Simultaneous Mass Research Articles

Different Forms of the Correction Factor Used to Describe Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

Different Forms of the Correction Factor Used to Describe Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

Fundamental Understanding of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes for Physics-Informed Machine Learning-Based Drying Modelling

Drying is a complex process of simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transport phenomena with continuous phase changes. Numerical modelling is one of the most effective tools to mechanistically express the different physics of drying processes for accurately predicting the drying kinetics and understanding the morphological changes during drying. However, the mathematical modelling of drying processes is complex and computationally very expensive due to multiphysics and the multiscale nature of heat and mass transfer during drying. Physics-informed machine learning (PIML)-based modelling has the potential to overcome these drawbacks and could be an exciting new addition to drying research for describing drying processes by embedding fundamental transport laws and constraints in machine learning models. To develop such a novel PIML-based model for drying applications, it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of heat, mass, and momentum transfer processes and their mathematical formulation of drying processes, in addition to data-driven modelling knowledge. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this paper presents two types of information: fundamental physics-based information about drying processes and data-driven modelling strategies to develop PIML-based models for drying applications. The current status of physics-based models and PIML-based models and their limitations are discussed. A sample PIML-based modelling framework for drying application is presented. Finally, the challenges of addressing simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transport phenomena in PIML modelling for optimizing the drying process are presented at the end of this paper. It is expected that the information in this manuscript will be beneficial for further advancing the field.

Study of the Pt-rich nanostructured FePt and CoPt alloys: oddities of phase composition

Nanoparticles of the FePt and CoPt alloys are studied. Detailed structural-phase data on the platinum-rich nanosystems has been obtained using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) in a scanning transmission electron microscope, in addition with derivatography in coupled with the simultaneous mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis of the samples. The upper limits of Fe and Co solubility in Pt and their temperature dependencies have been defined. It is shown that, if Fe or Co contents are above the solubility limits, there is not only the diffraction-detectable phases of FCC solid solutions but also undetectable phases by XRD-method, probably, it is the intermetallic compound of L12 structure (Fe1−xPt3+x or Co1−xPt3+x) or solid solution containing more amount of Fe and Co. A model of low-temperature transformation [A1‑type (FCC FeaPt1−a) → A1 (FCC Fea−xPt1−a+x) + A1undetectable phase (Fea+xPt1−a−x)] when samples are heated (100 – 500°C) is proposed. The model is based on that the crystals are nano-sized and the diffusion of Fe and Co in comparison with Pt is predominant. Therefore, diffraction-undetectable phases can be existed. According to the results of derivatography and mass spectrometry methods, there is no partial oxidation of Fe and Co in the FCC phase. Therefore, oxidation is not the cause of the observed effects.

Simultaneous Mass Spectrometric quantification of multiple p‐tau species in plasma – findings along the Alzheimer´s disease continuum

AbstractBackgroundBlood phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) species at positions 181, 217 and 231 have been demonstrated accurate biomarkers of Alzheimer´s disease pathology. Comparisons to assess the performance of each phosphorylation along the Alzheimer´s disease (AD) continuum rely on the use of different immunoassays. In the current study, we simultaneously quantified the plasma concentration of six different phosphorylated (p‐tau 181, 199, 202, 205, 217 and 231), and two non‐phosphorylated, tau peptides using a targeted Mass Spectrometric (MS) method.MethodWe analysed a total of 224 samples from two centres, the TRIAD cohort (Canada) and the BioCogBank Paris Lariboisière cohort (France). Tau enrichment prior to MS analysis was performed by immunoprecipitation, using a combination of several non‐phospho‐tau antibodies, followed by tryptic digestion. A parallel reaction monitoring method with Orbitrap MS was used to measure the levels of targeted peptides. Group‐level comparisons were carried with non‐parametric tests. Cross‐sectional associations between plasma tau biomarkers and Aβ and tau PET were investigated using the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) method for local polynomial regression. Voxel‐wise correlations were performed between plasma and PET biomarkers using Rminc.ResultP‐tau231 levels were significantly increased in amyloid positive and tau negative (A+T‐) individuals compared to A‐T‐ (stratified by CSF biomarkers). Increases in p‐tau217 and p‐tau205 emerged later in the AD continuum, only when tau pathology was present (A+T+). Plasma p‐tau217, p‐tau231 and p‐tau205 were the site‐specific phosphorylations that showed higher correlations with Tau PET (Braak I‐VI) (R=0.7 p<0.0001; R=0.53 p<0.0001; and R=0.53 p<0.0001; respectively) and with Aβ PET (R=0.66 p<0.0001; R=0.56 p<0.0001; R=0.45 p<0.0001, respectively). LOESS analysis revealed that plasma p‐tau231 increases earlier in the disease progression, followed by p‐tau217 and p‐tau205, which showed a progressive increase along Braak stages and amyloid centiloid. Voxel‐wise analysis for tau PET were highest with p‐tau205 with associations in in the inferior, medial, and lateral temporal regions. For Aβ PET, p‐tau217 and p‐tau205 showed the highest associations with frontal, precuneus, posterior cingulate and temporal cortices.ConclusionOur results indicate that plasma p‐tau217, p‐tau231 and p‐tau205 are the site‐specific phosphorylations that better reflect amyloid and tau pathologies, although with different emergence along the AD continuum.

