Dangerous Situations Research Articles

The predisposition to risk and the need to seek thrills in parachutists

Researching the predisposition to risk and the need to look for strong sensations in parachutists is a current topic because it targets a community and a growing activity. Whether it is a static line jump, or a tandem or a jump made by an athlete, it involves a level of risk, which on the one hand offers strong sensations, on the other, can be fatal. Identifying the level of risk of these people who practice extreme sports, could prevent some dangerous or lethal situations, and would make it possible to reduce the risk and its awareness where it is too much. In the flow of emotions and adrenaline felt in the free fall, there is a probability that people want more and more such feelings, to push their limits by exaggerating or even unaware of the risk they take.

Virtual Reality: Characteristics and application in anxiety disorders and other clinical settings

Virtual Reality (VR) technology places users in a computer-generated three-dimensional environment where they experience a variety of visual and auditory cues related to their clinical needs. Despite the considerable growth of scientific knowledge in this field, the application of this knowledge to clinical practice has been slow. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the evidence related to the application of VRET interventions in the treatment of various disorders such as eating disorders, or even psychotic disorders and addictions, dwelling on anxiety disorders, in adults and in developmental age. VR technologies make it possible to create and replicate dangerous and impossible situations in the real world by allowing the precise acquisition of data, facilitating a more careful evaluation of rehabilitation progress; moreover, by exploiting the features of immersiveness and presence, it is possible to virtually recreate the perfect clinical setting for each intervention.

Некоторые правовые аспекты обеспечения психологической безопасности детей, нуждающихся в помощи государства

<p>The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of ensuring the psychological safety of those children who need state assistance. The article discusses the issues of systematization of the conceptual apparatus of legislation that determines the legal status of such a category of minors in need of state assistance, such as children in difficult life situations, including children left without parental care. Particular attention is paid to the legal status of children in a socially dangerous situation. The thesis is substantiated that the legal mechanism for ensuring the psychological safety of children in need of state assistance is fundamentally different from a similar mechanism addressed to children who managed to avoid the consequences of parental deprivation in their life. The current Russian legislation, which defines the legal basis for ensuring the psychological safety of various categories of children who need state assistance, is examined, and ways to improve it are proposed.</p>

Socio‐psychological barriers preventing people from helping in times of crisis: A scoping review

AbstractA robust field of research has elucidated when and why people are willing to offer help in times of crisis. Yet helping behaviour does not always occur when needed, and the absence of helping during crisis is less well studied. By broadly defining a crisis as an extremely difficult, disruptive and dangerous situation, which may result in possible harm to individuals, groups and societies, this article reviews research focused on the following general question: What factors (psychological, sociological, economic and legal) prevent people from helping others in times of collective crisis? The present work (a) integrates the helping literature, (b) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on novel findings concerning failures to help during crises, and (c) suggests recommendations that will enable professionals involved in emergency management to support the public in developing their own capacity to manage and overcome crises. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Phytotherapy in anxiety control

Anxiety is a psychic state of apprehension or fear brought about by the anticipation of an unpleasant or dangerous situation. Its characteristics are physical and mental, when it is in great intensity and intercurrence, is also called panic syndrome. Thus, the use of herbal medicines can be quite effective in anxiety, not causing adverse symptoms than expected, such as effects caused by conventional pharmacological treatments. In view of the above, the objective of this study will be the use of phototherapy in anxiety, using drugs with anxiolytic activities in the treatment of anxiety, which has been growing as an anxiety treatment in the last 5 years. This growth is due to low cost, being an effective therapeutic option and culturally appropriate, aiming to obtain safety in its use by the users of herbal medicine. Legislation was created in ANVISA, PNPIC, SUS and PNPMF that govern the matter, seeking the regulation of phototherapy, expanding access to herbal and phototherapeutic plants, guaranteeing safety and efficacy to SUS users.

The Spatial Ecology of Nuisance Crocodiles: Movement Patterns of Relocated American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

Anthropogenic alterations of the environment have increased, highlighting the need for human-wildlife coexistence and conflict mitigation. Spatial ecology, and the use of passive satellite movement technology in particular, has been used to identify patterns in human-wildlife conflict as a function of shared resources that present potential for dangerous situations. Here, we aim to remotely identify patterns indicative of human-crocodile conflict in Guanacaste, Costa Rica by exploring site fidelity and diverse modes of movement (i.e., land and water) across space between nuisance (relocated) and non-nuisance (wild) crocodiles. Advanced satellite remote sensing technology provided near-constant movement data on individuals at the regional scale. Telonics Iridium SeaTrkr-4370-4 transmitters were used with modified crocodilian fitting. Results indicate that relocated crocodiles exhibited large-scale movements relative to wild crocodiles. Nuisance relocated crocodiles either returned to the area of nuisance or potentially attempted to in short time frames. The results presented here highlight the need for alternative management strategies that facilitate relocation efficacy.

