Size-strain Plot Research Articles

Easy and green synthesis of TiO2 (Anatase and Rutile): Estimation of crystallite size using Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plot, Monshi-Scherrer Model, size-strain plot, Halder- Wagner Model

TiO2 is one of the most important metal oxides which are widely applied in various fields, and the modifications of synthesis process and in-depth characterization are growing up day by day. Nano Anatase and Rutile phases of TiO2 were synthesized from titanium iso-butoxide following an easy approach where no toxic chemicals were utilized. Nano-TiO2 (Rutile phase) was synthesized from the thermal conversion of the nano-Anatase phase (which was obtained at room temperature) at 700 °C temperature for 2 h. Anatase and Rutile phases were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and matched with the standard database. Different crystallographic parameters such as lattice parameters, and preference growth were calculated from the XRD data. Different methods were utilized to estimate the crystallite size of the Anatase and Rutile phase of TiO2 by using the Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plot, Monshi-Scherrer Model, Size-strain plot method, Halder- Wagner Model, and Sahadat-Scherrer Model. All the models presented crystallite size in the accepted region, and linear regression coefficients were also taken into consideration. In addition to the crystallite size, various intrinsic parameters such as stress, strain and energy density were also computed from the mentioned models based on XRD.

Role of CeO₂ and calcination temperature on the structural and optical properties of (ZnO) ₁-x/ (CeO₂)ₓ nanocomposites in the UV–visible region

This study explores the optical properties of (ZnO)1-x/(CeO2)x nanocomposites within the UV–visible range (250–1000 nm). Two sets of samples were synthesized using a gelatin-based sol-gel method. The first set comprises (ZnO)1-x/(CeO2)x, where x values are 0.0 (pure ZnO), 0.03 (ZCe3), 0.05 (ZCe5), and 0.01 (ZCe10) that calcined at 600 °C for 2 h. The second set consists of (ZnO)0·97/(CeO2)0.03 samples, which were obtained at varying temperatures denoted as ZCe3-700, ZCe3-800, ZCe3-900, and ZCe3-1000 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to investigate the structure of the prepared nanocomposites under different conditions. The XRD patterns revealed a hexagonal lattice structure for ZnO and a cubic lattice structure for CeO₂, confirming that ZnO and CeO₂ nanocrystals grew independently. The crystalline size of the samples was determined using the Size Strain Plot (SSP) method. Reflectance data acquired through UV–visible spectroscopy were utilized to calculate the band-gap value, which was subsequently analyzed using the Kramer-Kronig method. The results indicate that, although there is negligible variation in the band gap values among samples prepared with different combinations and temperatures, these parameters influence n(ω) and k(ω). These findings suggest that ZnO/CeO₂ nanocomposites hold promise for optoelectronic applications, and the optical properties can be fine-tuned by controlling the aspect ratio of ZnO and CeO₂.

Investigation on bio-synthesized Ni- and Al-doped cobalt ferrite using lemon juice as eco-fuel

Pure and doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel auto-combustion route with the aid of lemon juice as eco-fuel. In this study, Ni2+ and Al3+ ions were chosen as the dopants. The cubic spinel crystal structure of the synthesized ferrite samples was elucidated from the powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystallographic parameters associated with the samples were obtained from the Rietveld profile refinement of the diffraction patterns. The precise lattice parameter obtained from the Nelson-Riley extrapolation method is found nearly matches with the lattice parameter obtained from the Rietveld refinement of respective samples. The average crystallite size and microstrain accompanying with the samples were estimated from various methods such as via the Debye-Scherrer method, Williamson-Hall analysis and size-strain plot. By employing Tauc’s plot method, the optical parameters such as the direct bandgap, sub-bandgap and the Urbach energy of all the samples were calculated by analyzing the UV-Visible reflectance spectra. The room temperature magnetic properties of all the samples were estimated from the vibrating sample magnetometry. The nature of magnetic hysteresis revealed the semi-hard ferrimagnetism of the prepared cobalt ferrite samples. Also, the variation of magnetic properties with doping was analyzed. The weakening of interaction among the ions in tetrahedral and octahedral sites causes a decrease in the values of remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization and coercivity of doped samples.

