Sixtieth Anniversary Research Articles

Minamata Convention on Mercury

This year, 2016, marks the sixtieth anniversary of the discovery of “Minamata Disease,” so-named for the town ravaged by the effects of methylmercury poisoning, and the namesake of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. As of April 22, 2016—Earth Day—128 nations have signed and 25 have ratified the international treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic releases and emission of mercury and mercury compounds.

Regulatory Competition and Freedom of Contract in U.S. Corporate Law

The real dynamics of U.S. regulatory in corporate law are often misunderstood. As convincingly demonstrated by some authors (Kahan and Kamar), most States are not actively engaged in the market for charters, and Delaware's position is substantially unchallenged. From this starting point, in this short paper presented at the Conference of the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Italian Rivista delle societa in 2015, after a brief critical discussion of the actual nature of this competition based also on empirical evidence, I examine some recent reforms of the Delaware General Corporation Act in the area of corporate litigation (on fee-shifting bylaws and exclusive forum selection clauses), which affect contractual freedom in corporate bylaws and seem to confirm the theoretical framework illustrated. In light of these results, I offer some implications for the also peculiar type of regulatory emerging in Europe, and indicate some consequences that European policy makers should take into account.

Emmett Till: The Murder that Shocked the World and Propelled the Civil Rights Movement by Devery S. Anderson

Reviewed by: Emmett Till: The Murder that Shocked the World and Propelled the Civil Rights Movement by Devery S. Anderson Philip C. Kolin Devery S. Anderson. Emmett Till: The Murder that Shocked the World and Propelled the Civil Rights Movement. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2015. 552 pp. $40.00. Emmett Till scholar Christopher Metress declared, “No one knows more about this brutal murder and its contested legacy than Devery Anderson” (back-cover blurb). I agree. Anderson spent “over a decade of research” writing what is inarguably the definitive history of this fourteen-year-old black boy from Chicago who was kidnapped, tortured, and then murdered while visiting relatives in Mississippi in 1955 because he flirted with a white woman, twenty-one-year-old Carolyn Bryant, in her husband’s grocery store. As a result, her enraged husband, Roy, and his half-brother, J. W Milam, pistol-whipped Till’s face, shot him in the head, tied his body to a seventy-five-pound cotton-gin fan, and threw it in the Tallahatchie River where it was found three days later. Equally shocking, the killers confessed their crimes to local authorities and were acquitted in two trials (for murder and a few weeks later for kidnapping) and bragged about their crimes in an article in Look magazine, further fueling the firestorm against civil rights atrocities in Mississippi. Released on the sixtieth anniversary of Till’s death, Anderson’s magisterial history is rooted in his exhaustive archival research through newspapers, letters, minutes of meetings, FBI records, and the hard-to-locate 354-page murder trial transcript. Traveling frequently to the Delta and Chicago from his home in Salt Lake City, Anderson also interviewed Till’s mother Mamie numerous times between 1994 and 2003; Till’s great uncle, “Preacher” Moses Wright; cousins Wheeler Parker and Simeon Wright (the latter shared a bed with Till the night he was abducted); the district and defense attorneys; reporters covering the trials; townspeople; a host [End Page 171] of NAACP leaders, especially Roy Wilkins; and prominent Mississippi civil-rights activists, including Dr. T. R. M. Howard. Anderson’s impressive research is documented in 102 pages of endnotes, totaling more than 1,600 citations. Also included are fifty striking photographs of people and places from the 1950s through the 2000s that figure prominently in Till’s tragedy. Anderson deserves high marks for historical objectivity. He identifies, confronts, and impartially resolves many of the controversies swirling around Till’s murder. Such discrepancies, Anderson admits, are inevitable because individuals change their original testimony over time, contradict themselves, or forget events. There is always the possibility of “multiple accounts of an incident by the same individual, or equally valid accounts by multiple people who experienced the same thing” (Preface xviii). Inescapably, too, individuals have fabricated evidence, e.g., the bigoted Tallahatchie County Sheriff H. C. Strider. Summing up the principle guiding his rigorous research, Anderson states: “If I dispute something said by someone decades after the fact, I am usually agreeing with something that same person said in 1955” (xviii). The controversies in the Till case are glaring and persistent—about what he said to Carolyn Bryant inside the store and why; how Roy Bryant found out about it; what exactly happened the night Till was kidnapped; how many individuals were involved in the “kidnapping party”; what transpired between the time Till was kidnapped and later seen the next morning; why Till was taken across county lines to be tortured; and where he was killed. Not only does Anderson investigate all sides of these and other controversies, but he helpfully recaps the evidence that brought him to these conclusions in a concise Appendix. Unquestionably, Emmett Till continues to be at the center of racial trauma in America. The legacy of his terror is indelible. Haunted by what happened decades ago, Wheeler Parker said of his cousin’s death that “[i]t’s always on your mind. . . . It’s something that just won’t go away” (263). Ironically, Anderson initially entitled his history The Boy Who Never Died. In his Foreword, Julian Bond, echoing Parker, writes that Till’s fate was “the touchstone narrative of my generation.” Little wonder that Anderson writes...

