Sino-Russian Cooperation Research Articles

The Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution Characteristics of Ship Traffic on the Arctic Northeast Passage Based on AIS Data

Warming weather has led to melting sea ice, and increasingly complex global geopolitics has drawn more countries’ attention to the Arctic. The Arctic Northeast Passage, as an emerging route connecting Eurasia, has seen a sharp increase in vessel activity. The period from 2015 to 2020, being a stable and undisturbed data period, is of significant theoretical importance for exploring the natural development of the Arctic Northeast Passage. The study found that the research period can be divided into three stages: from 2015 to 2017, the number of vessels grew slowly. In 2018 and 2019, the number of vessels and vessel activities saw significant growth, but an unexpected reverse growth occurred in 2020. Different types of vessels have unique activity characteristics and evolutionary patterns, influenced by the Arctic’s unique geographical environment, abundant natural resources, deepening Sino-Russian cooperation, and increasing global trade supply and demand. The results of this study aim to provide policymakers with analysis based on the initial development stage of the route, offering data support for future policy formulation, route planning, and research on the navigation safety of vessels on the Arctic Northeast Passage.

Sino-Russian energy cooperation in the post-Cold War (2000-2021)

This article aims to analyze Sino-Russian energy cooperation. Energy cooperation is the cornerstone in the relations between Russia and China. The Russian interest in this cooperation is to assure demand for the country’s energy exports, to acquire investment capital, and to benefit from Chinese labour. On the Chinese side, the aim has been to obtain access to Russian natural resources and to invest surplus capital. Despite the overlap in supply and demand, as well as the geographical proximity, the Russian energy market is directed towards Europe, while Chinese energy demand primarily is covered by the Middle East and Central Asia. The need for energy diversification has changed this situation and spurred Sino-Russian cooperation. The article is structured in three parts: it first presents Sino-Russian energy trade, secondly, it treats the agreements signed between both countries, and finally, it analyses energy cooperation. We concluded that this cooperation tends to endure due to the energy-related ties formed as part of the long-term agreements and construction of infrastructure. Also, that this cooperation is of a strategic nature for both countries, as it offers an alternative to other energy relations and provides the necessary room of maneuver to defend central political and security-related interests.

Sino-Russian cooperation in the field of nanotechnologies in 2018-2021

Sino-Russian cooperation in the field of nanotechnologies in 2018-2021

The Transportation Cooperation Between Northeast China and the Russian Far East Under the Russia-Ukraine War

The logistics and transportation system of Russia and the world was greatly affected by the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war and the sanctions under the war. Under such circumstances, Sino-Russian cooperation in cross-border transportation is of great significance for the operation of international logistics system and the high-quality cooperation between China and Russia. The aim of this research is to find feasible paths for the transportation cooperation between Northeast China and Russian Far East by analyzing the current situation and existing problems in international transportation cooperation between the two regions. It was found that the current feasible paths of transportation cooperation between Northeast China and Russian Far East include: (1) carrying out transportation cooperation through “pivot cities”; (2) strengthening transportation cooperation by Russian Far East’s Territories of Advanced Development; (3) seizing the new opportunities of Harbin’s opening up to the north to promote international transportation cooperation with Russia; (4) developing transportation cooperation through the linking cooperation between the “Belt and Road” and the “Eurasian Economic Union”.

INTEGRATING THE ARCTIC INTO THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND RUSSIA

This article delves into the intricate web of Sino-Russian cooperation within the Arctic, spotlighting the synergistic ventures like the Yamal LNG project as emblematic of broader collaboration in energy, infrastructure development, and geopolitical strategy. It outlines China's proactive stance in leveraging Arctic resources and the Northern Sea Route (NSR) to diversify its energy supply and integrate this polar pathway into its monumental "Belt and Road" initiative. Despite geographical remoteness, China's burgeoning interest in Arctic affairs, primarily driven by economic, geopolitical, and environmental objectives, underscores a strategic alignment with Russia's Arctic dominion. However, this partnership navigates through a spectrum of collaborative and contentious dynamics, particularly around Arctic governance, environmental stewardship, and the exploitation of hydrocarbon resources. While Russia gains investment and technological prowess, enhancing its sovereignty over Arctic navigation and resource utilization, China secures a vital energy lifeline and asserts its global maritime ambitions. Nonetheless, divergent views on Arctic governance and environmental policies pose challenges to this alliance. The article posits that despite these ideological divergences, the mutual benefits of Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic will likely foster a stronger, more integrated partnership, potentially reshaping Arctic geopolitics and global energy markets.