The Incidence of Intraoperative Hypotension and the Importance of Timely Detection

Aims: Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) is a common condition faced by anesthesiologists intraoperatively which poignanting patients undergoing surgery under general and neuraxial anesthesia. Its occurrence is associated with dangerous morbid situations found perioperatively that can lead into fatal complications, such as acute kidney failure, direct myocardial injury, and even can end in mortality. Despite advanced closed hemodynamic monitoring and protocols utilizing goal directed therapy, recent trend of management is remaining reactive. Anesthesiologists tend to intervene when the episode of hypotension has already occurred. This literature review aimed to discuss the incidence of intraoperative hypotension and its urgency to overcome intraoperatively.
 Conclusion: The incidence of IOH varies based on the type of surgery, type of anesthesia and fragility of the patient, for example having comorbidities. Due to the rapid development of IOH which is unwanted, the effort reducing the hypotensive burden intraoperatively, as soon as possible is mandatory. By carefully predicting and preventing IOH through closed monitoring of patient’s blood pressure will surely improve patient outcome and prevent adverse unwanted post-operative event.

Eksistencialistična drama

The article deals with playwriting, as developed in France during the Second World War and the decade that followed, which was closely related to the philosophy of existentialism. After a brief overview of some definitions of existentialist drama, a new definition of the genre is made with the help of Szondi’s theses and the actant model by Anna Ubersfeld, whose basis is the image of its actant model. In it, an opposition pair is missing which is concealed by the existentialist drama with the introduction of the situation of danger – a subject ascribes the oppositional role to certain dramatic personae or two independent and incomplete actant models collide. This definition is tested on the plays by Sartre and Camus, and some Slovene playwrights (Primož Kozak, Marjan Rožanc and Drago Jančar). The latter illustrate the specific features of Slovene existentialist drama, which is a result of the social role played by playwriting in the period between 1945 and 1990.

Corner cases in machine learning processes

Applications using machine learning (ML), such as highly autonomous driving, depend highly on the performance of the ML model. The data amount and quality used for model training and validation are crucial. If the model cannot detect and interpret a new, rare, or perhaps dangerous situation, often referred to as a corner case, we will likely blame the data for not being good enough or too small in number. However, the implemented ML model and its associated architecture also influence the behavior. Therefore, the occurrence of prediction errors resulting from the ML model itself is not surprising. This work addresses a corner case definition from an ML model’s perspective to determine which aspects must be considered. To achieve this goal, we present an overview of properties for corner cases that are beneficial for the description, explanation, reproduction, or synthetic generation of corner cases. To define ML corner cases, we review different considerations in the literature and summarize them in a general description and mathematical formulation, whereby the expected relevance-weighted loss is the key to distinguishing corner cases from common data. Moreover, we show how to operationalize the corner case characteristics to determine the value of a corner case. To conclude, we present the extended taxonomy for ML corner cases by adding the input, model, and deployment levels, considering the influence of the corner case properties.

Human augmentation and its new design perspectives

ABSTRACT Along with the growing impact of rapidly advancing technology on human life, interest in improving human abilities has increased. ‘Human augmentation’ refers to human-computer integration technology, aiming to restore, supplement, or even exceed human potential. As such, human augmentation may be used by anyone, ranging from people who face an impairment or a dangerous situation to healthy people who want to improve their current capabilities or even acquire abilities that are beyond normal human capabilities. This article introduces the field of human augmentation by discussing definitions of human augmentation and related terms. Subsequently, a categorical and dimensional classification of the field is given to structure the domain. Based on our findings from the literature, we propose a framework to support product designers in understanding, navigating, and characterizing the human augmentation product they are designing. This framework was applied in academic practice over three consecutive years, challenging prospective product designers to explore human augmentation. Ultimately, 123 student projects were collected and analyzed with the aim of elaborating on our framework based on concrete design strategies. Future research is set to implement the design strategies in a tool that facilitates idea generation and sparks creativity in the field of human augmentation.