The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power eds. by Jennifer Rudolph and Michael Szonyi

Reviewed by: The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power eds. by Jennifer Rudolph and Michael Szonyi Xiaobo Yuan (bio) Jennifer Rudolph and Michael Szonyi, editors. The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017. xi, 337 pp. Hardcover $27.95, isbn 978-0-674-97940-6. Published in commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of Harvard's Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, The China Questions collects together thirty-six short essays, all written by experts affiliated with the center, that each answer a particular question about contemporary China in terms accessible to a general audience. As co-editor Michael Szonyi writes in the volume's introduction, the collection aims to redress the "understanding deficit" evident in the U.S. mass media's coverage of China. Together, the essays can be seen to offer an intermediary primer for the discerning U.S.-based China watcher, presenting more scope and depth than the average day-to-day journalistic coverage while eschewing the specialized language of scholarship. As a whole, the anthology succeeds in this endeavor; easily readable and largely unencumbered by academic jargon, the essays speak directly to China-related issues that regularly saturate U.S. media coverage, including the prospects of the current Xi Jinping administration's longevity and legitimacy, China's role in global trade agreements, and the Chinese state's response to environmental crisis, among other pressing matters. In addition, several essays—such as David Der-wei Wang's consideration of utopian imaginations in contemporary literature, or Arthur Kleinman's piece on aging and mental health—offer tantalizing glimpses into the kind of socio-cultural and historical analyses that are given less press attention. While the selection of thematic areas by which the essays are grouped—politics, international relations, economy, environment, society, history, and culture—might be more or less expected, their contents offer a robust entryway for those interested in China studies from a multitude of disciplinary directions. Even more useful in this regard is the publisher's canny mobilization of digital resources. Readers can access podcasts, further discussions, and, most helpfully of all, a periodically updated supplemental reading list on the book's dedicated website (http://fairbank.fas.harvard.edu/china-questions/). [End Page 297] As Szonyi writes in the Introduction, when it comes to China's past, present, and future, "complexity matters." The form and target audience of this collection, with its easily digestible short essays, inevitably means limits to the complexity that can be addressed. The book combats this in some respect by presenting its essays not as definitive or thorough accounts in a particular specialized area but by deploying a series of questions to set the complex agenda of inquiry. As responses to these questions, the essays function both to provide a straight-forward informational answer and, for curious readers, a suggestive direction in which further inquiry can go. In the International Relations section, for instance, Alastair Iain Johnston compellingly shows how the popular perception of Chinese exceptionalism—its essentially "peace-loving" nature—also gives simultaneous rise to hostility toward other nations and support of intensified militarism. It is an analysis that undercuts the image of the Chinese nation as the "other" to America while lending itself to considerations of the similarities between Chinese and American claims to exceptionalism. In the Society section, Susan Greenhalgh's essay on the end of the One-Child Policy also gives much-needed nuance to an issue frequently covered by the Western press. Greenhalgh argues that the end of the One-Child Policy does not signal the end of state birth planning but an "adjustment" by the state; this adjustment carries the risk of inviting market forces to replace state control over reproduction, which she argues may enhance already-existent social inequalities between rich and poor. In History and Culture, Jie Li's essay shows how Chinese state propaganda, often understood as monolithic brain-washing, is more complex than it appears, and can take on new life through its ironized consumption by media-savvy audiences. As exemplified in these essays, the strongest individual pieces in the volume defamiliarize topics that often appear in mass-media representations of China and direct the reader...

Sixty Years On: How the Superpowers Could Have Avoided the 1956 Hungarian Revolution

Following the political transition in Hungary and in East-Central Europe in 1989-90 an archival revolution unfolded in the countries of the former Soviet bloc, including Russia after 1991. Thanks to this process, the previously taboo topic of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution has become one of the best researched events of the history of the Soviet Bloc by the time of the sixtieth anniversary of the events. This includes the international context of the revolt as well, which has been covered by scholars in Hungary and abroad based on multiarchival evidence.

SPAIN IN THE UNITED NATIONS: SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY

On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of Spain’s admission into the United Nations (UN), which took place in 1955, this article provides a summary of the principal Spanish contributions to this International Organization, especially from the point of view of Public International Law. At the same time, I seek to show how the UN has contributed to Spain’s own political, economic and social evolution, and what these sixty years of membership in this Organization have meant for our country, given that the UN expresses the universal aspirations to peace, development and human rights as no other organization does.