Estimation of microstructural parameters by Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner, and size–strain plot methods and magnetic properties of (Cu/Mn) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles

Estimation of microstructural parameters by Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner, and size–strain plot methods and magnetic properties of (Cu/Mn) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles

Defect engineering for enhanced optical and photocatalytic properties of ZnS nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method

Defect engineering is a promising method for improving light harvesting in photocatalytic materials like Zinc sulphide (ZnS). By altering the S/Zn molar ratio during hydrothermal processes, Zn and S defects are successfully introduced into the ZnS crystal. The band structures can be modified by adding defects to the crystal structure of ZnS samples. During the treatment process, defects are formed on the surface. XRD and Raman studies are used for the confirmation of the crystallinity and phase formation of the samples. Using an X-ray peak pattern assessment based on the Debye Scherer model, the Williamson-Hall model, and the size strain plot, it was possible to study the influence of crystal defect on the structural characteristics of ZnS nanoparticles. The band gap (Eg) values were estimated using UV–Vis diffuse spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS) and found that the Eg is reduced from 3.28 to 3.49 eV by altering the S/Zn molar ratio. Photoluminescence study (PL) shows these ZnS nanoparticles emit violet and blue radiations. In keeping with the results of XRD, TEM demonstrated the nanoscale of the prepared samples and exhibited a small agglomeration of homogenous nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology of the ZnS particles. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate and validate the elemental composition. XPS results indicate the presence of defects on the prepared ZnS nanoparticles. For the investigation of vacancy-dependent catalytic activity under exposure to visible light, defective ZnS with different quantities of Zn and S voids are used as catalysts. The lowest S/Zn sample, ZnS0.67 and the highest S/Zn sample, ZnS3, show superior photocatalytic activity.

Impedance Study of Zinc Sulphide Quantum Dots via One Step Green Synthesis

ZnS quantum dots were synthesized using green synthesis route which are cost effective and eco-friendly. X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of single phase ZnS. Crystallite size and strain in the as synthesized material were calculated through Williamson-Hall and Size-Strain plot. UV-Vis spectroscopy investigations revealed the absorption region and optical band gap for the ZnS with refractive index analysis. Microstructural analysis of material was done using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) which confirms the presence of quantum dots. Selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAEDP) of the corresponding area revealed the polycrystalline nature of as synthesized ZnS with fine crystallites oriented along (111) and (022) planes. Results of analysis of lattice fringe spacing’s of fine crystallites are found to be in good agreement with SAEDP data. Elemental compositional analysis was carried by using EDS as an attachment of TEM which showed the presence of Zinc and Sulphur only. Nyquist plot reported Warburg impedance which suggests the material for solar cell applications.

Investigating the properties of nano crystalline beta metal-free phthalocyanine films: From molecules to optoelectronic applications

A study was conducted to investigate the structural and optical properties of nanocrystalline beta metal-free phthalocyanine (β-H2Pc) thin films using computational and experimental methods. DFT calculations using the B3LYP basis set 6–311G were performed to predict the HOMO-LUMO gap of the β-H2Pc (2.13 eV). The crystalline structural properties of the β-H2Pc were examined through XRD analysis, which revealed that the powder β-H2Pc had a monoclinic polycrystalline structure, while the β-H2Pc thin film was amorphous. Various methods were used to determine and compare the average crystallite size and microstrain, with the size-strain plot method yielding an average crystallite size and microstrain size of 73.15 nm and 0.0051, respectively. Using SEM to analyze the film's surface topography, the mean grain size was found to be 0.85 µm due to agglomeration. Linear and nonlinear spectrophotometric measurements were employed to examine the optical properties of the β-H2Pc thin film. The film exhibited indirectly permitted inter-band transitions, with the onset and fundamental band gaps of 1.51 eV and 2.74 eV, respectively. Furthermore, several absorption and dispersion characteristics for thin films were identified. The properties exhibited by Au/β-H2Pc/p-Si/Al heterojunction indicate its potential suitability for photosensor applications.

