Size Of Cultivated Area Research Articles

Geographical analysis of the change of urban sprawl areas in Dallowiya district for the period 1977-2021 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

This study deals with the environmental effects of the problem of urban sprawl, which faces agriculture in Dulwa district, one of the districts of Salah al-Din Governorate. This problem affected land and agricultural production in the judiciary through the decrease in the size of cultivated areas, which was accompanied by the decrease in production quantities as well as the change in crop composition. There are many The reason for the increase in the risks of urban sprawl is due to the influence of geographical factors, whether they are natural surface, climate, soil and water resources, or human factors whose impact was very large, represented in the increase in the population and their needs for services and infrastructure, as well as government policy, the economic level and social factors.

ASSESSING LINK BETWEEN ON FARM AGRO-BIODIVERSITY AND FOOD SELF- SUFFICIENCY IN TWO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF NEPAL

Biodiversity is more recognized as a critical component of food production and food security and an important component of environment conservation. So, the paper tries to address the key research questions about the factors influencing crop diversity on the farm and are the household with high farm diversity more food secure or not? The study thus aimed to assess the on-farm crop diversity and their relation to food self-sufficiency in two different agro-ecological regions of Nepal, i.e. Tulsipur sub-metropolitan (inner terai) and Sundarbazar municipality (mid-hill). For this, a total of 70 households were randomly selected, 35 from each region, and semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and focus group discussion were employed to collect primary data. And the richness, Shannon–wiener, Simpson index, and food self-sufficiency level of households were assessed. The Shannon Wiener index of vegetables, spices were found to be 3.770 and 3.721 and that of fruits was found 2.772 and 2.607 in the home garden of Tulsipur and Sundarbazar respectively. Food self-sufficiency was achieved among 40% of households in the Tulsipur while the figure of the Sundarbazar was only 28.6%. The size of cultivated area and species richness was found moderately positive correlated. Statistical analysis showed that agro-biodiversity across two regions had less difference and finally, the paper showed that biodiversity level has a direct link to household food self-sufficiency level which helps in reducing food insecurity. Our results, therefore, promote to make effective implementation of regional food security strategies and policies to improve.

Immediate impacts of COVID-19 crisis on agricultural and food systems in the Caribbean

ContextIn a region already plagued by food insecurity and challenges to the sustainability of the agricultural sector, the COVID-19 pandemic was a brutal shock in the Caribbean with immediate and significant socio-economic consequences. ObjectiveIn this paper, we assessed what are the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the agricultural and food systems of the Caribbean. MethodsTo this end, we conducted online surveys among farmers, households and experts of the region. We assessed the nature, strength and reversibility of the impacts but also the factors of resilience in the face of the crisis. Results and conclusionsOur study shows that the COVID-19 crisis has had strong impacts on Caribbean farmers and has weakened agricultural systems. The main impacts identified were a drop in income, production losses due to difficulties in marketing through conventional channels, but also difficulties in managing the farming systems due to reduced access to inputs and labor. In order to cope, farmers have adapted to be more self-sufficient: reduction in the size of cultivated areas, search for short marketing channels, diversification of production and reorientation towards the needs of the local market, recourse to mutual aid between farmers. If these effects appear to be non-irreversible in an island like Guadeloupe, the situation is different in other islands of the region where farmers have had to sell livestock, seek new off-farm income and sometimes sell land to cope. In terms of impacts on food systems, the crisis has led to strong constraints such as a reduction in food intake and diversity and increased reliance on family and social mutual aid. Our study also shows that the crisis has had an impact on consumer behavior and their perception of the importance of the agricultural sector: reduction of food waste, return to fresh and local products, adaptation of the diet, consumption of new products, and cultivation of food gardens. Finally, our study shows that the crisis has had an effect of strengthening the links between farmers and the rest of the population. SignificanceThus if the crisis has had seriously damaging consequences, it can also be the trigger and catalyst for an agro-ecological transition and the development of a circular and territorialized bio-economy to strengthen the resilience of Caribbean agricultural and food systems and facilitate the achievement of sustainability and food security objectives.