Introduction

Introduction Suzy Kim (bio) Speaking to veterans on July 27, 2013, at the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington DC, President Obama declared the Korean War a victory for the United States in an effort to challenge its status in American memory as a forgotten war. It is worth quoting his remarks at length to appreciate the change in emphasis on the war’s “victory” from what had previously been a focus on the hardships of an unknown war: That July day, when the fighting finally ended, not far from where it began, some suggested this sacrifice had been for naught, and they summed it up with a phrase — “die for a tie.”… But here, today, we can say with confidence that war was no tie. Korea was a victory. When fifty million South Koreans live in freedom—a vibrant democracy, one of the world’s most dynamic economies, in stark contrast to the repression and poverty of the North—that’s a victory; that’s your legacy. When our soldiers stand firm along the DMZ; when our South Korean friends can go about their lives, knowing that the commitment of the United States to the security of the Republic of Korea will never waver—that is a victory, and that is your legacy. [End Page 1] When our allies across the Asia Pacific know—as we have proven in Korea for sixty straight years—that the United States will remain a force for peace and security and prosperity—that’s a victory; that’s your legacy. And for generations to come, when history recalls how free nations banded together in a long Cold War, and how we won that war, let it be said that Korea was the first battle—where freedom held its ground and free peoples refused to yield; that, too, is your victory, your legacy.1 The Korean War does not stand alone in this renewed effort to valorize American interventions during the Cold War. The last several years have seen milestone anniversaries of two American wars in Asia—the Korean War and the Vietnam War—that have generated a grandiose rhetoric of victory for two of the deadliest wars of the twentieth century outside the two world wars. The sixtieth anniversary of the Korean War Armistice Agreement in 2013 prompted the president to claim victory in his speech at the Korean War Veterans Memorial. In the previous year, the administration issued a presidential proclamation for an unusually long thirteen-year program to commemorate the Vietnam War, designating the period from May 28, 2012, through November 11, 2025, as the official tribute to the fiftieth anniversary of the war, at a cost of five million dollars per year.2 Observing March 8, 1965, as the date when thirty-five hundred marines were deployed to start the American ground war in Vietnam, formal events are planned throughout 2015. The year 2015 also marks the seventieth anniversary of the division of the Korean peninsula, an action proposed by the United States (and accepted by the Soviets) at the end of the Asia-Pacific War in 1945. Indeed, American involvement in Vietnam must also be traced back to 1945, when the United States threw its support behind France in its bid to recolonize Vietnam. How can we explain the turn of perspective toward such triumphalist rhetoric at this point in time? Similar to the Vietnam War, but in a much shorter span of only three years, the Korean War resulted in an estimated three million civilian deaths, and the unended Korean War continues to elicit tensions along the demilitarized zone dividing the two Koreas, and throughout the Asia-Pacific region today. But unlike Vietnam, where American veterans have engaged in projects for peace and reconciliation with Vietnamese partners, peace in Korea seems like a distant dream at best.3 [End Page 2] The purpose of this special issue is twofold: first, to engage in a critical intervention into the memorialization of the Korean War among the chief participants—the two Koreas, the United States, and China—to disrupt monolithic understandings of its origins, consequences, and experiences; and second, to do so as a necessary step toward reconciliation by placing...

Energy metabolism and behavior in the corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides.

Energy metabolism and behavior in the corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides.

Hegemony and Resistance at the World’s Columbian Exposition: Simon Pokagon and The Red Man’s Rebuke

SIMON POKAGON WAS THE SPECIAL INVITED GUEST of Mayor Carter Harrison to Chicago Day celebration of Worlds Columbian Exposition in October 1893. Pokagon, whose father signed 1833 treaty ceding Potawatomi lands on which Chicago was built, was scheduled to participate in a re-enactment of treaty signing and join in ringing of Columbian Bell of Liberty, in recognition of sixtieth anniversary of land cession. Later, in parade of floats depicting Chicago history, he was central figure on float depicting events of 1812, including Fort Dearborn Massacre, in which some Potawatomi participated. Addressing crowd during festivities, Pokagon delivered a call for forgiveness of past wrongs and an appeal for future of his race:1I beseech you to lay aside all bitterness of spirit [and] look up and rejoice in thankfulness in present; for out of storm cloud of darkness that is around about us we now see helping hands stretched out to aid and strengthen us We must give up pursuits of our fathers; however dear... we must teach our children to give up bow and arrow [and] take plow and live as white men do. We must teach loyalty to this nation to our children, and solemnly impress upon them that war path leads but to grave.2At time of his address, however, a very different judgment was circulating among fairgoers, authored by Pokagon, and printed on spiritually significant birch bark leaves. It was more condemning than conciliatory:In behalf of my people, American Indians, I hereby declare to you, pale faced race that has usurped our lands and homes, that we have no spirit to celebrate with you great Columbian Fair now being held in this Chicago city, wonder of world. No; sooner would we hold high joy-day over grave of our departed fathers, than to celebrate our own funeral, discovery of America.3The explanation for this disparity is a subtext of power, agency, and resistance, underlying celebration of Chicago Day at Worlds Columbian Exposition. Simon Pokagons engagement with non-Native community throughout his life, but specifically at Exposition in Chicago, illustrates complexities of defining an Indian identity in an era in which programs of civilization and assimilation reached their zenith, but during which memories of 'savage' Indian continued to dominate public imagination.Simon Pokagon (Figure 1) was born in 1830, in an Indian village on Pokagon Creek, about one mile from St. Joseph River in what became Berrien County, Michigan.4 He was third son of Potawatomi chief Leopold Pokagon.5 Within his tribe, elder chief was second in rank only to Potawatomi Chief Topinabe. Leopold Pokagon signed a number of important treaties with United States, including 1833 Treaty of Chicago, which sold and ceded to United States territory on which city of Chicago was built. From all appearances devoutly Catholic after years of tutelage by Jesuits (which earned them distinctive moniker, 'The Catholic Potawatomi'), Pokagons band was described as the farthest advanced in civilization of all their race in St. Joseph valley.6 In press, Pokagon were portrayed as exemplary Indians to be extolled and imitated.7 Leopold's reputation with Euro-Americans as a 'noble red man,' along with civilizing effect of their Catholicism, persuaded United States government to allow his people to remain on a small portion of their original land base, when other Indian tribes, and all other Potawatomi bands of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana, suffered trauma of removal.8 On this land in southwestern Michigan, Simon spent early years of his life.In Publisher's Notes to Simon Pokagon's autobiography, O-gimaw-kwe Mit-i-gwu-ki (Queen of Woods), C.H. Engle relates how, as a young boy, Pokagon spent many happy hours listening to his father recite history of Potawatomi, passed down through oral tradition. …