Structural, optical and temperature dependent electric modulus property of few layer MoS2 nanosheets

Few layered molybdenum di-sulphide (MoS2) nanosheets were synthesised using low temperature hydrothermal method. Hexagonal structure of MoS2 nanosheets was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies revealed the formation of 5–6 layered nanosheets with thickness of 3–4 nm. Crystalline size and micro strain in MoS2 were calculated by various model including Williamson-Hall plot, Size-strain plot, Halder-Wagner and Scherrer formula. UV–Vis studies reveal sharp absorption cut off at 216 nm and large band gap of 2.67 eV caused by quantum confinement effect and lattice strain induced shift of orbital overlapping. Difference between two Raman peaks of 24 cm−1 confirmed the formation of 5–6 layers. Very high dielectric constant of 2600 was obtained at room temperature. Temperature dependent complex electric-modulus and dipolar relaxation of MoS2 nanosheets was investigated to understand the relaxation process and transport of charge carriers for the first time.

Influence of molar concentration on structural, morphological, optical and luminescence of polyvinyl alcohol-capped nanostructured ZnS films

Nanostructured ZnS films of various molar concentrations have been deposited using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method on glass substrates in the matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Structural analysis of the samples with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the films are of cubic phase structure and diffraction peaks shift toward higher diffraction angle with the increase of molar concentration. Crystallite size is obtained using Scherrer’s formula, Williamson–Hall (WH) plot as well as size–strain plot (SSP), and reveals decrease in size with increasing molar concentration. Surface morphology and surface texture of the samples are observed with the help of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution transmission electron microcopy (HRTEM) which exhibit the roughly spherical shape of the particles as well as formation of cluster by a large number of ZnS nanoparticles. Observation from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern also confirms the cubic phase of nanostructured ZnS samples. Surface topographic study using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows particle agglomeration forming nanoclusters and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy observation reveals that the films are composed of zinc and sulfur. With the increase of molar concentration, the optical bandgap energy increases whereas the refractive index as well as dielectric constant decrease, and in comparison to ZnS bulk counterpart, the samples are found to be blue-shifted. Samples exhibit blue emission photoluminescence (PL) band and second-order Raman scattering. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) technique is utilized to detect the presence of stabilizing agent.

Synthesis of Sr-doped Ni0.5Zn0.5SrxFe2-xO4 and the study of its structural, mechanical, magnetic, and electrical properties for high-frequency applications

The solid-state reaction method has been used to mold the spinel Ni–Zn ferrites with doped strontium (Sr) [Ni0.5Zn0.5SrxFe2-xO4; x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.10]. The powder X-ray diffraction approach was driven to investigate the crystal lattice of the studied samples. By using a variety of methods, including the Debye-Scherrer (D-S) formula, the Williamson-Hall (W–H), the Halder-Wagner (H–W), and the size-strain plot (SSP), where broadening of the XRD peaks are used, we have calculated the crystallographic features of Ni–Zn ferrites to ascertain the crystallite size and lattice strain. With doped Sr contents in samples, the lattice constants of the studied ferrites were decreased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the sample's surface. Using the Image J software, the samples' grain size was calculated. We also performed the FTIR calculation, which confirmed that the ferrites we studied were spinel ferrites. The stiffness constants and elastic moduli were enumerated using the FTIR data to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the studied samples. Important thermal parameters such as Debye temperature (ΘD) and melting temperature (Tm) were also calculated. The magnetic behavior characterizing parameters have been analyzed via a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Our studied samples are soft magnetic materials. We found the magnetic and electric losses to be negligible. Over a wide frequency extent, from 102 to 106 Hz at ambient temperature, an impedance analyzer was utilized to examine the samples' dielectric properties and AC resistivity. In the high-frequency region, the dielectric constant is frequency independent and the values of the dielectric constant are decreased with doped materials. Resistivity is increased with Sr-doped materials.