MHD convective rotating flow of viscoelastic fluid past an infinite vertical oscillating porous plate with Hall effects

AbstractIt is considered the unsteady and incompressible magnetohydrodynamic rotating free convection flow of viscoelastic fluid with simultaneous heat and mass transfer near an infinite vertical oscillating porous plate under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field and taking Hall current into account. The governing equations of the flow field are then solved by a regular perturbation method for a small elastic parameter. The expressions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration have been derived analytically and also its behavior is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters with the help of graphs. The skin friction on the boundary, the heat flux in terms of the Nusselt number, and the rate of mass transfer in terms of the Sherwood number are also obtained and their behavior discussed. The resultant velocity enhances with increasing Hall parameter and rotation parameter. The reversal behavior is observed with increasing viscoelastic parameters. The resultant velocity enhances and experiences retardation in the flow field with increasing radiation parameters, whereas the secondary velocity component increases with increasing rotation parameters. The temperature diminishes as the Prandtl number and/or the frequency of oscillations. The concentration reduces at all points of the flow field with the increase in the Schmidt number.

TG/MS/FTIR study on thermal degradation process of clay mineral–polysiloxane nanocomposites

Clay-polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) are an important group of materials that are currently receiving increasing attention. The study of the properties of new CPNs is vital, as it facilitates a deeper understanding of their applicability. This study assessed for the first time the thermal stability of clay-polysiloxane nanocomposite as well as their degradation mechanism under an inert atmosphere with the use of the TG/MS/FTIR (simultaneous mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of off-gases from a thermogravimetric analyzer) technique. Organo-montmorillonite (organo-Mt) nanofiller was introduced at different amounts (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 wt% in relation to the weight of the polymer matrix) into the structure-controlled polysiloxane network. The polysiloxane matrix was obtained by cross-linking poly(methylhydrosiloxane) with poly(dimethylsiloxane) terminated by vinyldimethylsiloxy groups at both ends. This cross-linking was carried out through a hydrosilylation reaction with an equimolar ratio of Si–H and Si-CH=CH2 groups, in the presence of Karstedt's catalyst. Along with an increased amount of organo-Mt, a deterioration in nanocomposites thermal stability, with an increase in the number of thermal decomposition steps, and changes in the degradation mechanism of polysiloxane matrix were observed. The presence of organo-Mt mainly affected the redistribution of bonds at the silicon atoms during the thermolysis of the studied materials. Regardless of the amount of the mineral nanofiller added, the nanocomposites had a similar residual mass remaining after pyrolysis of the studied CPNs at 1000 °C, which was much lower than that of the initial polysiloxane network.

A generalized CFD model for evaluating catalytic separation process in structured porous materials

A hybrid multiphase model is developed to simulate the simultaneous momentum, heat and mass transfer and heterogeneous catalyzed reaction in structured catalytic porous materials. The approach relies on the combination of the volume of fluid (VOF) and Eulerian–Eulerian models, and several plug-in field functions. The VOF method is used to capture the gas–liquid interface motion, and the Eulerian–Eulerian framework solves the temperature and chemical species concentration equations for each phase. The self-defined field functions utilize a single-domain approach to overcome convergence difficulty when applying the hybrid multiphase for a multi-domain problem. The method is then applied to investigate selective removal of specific species in multicomponent reactive evaporation process. The results show that the coupling of catalytic reaction and interface species mass transfer at the phase interface is conditional, and the coupling of catalytic reaction and momentum transfer across fluid–porous interface significantly affects the conversion rate of reactants. Based on the numerical results, a strategy is proposed for matching solid catalyst with operating condition in catalytic distillation application.