Arthur Miller in Salem Village

In the fall 2012 special double issue of the Arthur Miller Journal (vol. 7, nos. 1-2) devoted to the sixtieth anniversary of the 1953 Broadway premiere of The Crucible, I published "A Visit to Salem Village." This essay recounts my three visits to the Massachusetts town of Danvers, formerly known as Salem Village, where the initial witchcraft accusations and examinations took place in 1692. Salem Village at that time was a separate and somewhat distinct community located approximately five miles from the current city of Salem, then known as Salem Town, part of the original Massachusetts Bay Colony established in 1630. My essay, with accompanying photos, detailed the history to be savored in Danvers by Miller scholars and historians, because many homes and sites have survived the three hundred years since the hysteria. Among the most notable are the Osburn House, the Putnam Family Burial Ground, the Nurse Family Cemetery, the Giles Corey and John Proctor properties, the Salem Village Parsonage foundation, and the well-preserved Nurse Homestead.The essay concludes with my speculation about whether Arthur Miller had visited Danvers on his exploratory trip to Salem to examine the court records. In Timebends and other essays, Miller extensively discusses his trip to the city of Salem in April 1952. He visited the courthouse where he read town records and the court proceedings. In 1991, Miller again visited Salem to partake in the announcement of the Witch Trial Memorial that the city of Salem dedicated in 1992. There is no evidence that he visited Salem any other times.In late August 2012, on my third visit to Danvers, I met with Richard Trask, who is the archivist and resident historian at the Danvers Archival Center. Trask related that he had no knowledge of Miller visiting the town. Miller certainly did not visit during the filming of the 1995 production of the movie version, which was filmed on location in Hog Island, Ipswich, Massachusetts, about fourteen miles away, or during the open casting call that was done at the abandoned Danvers State Hospital, or even during the shooting of scenes at the "Old" United Shoe Factory in nearby Beverly.Based on letters from Miller in possession of Trask, Miller was aware of contemporary activities that occurred in Danvers: a production of The Crucible and attempts to preserve the Ann Putnam house. In response to the invitation to attend a performance of The Crucible, Miller refers to Danvers as the site where he did the research for The Crucible. However, what is quite curious about the letter is that Miller relates a version of an incident he told in Timebends about encountering girls riding a broomstick on Essex Street in Salem, not Danvers. …

A Storm Over This Court: Law, Politics, and Supreme Court Decision Making in Brown v. Board of Education by Jeffrey D. Hockett (review)

Reviewed by: A Storm Over This Court: Law, Politics, and Supreme Court Decision Making in Brown v. Board of Education by Jeffrey D. Hockett Kevin J. Mcmahon (bio) A Storm Over This Court: Law, Politics, and Supreme Court Decision Making in Brown v. Board of Education. By Jeffrey D. Hockett. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013. Pp. 280. $39.50 cloth; $39.50 ebook) On May 17, 2014, the United States celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of one of the Supreme Court’s most significant decisions, [End Page 140] Brown v. Board of Education. Not surprisingly, the Brown decision is also one of the most studied of the court’s rulings. Indeed, many scholars have sought to understand both the court’s path to Brown and its far-reaching implications. In his book, A Storm Over This Court, Jeffrey Hockett assesses political science (and some legal) scholarship on Supreme Court decision-making through the lens of Brown. In doing so, he sheds a great deal of light on both this scholarship and the decision-making process of the justices who reached the unanimous ruling. Because much of the book takes the reader through a significant amount of scholarship on Supreme Court decision-making, the uninitiated will find reading much of the book tough sledding. It may work well in a graduate or advanced undergraduate course on judicial decision-making, but even the best undergraduate students may struggle with some of the writing, which contains far too many sentences that are overly long and/or unnecessarily dense. Leaving the writing aside, Hockett should be commended for attempting to apply the various approaches of Supreme Court decision-making to this case, in fact to the votes of the individual justices in this one case. Even readers very familiar with these works and with the Brown decision itself will gain insight in the pages of this book. Hockett begins his analysis with the attitudinal model, concluding after a thorough examination of the “justices’ notes and memoranda regarding the conference deliberations” that the justices’ attitudes on segregation do not necessarily explain their votes in Brown (p. 58). Next, Hockett considers the “strategic alternative.” While helping to clarify some aspects of the ruling, particularly Chief Justice Earl Warren’s significant role in leading the court to unanimity, this approach ultimately fails to explain the decision entirely as well. Hockett is more convinced by a constitutive understanding of Brown, particularly with regard to three justices who had demonstrated pro-segregation thinking before ascending to the high bench. Hockett next examines arguments—made most prominently by Mary Dudziak—advancing a Cold War thesis as a motivating factor in the justices’ ruling. He, [End Page 141] however, is not completely convinced. To him, the centrality of the international tensions at the time only helps to explain a few of the justices’ votes. Finally, Hockett assesses the work of scholars—typically identified as regime politics or political-regime scholars—who emphasize domestic reasons for the court’s march toward its historic 1954 desegregation decision. Again, while he believes they help explain some factors about Brown, they do not explain the ruling entirely. As those familiar with these models know, they were mainly devised to explain scores of Supreme Court decisions, not just the votes of each individual justice in each individual case. And for this reason, Hockett’s application of them exclusively to the Brown decision does not always work for some models as it does for others. For example, in evaluating the regime-politics model, he seems to miss its real point, namely the political construction of law. In other words, regime-politics scholars—and I certainly include myself here—are less concerned about explaining why each individual justice decided a case the way he or she did, and more interested in explaining the political dynamics that constructed an institutional mission on the court that produced a certain judicial result. In the end, the justices may reach a particular decision for a range of reasons. Understanding this likelihood, regime-politics scholars stress that such decisions—especially politically salient ones—will be consistent with the essence of the court’s mission as constructed by a governing regime of a particular...