Investigation of the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of vanadium substituted Mn–Zn ferrites

This work revealed the role of altering vanadium (V) content in Mn–Zn ferrites. We used the traditional solid-state reaction method to prepare the {mathrm{Mn}}_{0.5}{mathrm{Zn}}_{0.5}{mathrm{V}}_{mathrm{x}}{mathrm{Fe}}_{2-mathrm{x}}{mathrm{O}}_{4} (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) ferrites. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the samples’ crystal structures, revealing the prepared sample’s spinal cubic crystal structure. With increasing Vanadium concentration, the lattice constant drops proportionately. We used Debye–Scherrer (D–S), Williamson–Hall (W–H) Plot, Halder–Wagner (H–W) Langford, and Size Strain Plot (SSP) methods to compare different structural properties. We also used the impedance analyzer to investigate the samples’ dielectric characteristics and AC conductivity at room temperature over a frequency range of 1 kHz–100 MHz. The magnetic properties, i.e., Saturation magnetization (Ms), Coercive field (Hc), and Remanent magnetization (Mr), were estimated from the ferromagnetic hysteresis behavior of the samples measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization was observed to decrease with an increase in V content. The Mr and HC vary non-linearly with V contents. The prepared samples’ initial permeability was tested, and a reasonably constant complex permeability (µ') was recorded over a wide frequency range (~ 1000 Hz).

The Effect of Annealing Temperatures on Structural Properties of Cu2O Nanoparticles

In this study, the effect of the annealing temperature on the material properties and the structural properties of cuprous oxide was studied in order to investigate how the annealing temperature affects the material properties, and the temperature varied between 200℃, 300℃, 400℃ and 500 ℃ and was unannealed. The physical properties of the cuprous oxide were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns showed that the Cu2O nanoparticles were highly pure, crystalline, and nano-sized. From the XRD results, we found the pure cuprite (Cu2O) phase. The values of crystal size were discovered and calculated by the Halder-Wagner and Size-Strain Plot (SSP) methods, respectively. The crystallite size increased as the annealing temperature increased. As a result, it was discovered that annealing temperature has a significant impact on structural and morphological aspects. In order to calculate physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain, dislocation density, surface area, and consequently the number of unit cells, the sample was taken into consideration.

Dielectrically modified Nd3+ doped (Ni–Mn) based spinel ferrite Ni0.5Mn0.5NdxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles for energy storage applications

The neodymium doped Ni–Mn based spinel ferrites nanomaterials Ni0.5Mn0.5NdxFe2-xO4 with doping concentration of 0.00–0.20 were synthesized by sol gel auto-combustion method. All the samples in fine powder were annealed at 600 °C in a muffle furnace for 4 h to remove the impurities and absorbed gases. In XRD patterns, the obtained high intense diffraction peak at (311) is good evidence that the prepared materials are spinel ferrites. With the help of Scherer method, the crystallite size was calculated in nanometer ranging from 13 to 19 nm. Further, the calculated crystallite size was correlated with Williams's Hall, modified Scherrer and size strain plot (SSP) method. The study of surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that some grains are non-uniform at different concentration of neodymium. Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to study the relationship between transmittance and wavenumber. The pattern obtained from tetrahedral and octahedral site represents two frequency band v1 and v2. The electrical properties like dielectric constant, tangent loss, electric modulus and ac conductivity were studied by impedance analyzer in applied frequency range 1 MHz–3 GHz and result was explained by using Maxwell Wigner method. It was found that there are some relaxation peaks were observed at high frequency due to hopping of electrons. By using Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the magnetic properties were studied in the applied magnetic field ranging from -3kOe to 3 kOe. The hysteresis loop shows the decreasing in retentivity (Mr), magnetization (Ms) and coercive field (Hc). In conclusion, these prepared materials are very useful for energy storage device applications.

Crystallographic parameters of Bi2O3 and reduced Graphene-Bi2O3 nano-composite thin film

The Bi2O3 and reduced graphene (RG)-Bi2O3 nano-composite thin films are synthesized using modified sol-gel process. For structural examination, the samples are analyzed using XRD. Using the Scherrer equation and a modified Scherrer plot, the sample's structural parameters are calculated. The materials' size and strain were estimated from different methods like modified Williamson-Hall (W–H), Halder-Wagner (H–W), and Size Strain Plot (SSP) with logical validity. The different crystallographic parameters obtained are compared and presented in this work.

