant frequency). Wide rejection bandwidths (−10 dB) of 910 and 1630 MHz are obtained at 2.4–2.5 and 4.98–5.825 GHz, respectively. The surface current distribution and the equivalent circuit model are illustrated to explain the resonance behavior of the proposed FSS. Furthermore, this FSS exhibits stable frequency response to incident angles of 0°–80° under transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations. Finally, this FSS structure was fabricated and measured. The measured results demonstrate that this FSS structure has good performance in WLAN applications.

Bamboo-inspired hierarchical microlattice structures (BHMSs) for high strength and energy absorption

Mechanical metamaterials as a category of lightweight materials have exhibited superior specific mechanical properties and energy absorption. However, lack of reasonable structural design always results in weakening or failure to achieve the optimal mechanical performance of metamaterials. Here, we firstly adopted bio-inspired and structural optimization methods to guideline the design of microlattice structures. Inspired by the strong and ductile ‘Moso’ bamboo, three bamboo-inspired hierarchical microlattice structures (BHMSs) were initially designed, and the bamboo’s features, viz., hollow, gradient distribution, and cellular, were imitated by designed BHMSs. Optimization design with the objective of maximum ratio of strain energy and reaction force was carried out to furthermore improve the mechanical properties of BHMSs. Afterwards, the optimal BHMSs were printed via Stereolithography. The compressive responses of BHMSs were elaborated by experiments and simulation. Results show that these designed biomimetic structures can be easily tailored via tuning the geometric sizes of unit cell, achieving high compressive specific modulus and strength 48.16 kPa m3 kg−1 and 1389.23 Pa m3 kg−1 and the energy-absorbing efficient 85.43% in the octet bamboo-inspired hierarchical microlattice structures (OCT BHMSs). The design strategies and findings shed light on the realization of advanced metamaterials with tailored mechanical properties. How to design ordered cellular structures for lightweight structures with high mechanical strength and energy absorption efficiency remains a crucial challenge in automation, aerospace and lightweight construction fields. Inspired by the lightweight and high load-bearing capacity of nature bamboos and metamaterials in the previous researches (Song et al., Materials & Design, 2019, 173: 107773; Song et al., International Journal of Fatigue, 2017, 100: 126), here a comprehensive approach of bionics and optimization was proposed to design hierarchical microlattice structures with lightweight, good mechanical properties and high energy absorption efficiency. The bamboo’s characteristics, including hollow, gradient enhancement, and cellular, were completely copied to reasonably produce hierarchical microlattice configurations, while the optimal sizes were obtained though the optimization design.

Review of Orbital Magnetism in Graphene-Based Moiré Materials

Recent years have seen the emergence of moiré materials as an attractive platform for observing a host of novel correlated and topological phenomena. Moiré heterostructures are generated when layers of van der Waals materials are stacked such that consecutive layers are slightly mismatched in their lattice orientation or unit cell size. This slight lattice mismatch gives rise to a long-wavelength moiré pattern that modulates the electronic structure and leads to novel physics. The moiré superlattice results in flat superlattice bands, electron–electron interactions and non-trivial topology that have led to the observation of superconductivity, the quantum anomalous Hall effect and orbital magnetization, among other interesting properties. This review focuses on the experimental observation and theoretical analysis of orbital magnetism in moiré materials. These systems are novel in their ability to host magnetism that is dominated by the orbital magnetic moment of Bloch electrons. This orbital magnetic moment is easily tunable using external electric fields and carrier concentration since it originates in the quantum anomalous Hall effect. As a result, the orbital magnetism found in moiré superlattices can be highly attractive for a wide array of applications including spintronics, ultra-low-power magnetic memories, spin-based neuromorphic computing and quantum information technology.

Size-dependent mechanical behaviors of 3D woven composite under high strain-rate compression loads

Dynamic characterization of textile composites is confronted with great challenges due to its large unit-cell size and the inherent limitations in specimen size for the Hopkinson bar-based test system. The small specimen size will inevitably introduce variations in effective mechanical response and failure mechanism, and bring about additional problems in determining the realistic dynamic properties of the material. This work experimentally investigated the dynamic compression behavior of three-dimensional angle interlock woven composite (3DWC) using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Specimens with different sizes were designed to explore the size dependency, strain-rate dependency and orientation dependency for the compressive behavior of the 3DWC. A high-speed camera and an optical microscope were introduced to elaborate on the damage progressing process and fracture morphology under different loading conditions. With an increase in strain rate, the measured strength of warp-direction specimens increased by approximately 7.6%, 4.8%, and 2.6% for three different sizes of specimens, accompanied by more severe intra-tow damage. Different-sized dynamic specimens exhibited comparable failure processes but modest variations in measured properties. When the number of unit cells in a specimen increased from two to three and four, the strength was observed to rise by around 14.9% and 21.9% respectively. In comparison to the warp-direction specimen, the weft-direction specimens exhibited substantially higher strength and failure strain, as well as distinct dominant failure modes of yarns. This work provides valuable insights into the determination of dynamic properties for 3D woven composites, and the designing and interpretation of dynamic test methods.