The de-iconization and rebuilding of iconicity in spatial deixis

This paper investigates iconicity as a possible driving force behind the rebuilding of deictic systems and forms in individual languages. A comparison of a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European deictic system (based mainly on Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 1995) compared with the systems of attested Indo-European languages makes it clear that both systems and forms have undergone change, may it be through sound change, analogy, and/or semantic change. Based on the assumptions by Ultan (Universals of Human Language 2, Phonology, 1978), Woodworth (1991), Traunmüller (Tongues and Texts Unlimited. Studies in Honour of Tore Jansson on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Anniversary, 1994), and Johansson and Zlatev (Motivations for Sound Symbolism in Spatial Deixis: A Typological Study of 101 languages. The Public Journal of Semiotics, 2013), iconicity obviously plays a role in the synchronic systems of spatial deixis, which in turn indicates the iconicity has played a role on the process of change, both of the forms themselves and the systems as such. Data from 13 contemporary and 17 historical languages, belonging to 12 Indo-European branches was used. Vowels and consonants were divided into voiceless sounds as being more proximal, and voiced sounds being more distal (see the explanation below). The voiced sounds were divided according to the frequency of their f2, with [i] and voiced palatal consonants as more proximal and [u] as more distal (Ohala, Sound Symbolism, 1994). Results were divided into motivated (fulfilling the expected relation between deictic form and sound value), non-motivated (arbitrary), and reversed-motivated (the reverse of motivated). Five strategies of rebuilding deictic systems and forms were identified. None of the languages investigated have used a system identical to the Proto-Indo-European reconstructed system. Mostly internal material from the Proto-Indo-European deictic system was used in the forms of the systems of the daughter languages. Generally, a statistically significant motivated support was found: 70.2% of the forms of the languages used were identified as motivated, 9.2–10.4% were non-motivated and 19.4–20.7% reversed-motivated. Due to the different strategies of rebuilding systems and forms, generative explanations for the motivated support should be excluded. Hence, iconicity seemed to be reintroduced after the decay, by means of language change, of a former (motivated) deictic system. Therefore, it turned out as a very likely conclusion that iconicity has been and is involved in the rebuilding of deictic material, relating to the systems as such.

Sixty Year Old Shoes: Remembering Carl Perkins and Blue Suede Shoes

Carl Perkins and Ron Rendleman. Disciple in Blue Suede Shoes. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978.Carl Perkins and David McGee. Go, Cat, Go!: Life and Times of Carl Perkins, the King of Rockabilly. New York: Hyperion, 1996.Stephanie Bennett (Producer) and Tom Gutteridge (Director). Carl Perkins and Friends - Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session (DVD). London: Snapper Music, 1986. www.snappermusic. com.Jorgen de Mylius (Producer). Carl Perkins: Rock 'n' Roll Legend (DVD). West Long Beach, New Jersey: Kultur International Films, 2001. www.kultur.com.To the pop music aficionado, there are certain songs that are canon, that are anthems, that are part of the pop culture fabric. Blue Suede Shoes by Carl Perkins (1932-1998) is one of those songs. Recorded in December of 1955, and released on January 1, 1956, the song will mark its sixtieth anniversary in 2016. Written on a brown paper sack in Perkins' rentsubsidized apartment in Jackson, Tennessee, Blue Suede Shoes went on to become Sun Records' first million-selling record, as well as the first single to top the pop, country, and rhythm and blues charts. But that's not all. Perkins' biographer, David McGee, explained in a personal e-mail (June 16, 2015) that,Blue Suede Shoes captured the energy and the optimistic fervor of post-war America and of an emerging teen culture replete with its own slang, fashions and symbols. No other early rock 'n' roll song spoke so directly to the new dawn in American popular culture and to its pride in having some distinguishing, colorful symbol to call its own-blue suede shoes.The song has since been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (1986), ranked 95th on Rolling Stone's (2004) list of The Greatest Songs of all Time, and added to the Library of Congress National Recording Registry (2006). Perkins, himself, was in the second class of inductees for the Rock and Roll of Fame (1987).As popular as Blue Suede Shoes may be, the composer, Carl Perkins, might be less known (most people seem to associate Elvis Presley with the song). There are two books solely about him, and two particular DVDs that can shed light on the man and his music.Published in 1978 by Zondervan-a world-leading provider of Christian communications-Disciple in Blue Suede Shoes is Perkins' autobiographical telling of his spiritual journey. book begins with two touching forwards-one by his daughter, Debbie Perkins-Swift, and the other by his former labelmate and lifelong friend, Johnny Cash. These forwards set the tone for the rest of the book. At 146 pages, the book includes information about his upbringing in Lake County, Tennessee, and other familiar stories in Perkins' lore, including the story regarding the inspiration for Blue Suede Shoes, an account of his infamous car accident that nearly killed him and his career, and meeting the Beatles. focus of the book, though, is Perkins' telling of his struggles with alcohol and how his faith helped him overcome that temptation. Readers who are spiritually minded may appreciate how he discusses the influence of his family, his local church and its minister, and even how Johnny Cash played a role in encouraging Perkins to put down the bottle and pick up the Bible.At more than twice the pages of Disciple in Blue Suede Shoes, Perkins' biography with David McGee, Go, Cat, Go!: Life and Times of Carl Perkins, the King of Rockabilly, presents many of the same stories in the previous book, but with more detail. McGee supplements the accounts with historical details, vivid word pictures, and in a somewhat unusual format for a biography, McGee ...constructed 'The Voice of Carl Perkins' sections as a way for Carl, in the first person, to step outside the linear chronology... and speak directly to events that shaped him. biography includes the eighteen years of Perkins' life since Disciple in Blue Suede Shoes with accounts of performing with his sons, recording projects, reactions to the deaths of his labelmates (Presley, Orbison), and settling a prolonged royalty dispute with Sam Phillips. …