XPS studies and Kramers-Kronig analysis of the optical properties of ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposites synthesized by gelatin-based sol-gel method

Gelation-based sol-gel method was used to synthesize (ZnO)1-x/(SnO2)x nanocomposites (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 which are indexed as ZnO, ZS2, ZS4, and ZS6, respectively). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used for the investigation of the structural characteristic of the prepared nanocomposites. The crystallite sizes were calculated by using size strain plot method (SSP). Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS) were carried out for the optical characterizations. The obtained reflectance data from the UV–vis spectroscopy were analyzed by using Kramers-Kronig mathematical method to study the behavior of the refractive index and permittivity of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were used to study the particles sizes and morphologies variations. According to the obtained results, Sn4+ ions could not diffuse into the ZnO lattice structure and therefore, SnO2 nanocrystals growth beside the ZnO nanocrystals resulted in (ZnO)1-x/(SnO2)x nanocomposites. Although Sn4+ ions had not incorporated into Zn2+ sites, the optical properties of the fabricated nanocomposites were significantly changed and the transparency of the samples increased.

Structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of nickel rich manganese substituted Li2Ni6MnxCo2-xO10 nanomaterial synthesized via sol-gel method

Manganese-substituted nickel-rich lithium-cobalt oxide Li2Ni6MnxCo2-xO10 was synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method. The structure and morphology were investigated respectively by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Hexagonal structure was confirmed by XRD pattern with secondary phase. The crystallite size of the prepared nanomaterial was determined by modified Scherer modified (MSM), size-strain plot (SSP), and Williamson-Hall (W–H) method approaches. The average crystallite size has been correlated for each method and found to range from 12 to 27 nm. SEM was performed to investigate the surface morphology, particle size, and their distribution. The dielectric characteristics have been investigated with the effect of applied frequency in the range of 1 MHz–3 GHz. Synthesized material's dielectric characteristics such as impedance, electrical conductivity, modulus, and dielectric constant have been studied and found frequency dependent. Sensitivity response at high frequency suggested that the material is applicable for high-frequency devices. Magnetic measurements were made using M − H loops of coercivity (Hc), saturation magnetization (Ms), and retentivity (Mr). Both saturation magnetization and coercivity varied with increasing Mn concentration. The maximum value of Ms found at x = 0.50 and subsequently decreases with increasing Mn-content. Prepared samples are soft magnetic materials due to low coercive field. Further, the obtained dielectric properties suggested that the prepared materials can be used for energy storage applications.

Effect of Ni-doping on coloring and photocatalytic performance of MgTi2O5 nanoceramics

The Ni-doped MgTi2O5 has been synthesized by sol–gel method and investigated the effect of sintering with %Ni content. The heat inspection of intermediate products was done at 1000–1400 °C. The structural properties of synthesized samples were studied by various methods viz. simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA-DTG), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Zeta Sizer, and UV–Vis NIR spectroscopy. The crystallite size of the obtained samples was determined from PXRD analysis using Classical Scherrer formulae, modified Scherrer model, Williamson–Hall method, and size-strain plot equation. Unit cell parameter was determined precisely from PXRD data based on Rietveld refinement analysis, which confirmed insertion of Ni2+ ions into the MgTi2O5 structure by decreasing unit cell parameters. Particle size was measured using dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction techniques. Optical parameter analysis reveals that nano-pigments with narrow bandgap energy were suitable for photocatalysis. Ni0.6Mg0.4Ti2O5 sintered at 1400 °C exhibits highest photocatalytic activity (∼93%) within 120 min solar light irradiation. Color properties of the samples were determined from DRS measurement using CIE-L*a*b* software. The obtained outcomes confirmed that the optical, photocatalytic and color properties of prepared samples improved with increasing Ni-contents.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of nanostructured tin sulfide as a highly efficient visible-light active photocatalyst: Characterization, applications, and theoretical studies