Разработка и апробация методики «Эмоциональное отношение к опасным ситуациям» для лиц подросткового и юношеского возраста с интеллектуальными нарушениями

Background. The technique “Emotional Attitude to Dangerous Situations” developed by the authors could become one of the tools for identifying the ability of adolescents and young adults with intellectual disabilities to behave safely, assessing the effectiveness of correctional and educational work on the development of safe behaviour, and also supplementing the ideas of the psychology of safety of various social groups with knowledge about the manifestations of safe behaviour of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Objectives. The focus is on the development, testing and validation of the method Emotional Attitude to Dangerous Situations designed to study teenagers and adolescents with intact or impaired intelligence. Study Participants. The adaptation of the technique was carried out on a sample of 117 students with intellectual disabilities: 71 adolescents (М = 12.8 years, SD = 0.82 years, 42 boys and 29 girls), 46 youth students (М = 16 years, SD = 0.5 years, 30 boys and 16 girls). Methods. The “Emotional attitude to dangerous situations” method consists of 13 problematic situations reflecting the most probable dangers for students: dangers of the physical, social, informational and educational environment. To assess the reliability of the method, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used for each of the selected scales. To assess the criterion validity of the method, the correlation coefficient between the scales of emotional assessment of a dangerous situation and the way of behaviour in a dangerous situation (the “Emotional attitude to dangerous situations” technique) and the indicators of reaction types to dangers (Questionnaire for identifying the type of attitude to danger) was used. Results. The technology “Emotional attitude to dangerous situations” has been developed. The results of standardization of the methodology, assessment of reliability and criterion validity are presented. The values of the selected scales according to Cronbach's α showed a sufficient level of consistency (from 0.536 to 0.697). Significant interrelations of the scales of emotional assessment and behaviuor in dangerous situations (dangers of the physical, social, information and educational environment) with the types of response to dangers (adequate, uncertain, anxious, ignoring) in adolescent and young adult students with intellectual disabilities have been established. Conclusions. The results of the psychometric assessment allow us to speak about a sufficiently high reliability, internal consistency of the scales in the sample, as well as the criterion validity of the developed method. The developed method can be used to identify the emotional attitude to dangerous situations and the way of behaviour in them of adolescents and young adults with intellectual impairments.

The Effect of Delay Techniques on a Lassa Fever Epidemic Model

The delayed intervention techniques in real‐world problem modelling have a significant role in behavioural, social, physical, and biological engineering, biomathematical sciences, and many more disciplines. Delayed modelling of real‐world problems is a powerful tool and nonpharmaceutical technique for understanding the dynamics of disease in a population. This paper considers real‐world problems like the Lassa fever model. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, Togo, Nigeria, and West Africa are the most affected countries with Lassa fever. The most dangerous situation is that eighty percent of the infected persons have no symptoms. To study the dynamics of Lassa fever, two types of populations are considered humans and rats. The human population includes susceptible, infected, and recovered. The rat population includes susceptible and infectious rodents. By introducing a delay parameter and decay exponential term into the existing model in the literature, we got the system of highly nonlinear delay differential equations (DDEs). The fundamental properties such as positivity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness are verified for the said model. The equilibrium and reproduction number of the model are discussed. The reproduction number for the Lassa fever model is analyzed using the next‐generation matrix method. If the reproduction number is less than one, this situation helps eradicate the disease. If the reproduction number is more significant than one, then the virus will spread rapidly in human beings. We have also investigated the effect of the delay factor on reproduction numbers. The local and global stabilities for both equilibria of the model have also been presented. Furthermore, computer simulations are designed to analyze the academic behaviour of the model.

The nosocomial infection survey among patients suffering from the Coronavirus disease-2019 hospitalized in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol.

Having a weakenedimmune system can make patients easily get nosocomial infection (NI) with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and put them in a dangerous situation. It causes long hospital stays, disability, economic burden, and even death. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of NI in patients suffering from COVID-19. In this retrospective study, the information on 250 patients suffering from COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) (2020 to 2021) was considered. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), paired samples t-test, and chi-square using SPSS-23 software were used (p<0.05). Two hundred and fifty hospitalized (107 females and 143 males, mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age; 56.50 ± 17.20) patients were considered. The most (97.60%) medicine prescribed was remdesivir. Candida spp. (two females), Escherichia coli (two females), Acinetobacter spp. (one female), Citrobacter spp. (one female), Pseudomonas spp. (one male), Sphingomonas spp. (one male), Stenotrophomonas spp. (one male) and Enterobacter spp. (one male) were isolated from the patient's specimens. Four of seven bacterial isolates were positive for MDR. NI was diagnosed in six patients. There was no significant relationship between the age with the isolated microbes (P=0.154) and MDR (P=0.987) and also between gender with common microbes (P=0.576) and MDR (P=0.143). The coexistence of bacteria and NI was observed in patients. Remdesivir was prescribed for most patients. Most bacteria were resistant to antibiotics, especially, β-lactams.