Assessment of factors for the increase in the productivity of grain crops

Grain production is a strategic element of the agricultural and food complex in Russia, which predetermines its fundamental importance in food security. The task of the increase in the level of grain yields is still urgent, despite the full satisfaction of the needs of the domestic market of Russia due to the benefits from grain exports. The authors assess the influence of the intensification processes on yield level taking into account the elimination of the influence of scale factor. During the research such statistical methods as correlation-regression and cluster were used as analysis tools. The authors revealed a pattern that a higher level of production costs per 1 hectare of grain crops provided a correspondingly higher yield. In the context of total large grain-sowing companies with an area of crops from 4 to 11 thousand hectares, a relatively high elasticity of production costs was revealed (0.87), which was higher than in the group of medium-sized companies (from 2 to 4 thousand hectares) by 0, 37 points. The scale factor had a significant influence on the intensification process and on the yield respectively. The model of the relationship between the size of cultivated areas and the yield of grain crops was qualitatively described by a parabola with a high degree of stochastic relationship. The maximum yield value was reached by a group of large grain-sowing companies with an area of crops from 5 to 10 thousand hectares, while in very large agricultural companies the yield was lower and was at the average level for the region.

Особенности социально-экономического и политического положения неповстанческих уездов Тамбовской губернии в 1917–1921 гг.

The relevance of the topic of food apportionment and the Antonov’s uprising is explained by the centenary of these events and the preservation of different approaches and opinions among historians on these issues. It is important to study the northern and western districts of the Tambov Governorate, which did not take a significant part in the Antonov’s uprising, since unde-servedly little attention is devoted to this topic. The main objectives of the study are to analyze the economic and economic situation in the “non-insurgent” counties in the context of their comparison with the southern counties (Tambovsky, Kirsanovsky and Borisoglebsky Counties) on the eve of the Tambov uprising of 1920–1921. To solve the set tasks, statistical information was used on the natural growth of the population, the size of cultivated areas, crop yields, etc. The significance of the work lies in the fact that the study adds more factual material about the reasons for the low level of social aggression among the peasantry of the northern and western counties on the eve of the insurrectionary movement in the Tambov Governorate.

Determinants of Farmer’s Participation in Farmers’ Associations: Empirical Evidence from Maputo Green Belts, Mozambique

Currently, the creation of farmers’ association has been suggested as an instrument for improving farmer’s well-being in developing countries, either to its potential contribution to markets access as well as by strengthening dissemination of information between farmers. However, most urban agriculture studies deal with production and marketing. Few studies analyze the determinants of producers' engagement in farmers’ associations. Therefore, the study has evaluated the determinants of producer’s participation in farmers’ associations in Maputo green belts, Mozambique. The random sampling technique has been used to collect data from 126 smallholders, of which 63 are the members of farmers’ association. A log it regression model has been used for quantifying the factors influencing farmer’s decision to affiliate on farmers’ association. The results of this study indicate that the variables with more influence on farmer’s decision to affiliate on farmers’ association are: gender, age, household size, and household income. Men are more likely to become members of farmer’s associations than women. The results also suggest that farmers outside farmers’ association have higher incomes and apparently have little interest for being affiliated to farmers associations because they can self-finance their agricultural activities. Access to credit and the size of cultivated area are not significant, however, the probability associated with the odds ratio for these variables have positive effects. The study recommends the implementation of agricultural programs and policies that encourage young farmers especially those with larger areas, and incomes to participate on agricultural and marketing associations.

Examining the relationship between farm size and productive efficiency: a Bayesian directional distance function approach

AbstractAchieving sustainable food security and increased farm income will depend on how efficient production systems are in converting available inputs to produce outputs. Using data from Malawi, we estimate a Bayesian directional technology distance function to examine the relationship between farm size and technical efficiency. Our results support the existence of an inverse relationship between farm size and productive efficiency, where small farms are more efficient than large farms. On average, farms exhibit inefficiency levels of 60%, suggesting that productivity could be improved substantially. Improving productive efficiency and food security will require farms to operate in ways where the size of cultivated area is matched by nonland production inputs such as labor, fertilizer, and improved seeds. The results highlight the need for policies that could incentivize farmers to adopt productivity‐enhancing technologies and, where possible, to allocate excess land to lease markets.

СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of agriculture as a branch of the economy of the Kemerovo region and to the identification of the prospects for its further development. The goal and tasks. The paper features the tendencies of the development of agriculture in the Kemerovo region. It asserts the role of agriculture in the economy of the region. The methodology. The research involves scientific methods of obtaining knowledge (retrospective and comparative analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), allowing one to obtain reliable and valid results of the study. The results. The paper analyses the structure of agricultural products in terms of categories of farms and nomenclature over the past five years. It estimates the dynamics of the development of agriculture in the region, namely, the production of poultry and livestock, the size of cultivated areas, and the number of livestock. Positive trends in the development of the industry have been singled out, as well as problems interfering with the development of agriculture in the Kuzbass. The article describes the measures implemented within the framework of the Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Kemerovo Region until 2025 in the field of agricultural management. The conclusions and significance. The study has made it possible to identify the key problems of the development of the Kuzbass agricultural sector, including management problems on the farms, and to propose measures to improve the efficiency of agriculture in the region.

Characteristics of agriculture in Uzbekistan in the years of independence

Abstract: Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy of the Uzbekistan Republic. The article analyzes the main changes and reforms undertaken since independence. Particular attention is paid to the develop-ment of farming enterprises, structural changes in the crop area, land reclamation. Keywords: agriculture, agricultural products, farm and farmer facilities, cotton, grain, land reclamation, reforms. Deep reforms were implemented in the Uzbekistan ag-riculture after the country gained its independence. This pe-riod can be characterized as a stage of intensive agriculture development. At that time agricultural products were the main source of foreign exchange resources. They were vital for the country food and became the main area of equip-ment and technology import. Special attention was paid to the grain production. The goal was to achieve self-sufficiency, and this task was carried out by limiting the monopoly of cot -ton. For example, from 1990 to 2013, the size of cultivated areas increased from 433.2 thousand acres to 1 610.7 thousand acres, or almost 4 times. The productivity of land increased from 12.8 to 44.1 hwt/ha (Fig. 1). The harvest gross increased from 553.5 thousand tons to 6545.3 thousand tons. The size of cultivated areas was increased with re-cultivated land and areas irrigated for cotton. Moreover, a higher productivity was achieved. In 1993–2013 the amount of land planted with cotton was reduced from 1721.0 thousand hectares to 1 342.5 thou -sand hectares. Thereby the raw cotton production decreased from 4 646.3 thousand tons to 3 442.3 thousand tons.In the studied years you can easily observe the expan-sion of cultivated land with land for food. Reduction of land for cotton was much less. At that time, with the exception of pasture for cattle from the agricultural lands, reducing acre-age for feed grains in irrigated lands created a number of problems in the animal husbandry. In 1991 the agricultural sector owned 92 % of the pastures; the total pasture area de-creased by 40% due to the extremely haphazard livestock production and reduce of pasture fertility reduce without its recreating [1].One part of unsuitable pastures was included in the cat-egory of reserved lands, and the other became forest fund. Country livestock has about 13 million hectares of grazing land, most of which are located on the territory of the Karakal -pakstan Republic, as well as Bukhara, Kashkadarya and Navoi regions, where there is the bulk of grown cattle (sheep).The Tashkent, Navoi and Khorezm regions lead in live-stock productivity in the country. When it comes to gross fig -ures, Samarkand, Khorezm, Kashkadarya, Bukhara become leaders in the meat production of meat. Samarkand, Khorezm, Kashkadarya take the first place in milk production. Cities like Tashkent, Samarkand, Khorezm and Andijan are leaders in the egg production. Kashkadarya, Samarkand, Navoi, Bukhara and Djizzak are leading in the production of wool [2].

The Critical Success Factors of Agricultural Cooperatives in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

In order to help farmers improve production, there is a need to link input and output operations, and agricultural cooperatives may be the best form. The cooperatives in Vietnam in general and in the Mekong River Delta in particular, however, still have certain drawbacks in their operation. The major objective of this paper is to find critical success factors of the agricultural cooperatives in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Based on direct interviews with 125 agricultural cooperative chairmen in 5 surveyed provinces, the findings of this study found that factors such as operating environment, management, and resources were closely related to the success of these cooperatives. Specifically, this study found that the infrastructure and socioeconomic conditions where the cooperatives operated, the operational scale of the cooperatives, the size of cultivated areas, the capital amount, the educational attainment of cooperative managers, the ratio of trained managers and other related resources played an important role in the success of the cooperatives in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam.