Sino-Russian cooperation under US and European sanctions: Chinese car brands flood into the Russian market

This article uses a realist theoretical framework to thoroughly investigate the motives, processes, and multifaceted impacts of Chinese automobile brands entering the Russian market. The research findings reveal that the transnational market strategy of Chinese brands is based not only on the pursuit of national interests and economic independence but also on a flexible response to changes in the international political and economic structure. Amid the economic sanctions imposed by Western countries on Russia, a power vacuum has emerged in the Russian automotive market. Chinese automobile brands accurately identified and swiftly seized this opportunity, successfully entering and expanding their market share in Russia. This move has not only increased China’s influence in the global automotive industry but also further strengthened the strategic partnership between China and Russia. From a geopolitical perspective, this economic activity has also bolstered political and economic cooperation between China and Russia to resist the pressure from Western governments. This study enriches the application of realism theory in the field of international political economy and provides new perspectives and insights into understanding the motives and strategic choices of national behavior in a complex and changing international environment. By examining the case of Chinese automobile brands in Russia, this research contributes to the broader discourse on the strategic interactions between major global powers and their implications for the international political and economic order. The analysis highlights the importance of adaptive market strategies in achieving national objectives and underscores the interplay between economic strategies and geopolitical dynamics. The insights from this study are valuable for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners interested in international trade, political economy, and strategic studies, offering lessons for navigating the complexities of global market dynamics and international relations.

Sino-Russian cooperation on the Ice Silk Road project in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict

This article examines the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on Sino-Russian cooperation, analyzes the Chinese Ice Silk Road project and the development of the Russian Northern Sea Route, and based on the above analysis, predicts the further course of cooperation between China and Russia on the Ice Silk Road project. The subject of the study is the Chinese-Russian cooperation on the Ice Silk Road project in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The object of the study is Chinese-Russian cooperation. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the problems of international relations caused by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine; exchange and cooperation between China and Russia against the background of the conflict, as well as determining the trend of future cooperation between the two countries. Special attention is paid to the situation in the Chinese-Russian Ice Silk Road project against the background of the conflict, analysis and forecast of the possibility of cooperation between the two countries on this project in the future. This article uses the method of system theory, considers Sino-Russian relations as an integral part of the system of international relations, Sino-Russian cooperation on the Ice Silk Road project as a level below the level of Sino-Russian relations, and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict as a change of circumstances. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has exacerbated the polarization of the world. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine did not have too much impact on Sino-Russian cooperation and even introduced favorable factors into Sino-Russian cooperation, the economic sphere will be the main area of cooperation between the two countries. The conflict directly deprives Russia of its Western partners in the Northern Sea Route, and also further distances China from its Western partners in the Ice Silk Road project. The development of the Russian "Northern Sea Route" urgently needs other countries to fill the gap left by Western countries. Continuing further cooperation in the Ice Silk Road project is a reasonable choice. In the next period of time, China opened a window of opportunity for in-depth cooperation with Russia on the Ice Silk Road project. In the future, China is likely to achieve cooperation with Russia, in addition to energy cooperation in the development of the Russian "Northern Sea Route", such as technical cooperation and other cooperation.

Transport as a key factor in developing Russian-Chinese border regions

The study presents an analysis of the current state of Sino-Russian cooperation in the field of transport and its effects on the bordering regions. Russia’s Far East and China’s North-East regions both struggle to undergo a socio-economic transformation to overcome depopulation and a peripheral position in their countries. Сross-border cooperation, first of all in the field of transportation, is viewed as a factor of growth, able to foster economic development. This article examines such aspects as the increased focus of Russian central government on the eastern regions and their integration into the expanding Asia-Pacific region, reflected in state programs for the development of the Far East, as well as PRC’s intentions to revitalize old industrial North-East and construct both continental route to Central Asia Europe (as part of the Road and Belt Initiative) and maritime route to other Pacific countries and to provide more efficient connection between northern and southern provinces. Conclusions about the necessity of elaborating efficient strategies and scheduled fulfillment of the projects are presented, as these prove to be the key elements to avoid losing mutual interest in cooperation between the neighboring countries and to bring crucial changes to the bordering regions of the two countries.

Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology: A benefit or a harm?

The issues of Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology are the subject of the studies by both Russian and Chinese economists. However, there are still few works that systematise the main science and technology indicators (MSTI) of both countries and the impact of sanctions on the science and technology development. Filling this research gap is the goal of the present contribution. Methodologically, the paper is based on macroeconomic analysis. The methods include retrospective and comparative analysis, grouping, as well as SWOT analysis. The data were sourced from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the World Bank, and the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The paper identifies success factors behind China and Russia’s science and technology development and reveals that the common factor for both countries is high quality of human capital. The MSTI analysis of each country for the period of 2010–2021, such as the share of R&D expenditure in GDP, the ratio of patents issued on inventions to country’s workingage population, the share of high-tech exports and imports in GDP, international publication activity, etc. demonstrates national differences in their scale. The SWOT analysis of the Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology shows that the main threat to the cooperation is the sanctions pressure. The authors conclude that such cooperation does not promote Russia’s science and technology development; moreover, it may itself put the country in jeopardy as it could turn into a resource appendage of the PRC. The findings can be useful in the development of road maps and strategies for the implementation of cooperation in science and technology between China and Russia.