Collecting for Peace: Memories and Objects of the Asia-Pacific War

136 Akiko Takenaka Collecting for Peace: Memories and Objects of the Asia-Pacific War This essay begins with two images: a photograph and a poster. The photograph depicts a cluster of seemingly mundane objects: dust-covered bottles and bins, rusted tools and tool parts—many of them piled together in boxes, most of them without labels. I took the photograph in 2005 at the Haebaru Cultural Center in Okinawa. Haebaru Town was the central location for Japanese military field hospitals in the last months of the Asia-Pacific War, and the Cultural Center houses an exhibit of hospital -related material on the first floor, while a room on the second floor holds unmarked excess (Figure 1). The poster announces a 2005 joint project between the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the nuclear attacks on the two cities (Figure 2). It solicits donation of objects, photographs (iei), and memories associated with hibaku (literally , “recipients of the bomb”), a word used to describe people, objects, and buildings affected by atomic bombs. Many other museums throughout Japan exhibit similar kinds of objects: the material survivors of air raids and of atomic bombs, for the most part, but also items used to treat wounded Japanese soldiers or artifacts that survived a particular battle. Some objects, such as the charred lunch box from Hiroshima depicted on the poster, have become icons of the war. There are other iconic objects, particularly from Hiroshima, such as the clock that stopped at 8:15 or the scorched tricycle that belonged to Shin’ichi, a three-year-old boy who had been riding it when the bomb exploded. When placed prominently on display along with informative text, or when reproduced multiple times as photographs, the objects can create a lasting impression. But the Haebaru objects do not have that Figure 1. A view of a second-floor storage room, Haebaru Cultural Center, May 2005. Photograph by the author. Figure 2. Poster text reads, “Now is the time to tell us the truth of the bomb that scorched the boy’s lunchbox as well as his future.” Image from 60th Anniversary Project: Commemorative Exhibition for the 50th Anniversary of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Courtesy of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. 138 Akiko Takenaka kind of significance. I had already seen some of these objects that day— not in a pile, but singled out, highlighted, organized, and labeled—in the exhibit rooms downstairs. The pile of similar objects upstairs thus seemed extra, redundant, unnecessary. Despite the request for more objects, recent special exhibits at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum suggest that the relationship between much of the newly acquired material and the bomb experience is becoming increasingly tangential. For example, many of the objects and photographs on display during a special exhibit mounted in May 2012 belonged to people who were born in Hiroshima but not physically present in the city on August 6, 1945. Yet the call for objects and memories still stands.1 In addition, the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims and the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims each owns a separate collection of photographs and personal narratives of the atomic bomb victims and continues to call out for more. Many Japanese museums associated with war memories also post such calls for objects and memories. Why continue to collect this material seven decades after the war’s end? This essay explores efforts to collect material (objects, memoirs, oral history narratives, visual representations, building survivors) associated with Japanese home-front memories of the Asia-Pacific War. Numerous flyers and announcements call for more objects, more first-person narratives ; websites request more stories. And it is not just museums that are collecting. Various nonprofit organizations, private groups, and individuals also create websites and e-mail lists to collect stories. There are multiple reasons for this continued effort at collecting; the incentive for collecting differs across generations and has shifted in the decades since 1945. The reasons are sometimes practical: according to one curator, public history museums often receive requests from local residents to accept objects that survived the war...

Preface

The year 2015 marks the sixtieth anniversary of the appearance of the Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. From its beginnings, the Year Book has been produced by the editors at the London Leo Baeck Institute and published on behalf of all three international branches of the Institute. The first generation of editors under the aegis of Robert Weltsch, a journalist and editor by trade, conceived the Year Book as an intellectual outlet for the finest German-Jewish historians of the period who had survived the National Socialist persecutions in exile. And yet, the Year Book’s scope was always wider, for it also published manuscripts by leading representatives of German-speaking Jewry from the legal profession and the fields of economics, theology, philosophy, and literary studies, to name just a few. Many of them had already been public voices of Jewish life in Germany and Austria before the National Socialists’ rise to power. The Year Book’s rapid transformation into an academic publication of German-Jewish history, and later of German-Jewish studies in the broader sense, reflects the intellectual values of the historic German-speaking Jewry which the Year Book both represented and studied.