FEATURES OF TERRA \\ MOD11A2DAY IN OPERATIONAL FORECASTOF GRAIN CROPS YIELD IN KAZAKHSTAN WITH AN 8 DAY RENEWAL

Abstract. The Kazakhstan, with export capacity of 6–8 million tons, is one of the largest wheat exporter in the world. About 16 million hectares of unirrigated land is used for monocultural cultivation of cereals (wheat and barley). Most of the cropland is located in the steppe and forest steppe zone. The moisture deficit limits the crop productivity and creates a strong dependency of its state of the moisture conditions during vegetation season. In Kazakhstan, the average grain yield variations are sufficiently large, from 0.9 (2010) to 1.4 ton\\ha (2007). Given the high volatility of the gross grain harvest and export potential, respectively, methods of early satellite forecast of grain yield with high frequency of the renewal are of the great interest. In Kazakhstan, the variations in the weather growing season determine the yield of grain crops. By significant weather parameters include: the spring soil moisture, humidity and air temperature, rainfall, and several others. Plants respond to the sum of all parameters through the volume of green biomass. The regional cereal state can be estimated from satellite vegetation indices, which are particularly informative in the period of its seasonal peak. Another satellite parameter closely related to humidity conditions may be the land surface temperature (LST). Product USGS: TERRA \\ MOD11A2DAY represents the 8-days LST composite was tested in the task of estimating of arable lands temperature in Northern Kazakhstan. The description of the temperature conditions of the growing season based on the temperature calibrated index (TCI), which was introduced by Kogan. TCI provides a weighted assessment of the current LST on a scale of 0-100, where 0 - the lowest, respectively, 100 as a high temperature, recorded during the observation period at a given location at a given time window. The monitoring period included 2004–2010 years. During the beginning of the growing season was taken on April 15, season end on 20 August – ripeness stage of wheat. It was analyzed the two largest agriculture provinces – Akmola and Kostanay with a total cropland size is about 9 million hectares. The size of cultivated areas in Akmola and Kostanay areas during 2004–2010 has undergone a substantial increase, from 6.7 million hectares in 2004 to 8.9 million hectares in 2010. The temperature regime characterized by a weather component, and not depend on the land use type. Therefore, for the diagnosis of arable land in the period 2004–2010 was used a fixed mask, covering most major crop areas. Description of the temperature regime of arable land during the growing season (April 15–August 20) has the form of TCI time series which consists of 15 values (8 day period of renewal). The time window of each of the 15 assessments began on April 15 and ended up floating-date with progressive increments in 8 days. Accordingly, the last value of TCI, reflecting a weighted temperature throughout the analyzed part of the growing season (April 15-August 20). last value of TCI has a good correlation with the official cereal yield, R2 = 0,98 for Akmola, R2 = 0,90 for Kostanay oblast. These values are higher than the correlation between seasonal maximum NDVI (TERRA \\ MOD13Q1, 187-203 days) and yield of grain crops, which accounted for R2 = 0,85 Akmola, and R2 = 0,73 for Kostanay oblast. Scheme of the operative forecast grain yields was based on estimates of the temperature dynamics of arable land current year in comparison with the conditions of the past ones. The closest temperature regimes of previous years, in linear proportion to the degree of closeness to the current year, created a synthetic year-analogue. Yield, the year-analogue consisted of proportionate share of the yield components of its past. The magnitude of this yield, calculated as 15 times a season, forms the operational forecast with 8-day period of renewal. Thus, the TCI based on TERRA / MOD11A2DAY on informative in assessing the ceeral condition in Northern Kazakhstan is not inferior TERRA / MOD13Q1 / NDVI. Due to variations in sowing date assessment of culture-based vegetation index at the regional scale is difficult in the first half of the growing season, when there is a significant increase in the values of NDVI. LST is not directly connected with the agriculture cultivation techniques. This allows you to weigh the weather conditions and build the scheme of early operational forecasting crop yields with a high renewal rate when there is a close relationship between the temperature regime of arable land and crops condition.