Состояние, проблемы и перспективы российско-китайского взаимодействия в области торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией

Abstract. At present, China and Russia have a high level of political mutual trust and a stable foundation for economic cooperation. Against the background of remarkable progress in the docking between “The Belt and Road Initiative” and the Eurasian economic union, Sino-Russian agricultural trade has grown rapidly. The aim of the research. Based on the analysis of the current situation and constraints of agricultural trade between China and Russia, the opportunities for the future development of agricultural trade between the two countries are predicted. Scientific novelty lies in dividing the trade in agricultural products between Russia and China in the first 20 years of the 21st century into three stages, summarizing the characteristics of each stage, and analyzing the reasons for restricting the trade in agricultural products between Russia and China from the perspective of the Chinese side. Research methods. Qualitative analysis of the current situation of agricultural trade between China and Russia using agricultural product data from 2001 to 2020. Monographic, abstract-logical methods and the method of comparative analysis were used in the study. Results. The author provides an outlook for the future development of agricultural product trade between China and Russia, including the key to Sino Russian cooperation in aquatic products lies in the potential development of Russian aquatic products, the expansion of Sino-Russian oil and vegetable oil trade can alleviate the risk of supply shortage in China, and the steady development of Sino Russian fruit and vegetable product trade cooperation.

Sino–Russian Cooperation in Arctic Maritime Development: Expectations and Contradictions

Russia accords high priority to developing its Northern Sea Route while acknowledging substantial investment needs. China has shown increasing interest in Arctic shipping and has finance and technology. Infrastructure cooperation has been highlighted in the context of the warming relationship between the two countries. Russian scholars express considerable concern regarding China’s long-term goals in the Arctic and reluctance to allow China’s influence, but expectations of investment remain high. Chinese scholars have been optimistic about prospects for cooperation, although not satisfied with the conditions Russia seems willing to offer. This background may help to explain the almost total lack of Sino–Russian cooperation in maritime infrastructure.

Fragmented Cooperation: The Role of State-Owned and Private Companies in Sino-Russian Energy Collaboration

Abstract: Observers tend to interpret the contemporary Sino-Russian relationship in terms of strategic, purposeful cooperation driven by national interests and power-political considerations. The search for power and security, as well as balancing against the United States, have increasingly been pushing China and Russia closer together. The energy realm offers a distinct picture of the Sino-Russian relationship. The pace of cooperation has varied and depended on key domestic players in particular sectors. As a consequence, success stories have been accompanied by major setbacks. Energy cooperation encompasses both a meteoric rise of oil cooperation and the muddling through of gas cooperation. The foundations for close ties in the energy realm were laid well before the post-Crimean acceleration of Sino-Russian cooperation. More often than not, however, parochial interests of dominant state-owned and private enterprises rather than strategic considerations have driven this cooperation. Looking through the prism of energy cooperation, I emphasize the complexity of Russia and China as actors in international politics instead of approaching them as rational and unitary players.

Sino-Russian Cooperation in the Context of Sino-US Strategic Rivalry

Sino-Russian Cooperation in the Context of Sino-US Strategic Rivalry

Exploring Ways to Deepen Sino-Russia Agricultural Cooperation Under New Circumstances

Research objective. This paper analyzes the foundation, existing problems and future development trend of Sino-Russian agricultural cooperation under the new situation. Research methods. Data analysis and comparative research were used in this paper. Research content. Russia has abundant land and poor labor resource but China has contrary situations. Which not only provides favorable conditions for agricultural trade, but also breeds huge potential for agricultural cooperation. As China and Russia continue to expand the opening of the agricultural product market, agricultural trade has gradually become a new bright spot in the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. The development of agricultural cooperation between China and Russia has the advantages of obvious geographical advantages, strong complementarity of agricultural resources, and continuous improvement of cooperation policy planning. At the same time, there are practical difficulties such as low scale and level of agricultural cooperation and imperfect agricultural cooperation infrastructure. Conclusion. The agricultural cooperation between China and Russia is to optimize the allocation of resources and is in line with the common interests of the people of two countries. The agricultural cooperation between China and Russia shows the continuous improvement of cooperation policies and plans, the increasing variety of agricultural trade, and the continuous expansion of agricultural cooperation areas and regions. In the future, the two countries will strengthen communication between the government and the people at all levels, strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure, strengthen Sino-Russian cooperation in agricultural science and technology ,coordinate agricultural preferential policies and promote further agricultural cooperation between two countries