In-plane measurements and computational fluid dynamics prediction of permeability for biocompatible NiTi gyroid scaffolds fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is considered a promising technology for manufacturing porous, biomimetic, and patient-specific scaffolds for bone repair. Scaffold permeability is one of the key factors to be considered for acquiring the required mass-transport properties in bone tissue engineering. This study aims to reveal the relationship between the design parameters of gyroid-based porous structure and scaffold permeability. A set of gyroid samples was manufactured from intermetallic NiTi alloy. Nine configurations of porous structures were obtained by varying the main design parameters, namely wall thickness and unit cell size. The in-plane method was employed to measure the permeability coefficient for the gyroid structures. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the porous structures were performed to predict the targeted properties in an implant at the design stage before LPBF manufacturing. The results of the simulations were validated with the obtained experimental results. Geometrical accuracy and surface morphology of the as-built samples were investigated with various techniques. Biocompatibility assessment of the gyroid scaffolds was performed with human cell culture experiments. 

Tuning Carbon Material Modified Commercial Sponge Toward Pragmatic Oil Spill Cleanup

AbstractA practical approach to designing 3D porous materials with new functionalities for oil spill clean‐up attracts widespread attention. The carbonized seaweed‐coated melamine sponge (CMS) can selectively absorb oil immediately due to its countless pores using capillary‐driven force to absorb oil. The microstructure and behaviors of the CMS are thoroughly investigated in relation to the unique porous structure, mechanical stability, wetting response, and in‐depth processing of the high‐speed visualization experiment to determine its promising abilities. For the special CMS structure with a unit cell size of 1 × 1 × 1 cm, the total volume of oil inside the capillary tube is drawn inward after 56 ms, and the absorption rate is estimated to be ≈15 200 liters per spare metre hour without any external power inputs. According to the results, theoretical models are proposed to estimate the oil absorption rate as a function of time by continuity of the oil column in the capillary tube based on quantitative analysis of the optically analyzed oil interface phenomena. It is first shown to be a reliable approach for describing volumetric absorption rate and effective CMS thickness by visualizing the capillary spreading flow. It is expected that this research will hold tremendous potential strategies for environmental remediation.

Even Faster Exact Exchange for Solids via Tensor Hypercontraction.

Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) remains intractable for large periodic systems due to the demanding computational cost of exact exchange. We apply the tensor hypercontraction (THC) (or interpolative separable density fitting) approximation to periodic hybrid DFT calculations with Gaussian-type orbitals using the Gaussian plane wave approach. This is done to lower the computational scaling with respect to the number of basis functions (N) and k-points (Nk) at a fixed system size. Additionally, we propose an algorithm to fit only occupied orbital products via THC (i.e., a set of points, NISDF) to further reduce computation time and memory usage. This algorithm has linear scaling cost with k-points, no explicit dependence of NISDF on basis set size, and overall cubic scaling with unit cell size. Significant speedups and reduced memory usage may be obtained for moderately sized k-point meshes, with additional gains for large k-point meshes. Adequate accuracy can be obtained using THC-oo-K for self-consistent calculations. We perform illustrative hybrid density function theory calculations on the benzene crystal in the basis set and thermodynamic limits to highlight the utility of this algorithm.

Realization and Control of Bulk and Surface Modes in 3D Nanomagnonic Networks by Additive Manufacturing of Ferromagnets.

The high-density integration in information technology fuels the research on functional 3D nanodevices. Particularly ferromagnets promise multifunctional 3D devices for nonvolatile data storage, high-speed data processing and non-charge-based logic operations via spintronics and magnonics concepts. However, 3D nanofabrication of ferromagnets is extremely challenging. In this work, wereport an additive manufacturing methodology and fabricate unprecedented 3D ferromagnetic nanonetworks with a woodpile-structure unit cell. Weinvestigate their collective spin dynamics (magnons) at frequencies up to 25 GHz by Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) microscopy and micromagnetic simulations. A clear discrepancy of about 10 GHz is found between the bulk and surface modes which weengineer by different unit cell sizes in the Ni-based nanonetworks. The angle- and spatially-dependent modes demonstrate opportunities for multi-frequency signal processing in 3D circuits via magnons. The developed synthesis route will allow one to create 3D magnonic crystals with chiral unit cells which are a prerequisite towards surface modes with topologically protectedproperties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.