A common dominant scale emerges from images of diverse satellite platforms using the wavelet transform

In this article we investigate the scale dependence of spatial heterogeneity in multiresolution and multisensor data using the wavelet transform. The landscape analysed with the wavelets retains the same dominant pattern irrespective of the original pixel size of the image. In agricultural areas, typically characterized by a mosaic of cultivated fields, the wavelet transform quantified consistently a median dominant scale of 512 m in the Orthophoto, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM + ). The dominant scale represented the dominant field size of cultivated areas. The shape of the average wavelet energy curves was also similar among the images. In semi-natural areas the wavelet transform quantified consistently a median dominant scale of 128 m in the Orthophoto and ASTER. The median dominant scale of ETM + was slightly smaller and located at 64 m. We characterized the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural and semi-natural areas in Andalucía (Spain) using multisensor data not time coincident ranging from 1 m (Orthophoto), to 15 m (ASTER) to 28.5 m (ETM + ). The contrast in vegetation cover was measured using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in ASTER and ETM + and red band in Orthophoto. We performed a multiresolution analysis using a Haar two-dimension discrete wavelet transform to quantify and compare the intensity (maximum degree of contrast in vegetation cover), the dominant scale (the scale at which the maximum intensity occurs) and the wavelet energy curve (intensity plotted as a function of the scale) of different images at intervals of power of 2 within the scale range from 2 to 4096 m.

Rangelands in Zimbabwe’s initial resettlement schemes: Spatial and temporal change analyses

Change in size and extent of cultivation and vegetation cover was analysed in three villages of an initial resettlement scheme in Zimbabwe using change detection depicted on serial aerial photographs taken at eight-year intervals from inception in 1981 to 1997. A geographic information system was used as an analytical tool. Interpretations were done using aerial photographs and 1995 Spot Images. The spot images were geo-referenced to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to ensure continuity of features. All images were enhanced using TNTmips to come up with clearer images. Aerial photographs for the three selected villages were scanned and geo-referenced and then exported to ARC VIEW 3.2 for on-screen digitising of land parcels as cultivated and vegetation theme layers. Overlay and spatial analysis were also done in ARC VIEW 3.2 for change detection. Results showed an average increase in size of cultivated areas by 281% between 1981 and 1997 and a increase of 52% between 1989 and 1997 in the three villages. Rangelands declined by a mean 42% during 1981 and 1997. There was a shift in land-use in 1987/8, which exaggerated cultivated areas due to fuzzy classification of land reverting to grazing areas by 1989. This shift in cultivation sites was adequately captured on overlaid aerial photographs for each of the three villages. It was concluded that spatial and temporal changes occurred in resettlement schemes rangelands and were due to the actions of resettled farmers. Keywords: Resettlement schemes, change detection, spatial analysis.

Detecting subtle land use change in tropical forests

This paper presents a study of land use and land cover dynamics in an indigenous community in the Amazon, in particular the methods used to deal with problems related to small size of cultivated plots, spectral similarity between land use classes, atmospheric haze and topographic shade. The main focus was on identifying and quantifying cultivated and fallow areas. Based on remote sensing alone, it was possible to identify about half of the fallows younger than 20 years of age. Combining remote sensing with field-based methods, however, it was possible to estimate the number and size of cultivated areas, the extent of fallows up to 65 years of age, as well as the rate of old-growth forest loss.

Predação de sementes de plantas daninhas em áreas cultivadas

Na investigação das relações ecológicas entre as espécies, observou-se que certos animais, principalmente insetos, alimentavam-se de sementes de plantas daninhas antes e depois da sua deiscência, reduzindo a entrada de sementes no banco de sementes do solo e, portanto, a quantidade total de propágulos disponíveis à germinação. Em situações favoráveis à atividade dos predadores, o consumo de sementes pode ser significativo, chegando a 90% do total de sementes produzidas. Esse processo depende, basicamente, das condições de ambiente e das práticas de manejo adotadas, como: método de preparo do solo, espécie cultivada, densidade e espaçamento da cultura e também do tamanho da lavoura. Deste modo, a predação de sementes pode ser uma ferramenta natural importante para o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas. Todavia são necessários estudos com maior consistência dos fatores envolvidos na regulação do processo de consumo de sementes para elucidação e orientação de práticas culturais que maximizem a intensidade de ocorrência desta forma biológica de manejo de infestantes.