Monthly Observation Research by Community Researchers: Coping with Dangerous Situations and Multiple Crises in Postcoup Myanmar

Abstract: This paper contributes to the scholarship on research in difficult environments by shedding light on the methodological and ethical implications of working with community researchers (CRs) in Myanmar. We refer to this method as Monthly Observation Reports by Local Community Researchers (MOR), a hybrid research method incorporating features of community-based participatory research and observation by local researchers who collect data within an extremely repressive political environment generated by the 2021 military coup. We show that while the MOR has its own share of ethical and methodological challenges, it emphasizes protecting the safety of local CRs and enables researchers to acquire in-depth understandings of evolving situations in specific locations while drawing comparisons across places, as well as providing recommendations for policymakers. A case study on Myanmar also engages with ongoing debate on the role of CRs in academic research by reaffirming the many benefits as well as common challenges associated with the employment of local researchers and offering additional insights and lessons for an environment characterized by a high level of fear, distrust, and insecurity.

Критерії соціально-психологічної готовності військовослужбовців

The article identifies and characterizes a number of criteria for the socio-psychological readiness of servicemen, namely: the level of emotional stability; the ability to effectively communicate and interact in a team; the presence of motivational attitudes towards the performance of official tasks; the ability to quickly make decisions in stressful situations, etc. Emotional resilience has been identified as a key aspect, as military service often requires an individual's ability to manage their emotions under stressful and dangerous situations. Communication and interaction in a team implies the importance of the ability to work together with others, developed communication skills and the ability to work collectively. Task motivation is provided by personal motivational attitudes that support readiness to perform military duties, including commitment to duty and achievement of strategic objectives. The speed of decision-making under stressful conditions, the ability to effectively and quickly make decisions under limited time and during stressful situations affects the successful completion of tasks. The general readiness of military personnel is determined by their socio-psychological characteristics, which allow them to work effectively in a team environment and ensure a high level of task performance even under conditions of stress and danger. The criteria are integrated to create an effective command environment and ensure successful military operations. The balance between these criteria allows servicemen to meet the requirements of the modern combat environment and ensures the success of the assigned tasks.

Accessibility to prenatal care at the Street Outreach Office: nurse perceptions in northern Brazil.

to understand nurse perspectives regarding homeless pregnant women's accessibility to prenatal care. a qualitative study, with analysis based on the concept of accessibility. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 11 nurses who work at the Street Outreach Office in northern Brazil. nurses are faced with geographic barriers and dangerous situations in border regions, recognizing that there is a context of physical, sexual and psychological violence that involves homeless pregnant women who seek care at the Street Outreach Office. Street Outreach Office nurses' work occurs in conjunction with other services in the Health Care Network. The implementation of educational measures is a powerful strategy, as is establishing links with women. the Street Outreach Office's work provides meetings with pregnant women on site in the territory, which can provide geographic and socio-organizational accessibility to prenatal care.

Enhancing Gas Leak Detection with IoT Technology: An Innovative Approach

The presence of a natural gas leak within a household carries the potential for fires and poses a risk of natural gas poisoning. Similar to how we approach other hazardous energy sources such as electricity and gasoline, it is crucial to exercise caution when dealing with natural gas exposure. To prevent potential hazards and dangerous situation, identified a smart gas detection system for rapid and accurate detection of gas leaks. The proposed gas leakage detection system combines advanced sensor technology, real-time monitoring, and automated alert mechanisms to ensure timely identification and response to gas leaks. The MQ2 sensor helps in detection of gas leakage. The MQ2 sensor possesses the capability to detect a wide range of gases, including methane, propane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This versatility makes it an invaluable tool in ensuring safety and protecting against potential hazards and early identification of gas leaks. The collected data is analyzed using sophisticated algorithms to distinguish between normal background gas levels and potential leaks. NodeMCU, equipped with its Wi-Fi capabilities, functions as the central control unit of the system. The NodeMCU gathers real-time data from the gas sensors, constantly monitoring gas levels. It processes this data and sends it to the cloud or a central server using its internet connection. The system's ability to monitor in real-time ensures that any gas leaks detected are quickly reported to the relevant personnel or authorities through automated alerts. The fast notification system allows for quick actions, reducing the risks of accidents, saving lives, preventing property damage, and mitigating harm to the environment.

КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЬ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА В ОБЛАСТИ ЗДОРОВЬЕСБЕРЕЖЕНИЯ

The priority of safety issues in ensuring the uninterrupted and accident-free movement of trains, the safety of cargo, the life, health, well-being of passengers and railway workers allows us to consider measures aimed at maintaining health, preventing occupational diseases, developing professionally significant physical, psychological and personal qualities enshrined in regulatory documents defining the procedure for professional inspections in railway transport as part of the technological processes of railway production (Development Strategy of the Russian Railways Holding for the period until 2030; section 5.5. Social block). An increase in information flows, changes in the organizational, logistics, technological, and technical foundations of transport production give rise to situations of high variability and danger. This challenge significantly increases the level of influence of risks of various natures, the implementation of which can lead to socially unfavorable consequences (the occurrence of errors, failures, failures, threats to the safety of cargo, the health and life of workers and passengers). This challenge actualizes the problem of developing the health care competence of railway transport specialists, which belongs to the universal competencies of the “Self-development and selforganization” category. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature and the results of applied research made it possible to summarize the essential characteristics of the concept of “health-preserving competence” and define it as an integrative personal education, the structure and content of which depends on the conditions for the implementation of professional activity, the main functions, actions and operations of the professional activity of specific specialists. The structure of the health-saving competence of railway transport specialists is represented by a set of components: motivational (readiness and attitude towards the implementation of competence), cognitive-activity (knowledge, cognitive skills, practical experience, level of physical fitness and psycho-emotional stability), reflective (self-analysis, selfdevelopment, formation of the self - concept). The logic of forming health care competence can be represented by a movement from a threshold level to a basic level and from there to a higher level - progressive.

РЕКУПЕРАЦИЯ НЕФТЕСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ КАК ФАКТОР СНИЖЕНИЯ УГРОЗ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ

The relevance of the study is predetermined by the unresolved problems of disposal of oil-containing waste in the Yaroslavl region. The purpose of the study was to analyze the system for preventing technospheric hazards caused by the formation of industrial waste and their negative impact on the environment. The object of the study was industrial waste, highly hazardous to the environment, characteristic of a number of enterprises in the region: acid tar. The subject of the study was the process of optimizing the composition of a bitumen binder based on acid tar in terms of the content of galvanic sludge, captax and sulfur for subsequent use in a modified form as a secondary oil-containing raw material for the production of bitumen emulsions, pastes, and lubricants. Such raw materials, technologically brought to a low-hazard level, can be successfully and effectively used in various production operations of construction, reconstruction, operation, and repair of facilities. The optimization process was carried out using statistical research methods using, during modeling, the obtained dependence of the withdrawal properties on the factors of a second-degree polynomial with two unknowns. Calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet package with built-in mathematical local calculation programs. The research results in the technological part have been patented and implemented in the practical activities of enterprises in the region. The value of scientific and practical developments lies in reducing the volume of formation and storage of hazardous oil-containing acid tar waste and, as a consequence, preventing and reducing the level of technospheric danger and potential man-made emergency situations.

Соціально-педагогічна робота з формування досвіду соціально безпечної поведінки підлітків у процесі online-соціалізації

This article characterizes the problem of forming the experience of socially safe behaviour of teenagers in the process of online socialization; characteristics of the process of socialization of the younger generation (learning, identification, education, protection, imitation, education, adaptation) and features of the social situation of adolescent development are given. The principle of forming the experience of socially safe behaviour of adolescents is revealed: the correspondence of the components of socially safe behaviour of an individual (value-motivational, cognitive, operational-active, regulatory, reflective) to socio-pedagogically significant elements of social networks (information generation, collective creation of communication exchange, etc.) in internet spaces. Blocks of socio-pedagogical work on forming the experience of socially safe behaviour of adolescents in the process of online socialization (targeted, theoretical, technological, effective) are defined, the content of which is divided into three stages: familiarization (confessional and visual training; search, storage, exchange of information about social dangerous facts; organization of mutual training); training (resolving specific socially dangerous situations, collective creation and editing of texts and hypertexts); practical (independent use of learned strategies of socially safe behaviour in interaction with the social environment in real life conditions through inclusion in real socially significant web projects).