A Backward Glance over Some Leading Citizens in the Poe World

Having grown up, academically speaking, in the shadow of Arthur Hobson Quinn, who lived roughly half an hour from my college, Ursinus, and with so many of my college teachers having studied their American literature at the University of Pennsylvania, where Quinn was supreme when American literature was still a fairly new subject in university instruction, and now with myself looking like I might well be a contemporary of Quinn, or even Poe and John Greenleaf Whittier, and being from a family in which genealogy was important, it may be natural that I should represent historical memory and share my recollections of some persons who pioneered in and opened up Poe studies. Some may be surprised to learn that Professor Quinn was, first and foremost, not a Poe specialist, but that his preeminent scholarly love was American drama. For pre-twentieth-century American plays, Quinn’s studies typically remain, after nearly a century, almost the only informed commentaries. Many have become increasingly aware that William Dunlap, America’s first major playwright, and the novelist Charles Brockden Brown, might each properly be deemed the Adam to American literary Gothicism. To return to Professor Quinn: when I began my own academic studies, he was in his eighties, ill, and housebound. He spent most of his time nestled in a chair, swathed in blankets and quilts, and wearing a sun shade, claiming that reading so many early American plays had ruined his eyesight. Before such ills befell him, Quinn was active in having established the Clothier Collection of American Drama at the University of Pennsylvania, which remains one of the foremost collections of early American plays. The Poe interest emerged from Quinn’s own work in American drama—Poe’s parents being actors—and from his aim to furnish an accurate biographical portraiture of Poe which would demolish the long-standing depiction by Rufus Griswold. Spending more than twenty years in preparing that biography, which appeared first in 1941 but has stood the test of time well enough to go through several reprintings, Quinn achieved a solid narrative account, though many of his critical opinions have been modified or superseded in the work of others. A Quinn student, J. Albert Robbins, followed his mentor’s practices in determining to present factually accurate scholarship, as some early volumes in the American Literary Scholarship journal attest. Robbins often recounted to me anecdotes of his days as Quinn’s student. Those who know Quinn primarily for

AFTER TEN YEARS IN THE ALLIANCE

At the beginning of the year, we announced that the third issue of the Contemporary Military Challenges would be dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the accession of the Republic of Slovenia to NATO. However, we did not expect such a good response. We received articles from authors who are very familiar with the history of Slovenia's efforts to join the Alliance; most of them were also personally involved in the process. Since they are still present and active in their professional fields, their views of the past events have a special personal character, while their views of the future are enriched by the theoretical knowledge and personal experience. Unfortunately, we cannot publish all the articles we have received. The guiding principle in the selection was the focus on the defence and military contents, since we mainly wanted to pay attention to the contents to which this publication is dedicated and which are defined in its acts as its basic mission. In 2009, we marked the fifth anniversary of Slovenia’s membership in the Alliance and the sixtieth anniversary of the Alliance with a special thematic issue.The themes covered were very interesting for the countries of the South Eastern Europe which were treading the path that Slovenia had already travelled. We expect this issue to be of interest to people who like the defence and military themes, to younger generations and to all those who might still be on the road of approximating to or entering the Alliance. By reading the contents below, you can discover how successful we were in ensuring this interest. The article titled NATO after 2014 – Back to the Roots or Forward towards the Future? by Uros Lampret and Staša Novak presents the Alliance today, the current security trends that are emerging in the world, and the responses to them. The authors claim that back to the roots or forward towards the future does not mean two different directions, but something completely different. In theoretical and practical terms, Milan Jazbec gives an overview of the Slovenian experiences at the time which constitutes the central theme of this issue. He uses the term “learning from experience”, and the title of his article Slovenia and NATO: the Long and Winding Road is not merely symbolic. Andrej Osterman prepared an overview of the operation of the Slovenian Armed Forces and its experiences within the Alliance. In the article titled Republic of Slovenia in NATO – Slovenian Armed Forces Ten Years Later, he presented the key changes and progress of the Slovenian military. Damir Črnčec and Janez Urbanc focused on the intelligence and security area. In the article titled Streamlining the Intelligence and Security Structures in NATO and the European Union, the authors describe in detail the changes in the organization and the functioning of the intelligence and security community in the international environment, and also the role of Slovenia in it. In his article titled Slovenia's Contribution to Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme (APRP) – Policy Advisor’s Perspective, Aljosa Selan presents the activities in Afghanistan after the gradual withdrawal of the Allied Forces, aimed at the best possible preparation of the country’s residents for an independent and quality everyday life. The Normative Role of the Alliance in Non-Conventional Security Threats – Cyber Defence of the Member States is the title of the article written by Adriana Dvoršak. The author raises topical issues which are changing so rapidly that the security structures are already aware of possible threats. There is much that still needs to be done in order to achieve effective protection. We would like to thank all the authors for their work and efforts, especially for their willingness to share with us their knowledge, experiences and views. We invite all those who might be thinking about preparing an article, but have not yet decided to do so, to send us their contributions.