The food-first bias and nutrition policy: lessons from Ethiopia

As in many countries from sub-Saharan Africa, nutrition policy in Ethiopia is dominated by a focus on national and household food production and food security. The results of the 1992 national rural nutrition survey, and a substantial body of evidence and theory from other settings, challenge this view. In Ethiopia, high levels of chronic malnutrition exist in food deficit and food surplus regions alike, and all regions have experienced worsening of nutritional status during the last decade. Moreover, child nutritional status is only weakly and inconsistently associated with size of cultivated area. Nutrition surveillance and other empirically-based efforts to improve policy should give explicit attention to policy education as an integral part of their stated objective and workplan.

The use of national sample surveys for nutritional surveillance: Lessons from Malawi's national sample survey of agriculture

National sample surveys, containing measurements of the weights and heights of children along with other socioeconomic modules, represent one of the important sources of information for nutritional surveillance. The potential uses of such information are political sensitization, targeting by geographic area, targeting by socioeconomic group, and identifying the most promising intervention options according to the presumed causes of malnutrition. The latter two applications depend upon the ability to detect stable associations between nutritional status and socioeconomic factors. This paper examines the extent to which these planning applications are affected by variation in the ecology of malnutrition across different segments of society, using Malawi's National Sample Survey of Agriculture (NSSA). The NSSA is nationally representative of Malawi's smallholder sector and contains information on anthropometrics of underfives and various socioeconomic characteristics of their households. This analysis is based upon 3000 households containing at least one underfive, with one child per household being selected for analysis. Height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) are calculated using WHO standards, and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Variation in nutritional ecology is investigated by examining statistical interactions among socioeconomic variables as they relate to HAZ and by comparing ANOVA models constructed within several sample strata. These strata are defined according to geographic region, size of cultivated area, child's sex, child's age and, for a subsample, erhnic/religious identification. The results demonstrate that significant two-way interactions exist between region, cultivated area, household labor availability and age of the child. For the total sample HAZ declines with increasing cultivated area among young children (<24 months) but improves with increasing cultivated area among older children (⪖ 24 months). the overall trend for young children is region-specific, however, such that no generalizations can be made concerning the effects of region and cultivated area without taking the other factor and child's age into account. Similarly, cultivated area interacts with household labor availability among young children, such that more labor is associated with lower HAZ on plots less than 0.7 ha, but more labor is associated with higher HAZ on plots above 1.5 ha. The existence of variation in nutritional ecology is further borne out by the observed variation in multivariabe ANOVA models constructed within various sample strata. It is concluded that significant variation in nutritional ecology does exist between various segments of society. This limits the usefulness of national sample surveys for selecting intervention options and for targeting interventions according to socioeconomic characteristics.

An epidemiological study of the occurrence of habu snake bite on the Amami Islands, Japan.

This study was carried out in order to estimate the risk of habu snake bite on the Amami Islands in relation to meteorological and human behavioural factors. A time-series analysis of the seasonal variation of habu snake bite was also carried out in order to clarify the possible mechanism of the epidemiological features of habu bite. It was found that the risk of habu bite has been decreasing over a long period of time on both the islands of Amamioshima and Tokunoshima. In general, the risk is higher on Tokunoshima for males and on Amamioshima it is higher for females. There was a significant positive correlation between risk and time spent in the sugar cane fields. Analysis of annual cumulative risk revealed that the inhabitants of Tokunoshima were more likely to be bitten by the habu than those of Amamioshima. The probable explanation for this was the difference between the two islands in the size of cultivated area or the proportion of the labour force engaged in primary industry. Seasonal variation of habu bite showed a maximum occurrence in June. This seasonality was probably caused by the effects of climate on the activities of both humans and habu snakes. Meteorological conditions were investigated by multiple regression analysis for causal effects on the seasonal variation in the occurrence of habu bite; as a result, temperature and humidity were presumed to have an important influence. These facts supplied the most probable explanation for the highest incidence of habu bite being in June rather than in August--the hottest season--on the Amami Islands.