In this study, nanostructured tin sulfide was synthesized using a facile microwave-assisted method. The as-prepared sample was further characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and Mott-Schottky analyses. Based on the results, the synthesized SnS is an n-type semiconductor and has a direct band gap of 1.32 eV. Photocatalytic activity of nanostructured SnS was then evaluated through degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible light in a cylindrical batch reactor. The results show that this highly efficient photocatalyst can degrade almost up to 83.06% of 14 mg/L pollutant within 10 min, which can be attributed to its relatively high specific surface area of 52.819 m2/g. In addition, the photocatalyst performance was studied from the isothermic, thermodynamic, and kinetic points of view. The results suggest that Fritz-Schlunder along with Baudu are the most appropriate models to describe the adsorption process (the first step of photochemical reactions), as they have the lowest error functions and highest correlation coefficients. Based on kinetic studies results, there is a good agreement between the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model and our experimental data. Additionally, the corresponding structural parameters of SnS were compared by size-strain plot (SSP), and Williamson-Hall methods. Furthermore, a density functional theory (DFT) approach was conducted to get more insight into the electronic and structural properties of the SnS. In terms of the band structure, 1.35 eV of band gap energy (Eg) is obtained, which perfectly matches with the results of characterization tests (1.32 eV). Finally, the partial density of states curves indicate that the valence band maximum (VBM) is mainly generated from 3pS, 5sSn, and 5pSn states while the conduction band minimum (CBM) is made of 5pSn states. Consequently, the spin-up and spin-down curves are found to be highly symmetric, indicating the non-magnetic property of tin sulfide.

Synthesis of Nickel-doped Magnesium spinel ferrites (NixMg1-xFe2O4) nanomaterials and study of their structural, electrical and magnetic properties

The Solution-gelation self-ignition method was used to synthesize Nickel-doped Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles with the formula NixMg1-xFe2O4, where x ranged from 0.00 to 0.20 with a step/sample of x = 0.05. Nickle was doped to tune the magnesium ferrite's dielectric and magnetic properties and the systematic effect of Ni on crystal structure, crystallite size, dielectric properties in high-frequency range, and magnetic properties was investigated. The prepared samples were annealed at 600 °C for 3 h and their electrical properties were investigated through pellets of each ferrite. The crystalline host material structure was confirmed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization, which showed a Face-centered cubic lattice (FCC) structure with a preferred orientation along the (311) plane. The crystallite size was found to be between 10 and 16 nm using Scherrer's formula, modified Scherrer's formula, Williamson-Hall's plot, and Size strain plot. FTIR analysis was used to identify the doped spinel ferrite nanomaterials and the spectral qualities were successfully verified. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the size of particles and their distribution. The magnetic properties of NixMg1-xFe2O4 were analyzed using the VSM technique between the field of −23 kOe to 23 kOe, and the remanent magnetization (Mr), coercive field (Hc), and saturation magnetization (Ms) were estimated. The dielectric properties of the host material were studied using an Impedance analyzer, which showed that the complex impedance (Z′ & Z″) decreased with an increasing frequency corresponding to the grain boundary action. The dielectric constant improved ferromagnetic resonance and dielectric loss-enhanced relaxations. The ac conductivity appeared to increase by increasing frequency. The dielectric studies suggested that Mg1-xNixFe2O4 nanoparticles would have potential applicability in many microwave devices.

Effect of the Synthesis Time on Structural Properties of Copper Oxide

The structural properties of the CuO nanopowder oxide prepared reflux techniquewithout any templates or surfactant, using copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO)3 3H2O) in deionizedwater with aqueous ammonia solution are reported. The Xrd analysis data and processing in originpro program used to get FWHM and integral width to study the effect of different synthesis timeswas studied on the structural properties. It was found that values of crystal sizes are 17.274nm,17.746nm, and 18.560nm, the size of nanoparticles is determined by Halder-Wagner, and 15.796nm, 15.851nm, and 16.52nm, were calculated by Size-Strain Plot (SSP) method. The Sample wasconsidered to determine physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain,dislocations density, surface area, and the number of unit cells and then to compare the results.