Our first sixty years: one editor remembers

2004 sees the sixtieth anniversary of Irish Geography. A former Editor of thejournal here remembers some of the events associated with the journal's earlieryears.

Proportional Systems in the History of Architecture: A Conversation with James S. Ackerman

In November 2010, James S. Ackerman, today the only living participant of the conference ‘De divina proportione’, which was held in Milan in 1951, sat for a video interview that was later shown at the conference ‘Proportional Systems in the History of Architecture’ in Leiden in 2011 to mark the sixtieth anniversary of the Milan conference. In this interview, conducted by Matthew A. Cohen, Ackerman discusses how the study of proportional systems has changed over the past six decades, and thereby provides a unique link between the two conferences. The interview begins with Ackerman’s experiences in northern Italy at the close of World War II, and a few years later at the Milan conference. It considers prevailing twentieth-century attitudes toward proportion up to the time of the conference, and compares them with prevailing medieval and Renaissance attitudes. Ackerman then shares his thoughts on the works and legacies of Rudolf Wittkower, Le Corbusier and Colin Rowe, before exploring the influences of architectural proportional theory on architectural design, and possible relationships between proportional systems and architectural beauty. After exploring changes in the uses of proportional systems that accompanied the rise of Abstract Expressionism, the arc of the interview concludes with Ackerman’s thoughts about the future of proportional systems in light of the evolving role of the computer in architectural practice today.

Karnnaparithyagam (The Abandoning of Karna) by Sadanam K. Harikumaran (review)

KARNNAPARITHYAGAM (THE ABANDONING OF KARNA). Premiere of a kathakali play by Sadanam K. Harikumaran. Sadanam Kathakali Academy, Kerala, India, 18 January 2013. Karnnaparithyagam (The Abandoning of Karna) premiered during the Sixtieth Anniversary of Sadanam Kathakali Academy in Kerala on 18 January 2013. Since 2008, Sadanam K. Harikumaran has been secretary of the academy, which he founded in 1953 by his father, K. Kumaran, a freedom fighter and follower of Gandhi. Harikumaran wrote the play four years ago, but this was its first performance. As usual, he also composed the music and choreography. Harikumaran has written twelve kathakali plays. Seven are based on episodes in the Mahabharata, three are based on other Hindu epics, and the other is Manikantha Charitham (The Story of Manikantha), about the conflict of an invading Muslim general and a Hindu prince and their eventual friendship. Harikumaran's plays are written according to kathakali tradition. Eight have now been performed, including Charudattam, his adaptation of Julius Caesar. (See my review in Asian Theatre Journal 28, no. 2 [2011]: 569-572.) Harikumaran is one of the finest kathakali actors, as well as a composer and choreographer, and is also known as a kathakali and carnatic music vocalist. He designs kathakali makeup and headdresses and is a sculptor and painter. Since 2009, I have been fortunate to see five of Harikumaran's plays: four in Kerala, and scenes 3 and 5 of Sapamochanam (Deliverance from the Oath), in which he was the lead actor, in San Francisco and Los Angeles in October 2010, the only performances of that play outside of India to date. The first part of Manikantha Charitham, with the new title Bhasmasura Vadham (The Killing of Bhasmasura), was performed in Zagarolo, Italy, on 22 June 2013. Seven of his works, including Charudattam, are published in the original Malayalam as Kathakali Aattakkathakal (Kathakali Play Texts) (Kozhikode, Kerala: Mathrubhumi Books 2008). New plays have continued to be written for kathakali since the classic era of the eighteenth and ninteenth centuries, but especially in recent decades they are not always successful. Another play on Karna, Karnasapadham (Karna's Oath) was written in 1967 by V. Madhavan Nair (see Zarrilli 2000: 180-181). As in The Abandoning of Kama, the emphasis is on pathos (karuna). It is still performed but remains controversial, the principal criticism being that it does not conform to the kathakali structure, not even having slokas (verses describing the narrative of the story). The Abandoning of Karna is the story of the birth of Karna, which has never previously been depicted in a kathakali play. Karna is regarded as one of the greatest warriors in the Mahabharata. Although born to Kunthi, who later becomes mother of the first three Pandava brothers, Yudhisthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, Karna is abandoned at birth and ends up on the side of the opposing Kauravas. Later episodes of his warrior life are represented in other kathakali plays, including Harikumaran's own Karnnaparvam (Karna's Chapter). In The Abandoning of Karna, the sage Durvasa (actor-dancer Sadanam Balakrishnan) arrives, planning to stay at the palace of King Kunthibhoja (played by Kalanilayam Balan), stepfather of Kunthi. Balakrishnan skillfully portrays the temperamental Durvasa, whose erratic behavior scares the king. The young Kunthi agrees to serve Durvasa, who in foreseeing the future realizes that when Kunthi marries Pandu, father of the Pandavas, she will have trouble bearing children. He offers her five boons so she can have children from divine beings. Kunthi is played by a senior streevesham (female role) actor, Kalanilayam Gopalakrishnan, who gracefully displays the sensitivity of the young girl. There is a fascinating to and fro in one scene between Kunthi and Durvasa. Harikumaran explains in a personal email (11 May 2013) that Durvasa is considered the personification of the anger of Shiva. …