Dynamics of Sino Russian Cooperation: History and future Prospects

After the end of the cold war international politics had moved from bi-polar to uni-polar resulting in instability. The United States of America to achieve her geo strategic interests took aggressive action which made other states insecure. We have witnessed a rise in the number of wars happened in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. The Middle East is still facing the aftershocks of Arab Spring and the Europe is still divided the way it was during the cold war. To counter the hegemonic designs of the United States of America and its allies Sino Russian cooperation has tried to balance the dynamics of International power power politics. This Sino Russian cooperation is based on an economic, strategic and political level. The very nature of this Sino Russian cooperation revolves around the integration of interests and inclusiveness of other likeminded states. In the second decade of the 21st Century this cooperation has evolved at the international level as an alternative to the Western political block led by the USA

Chinese-Russian Energy Governance in the Context of Carbon Neutrality: Current Situation, Problems and Promotion Paths

2021 is a critical year for the transformation of China's energy industry. The path of clean and low-carbon energy has been determined, and the transformation of the energy industry is accelerated. China and Russia are both major energy countries and seek common interests in addressing climate change and energy cooperation. The relevance of this article is to analyze the current situation of energy cooperation between the two countries in terms of cooperation areas and other aspects by analyzing the research result from domestic and foreign researchers, and to identify the advantages and problems of energy cooperation by using SWOT analysis. The author proposes to explore and develop sustainable energy projects in Sino-Russian cooperation with the goal of “double carbon”, which is the countermeasure and promotion path of future long-term sustainable energy cooperation between China and Russia.

Investment Sino-Russian energy cooperation within the framework of the "dual circulation" strategy: State and prospects

The article discusses the state and prospects of investment cooperation between China and Russia in the energy sector within the framework of the “dual circulation” strategy adopted by China in 2020. The analysis of time series showing the share of Russia in China`s foreign investments in the energy sector in comparison with the countries of Central and South Asia, the Middle East and South America, the ratio of Russian and Chinese investments in the energy sector of the Russian Federation, the forms of investment cooperation and volumes of Chinese investments by main investment forms of participation, and the share of Russian energy resources in total imports energy resources in China are carrried out. The investment needs of the Russian energy sector until 2035 in order to determine the prospects for further cooperation are also decribed in the article.

Ambitions Dashed: Why Sino-Russian Economic Cooperation Is Not Working

Ambitions Dashed: Why Sino-Russian Economic Cooperation Is Not Working

Sino-Russian Cooperation in the Yangtze and Volga River Basins

Cooperation between the regions of the Volga Federal District and the territories of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River of the People’s Republic of China is one of the tools for activating multifaceted Russian-Chinese relations. The creation of a Sino-Russian cooperation mechanism through the Volga — Yangtze Format is of great importance for promoting the development of economic and trade exchanges between the two states, as well as the formation of points of contact in the humanitarian sphere. The similarity of geographical features of these regions is a good basis for the exchange of experience in solving economic, environmental and humanitarian problems of the development of territories located along major waterways.Aim. The purpose of the work is to identify the main vectors of possible development of cooperation and ways to overcome the problems arising in this cooperation by analyzing the intensity of interregional cooperation between Russia and China in the Volga — Yangtze format.Tasks. To analyze program documents and mass-media materials in terms of coverage of the implementation of Sino-Russian projects in the Volga-Yangtze format. To carry out a quantitative analysis of existing joint projects with China in the Volga Federal District. To identify the “growth points” of further economic cooperation between Russia and China in the Volga — Yangtze format.Methods. Empirical research methods, search and analysis of information from mass media, analysis and comparison of data, comparison and generalization were used in the work.Results. By studying the current state of the economic component of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the Volga — Yangtze format, it was possible to identify the difficulties existing in cooperation between the two sides, which could be purposefully solved if the effectiveness of local cooperation was strengthened.Conclusions. At the present stage, there are some obstacles to the effective development of cooperation between the regions of the Volga Federal District and the territories of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River of the People’s Republic of China in the Volga — Yangtze format, such as difficulties in the macroeconomic situation in Russia, the weakness of the foundation of regional cooperation, the need for an effective coordination mechanism at the regional level, as well as clear schemes of financial and tax support. In addition, based on the geographical features of the regions and the reliance of regional economies on water resources, the development of environmental cooperation in the Volga — Yangtze format would be a progressive format of cooperation.

中俄合作办学框架下基于OBE理念的俄语教学研究

中俄合作办学框架下基于OBE理念的俄语教学研究