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of solar-assisted, spacer-filled direct contact membrane distillation: Seeking performance improvement

Significant downstream performance reduction and concentration polarisation reduce direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) efficiency. These challenges are not well researched since they are difficult to implement experimentally and numerically. Hence, this study examined the impact of solar absorbers and different spacer filaments upon DCMD performance. A 2D computational fluid dynamics model that considered simultaneous mass and heat transfer across the membrane and throughout the channels was developed to simulate water flux in DCMD modules under the use of solar absorbers and spacer filaments of various designs. The simulation outcomes were in excellent agreement with experimental results provided by two different studies, with the assisted solar absorber module and the spacer-filled module deviating <5 % and 3 % from the experimental results, respectively. A module equipped with the solar absorber membrane enhanced the DCMD performance better than a module with a solar absorber plate. The results also illustrated that a module with cylindrical detached spacer filaments improved DCMD performance more than a module with rectangular and semicircular attached spacers. Finally, it was shown that a module equipped with an integrated developed spacer and solar absorber membrane significantly enhanced water flux and both concentration and temperature polarisations, specifically when the inlet velocity was increased. Water flux and the temperature polarisation coefficient increased by 220 % in the integrated module, and the concentration polarisation coefficient decreased by 10 %. Moreover, the developed module resulted in a substantial increase in downstream performance.

Simultaneous heat and mass enhancement in mixed convective flow of power-law fluid using hybrid nanoparticles

Heat conduction and solute diffusion in fluid have been used for modeling of simultaneous heat and mass transportation in non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power-law rheological constitutive model. For thermal and mass transport enhancement, nanoparticles (Cu and AlO ) are dispersed in a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (EG). Mathematical models with correlations for physical properties are solved numerically via the finite element method (FEM). Wall shear stress on the surface of the pipe is enhanced when the intensity of the magnetic field rises. The wall shear stress reduces as positive buoyancy force increases. However, when the buoyancy force is negative , the wall shear stress increases. When the Grashof number is raised, the heat transfer rate at the pipe's surface tends to rise. Similarly, as the Schmidt number rises, the mass flux rises as well. Numerical outcomes have predicted that the motion of fluid becomes fast as the curvature parameter is increased. Favorable Buoyancy force increases the thickness of momentum boundary layer flow, whereas opposing Buoyancy force is responsible of a decrease in thickness of momentum boundary layer flow. Joule heating is responsible of an increase in the thermal boundary layer. Wall shear stress on the surface of the pipe is enhanced when the intensity of the magnetic field is increased.

Modeling and simulation of solvent behavior and temperature distribution within long stick propellants with large web thickness undergoing drying

Drying is a complicated physical process which involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the removal of solvents inside propellants. Inappropriate drying techniques may result in the formation of a hard skin layer near the surface to block the free access of most solvent through for long stick propellants with large web thickness, which lead to lower drying efficiency and worse drying quality. This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of drying process and clarify the mechanism of the blocked layer near the propellant surface. A new three-dimensional coupled heat and mass transfer (3D-CHMT) model was successfully developed under transient conditions. The drying experiment results show that the 3D-CHMT model could be applied to describe the drying process well since the relative error of the content of solvent between simulation and experiment values is only 5.5%. The solvent behavior simulation demonstrates that the mass transfer process can be divided into super-fast (SF) and subsequent minor-fast (MF) stages, and the SF stage is vital to the prevention of the blocked layer against the free access for solvent molecules inside propellant grains. The effective solvent diffusion coefficient (Deff) of the propellant surface initially increases from 3.4 × 10−6 to 5.3 × 10−6 m2/s as the temperature increases, and then decreases to 4.1 × 10−8 m2/s at 60–100 min. The value of Deff of surface between 0–1.4 mm has a unique trend of change compared with other regions, and it is much lower than that of the internal at 100 min under simulation conditions. Meanwhile, the temperature of the propellant surface increases rapidly at the SF stage (0–100 min) and then very slowly thereafter. Both the evolution of Deff and temperature distribution demonstrate that the blocked layer near the propellant surface has been formed in the time period of approximately 0–100 min and its thickness is about 1.4 mm. To mitigate the formation of blocked layer and improve its drying quality of finial propellant products effectively, it should be initially dried at lower drying temperature (30–40 °C) in 0–100 min and then dried at higher drying temperature (50–60 °C) to reduce drying time for later drying process in double base gun propellants. The present results can provide theoretical guidance for drying process and optimization of drying parameters for long stick propellants with large web thickness.

Development of an Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the simultaneous mass detection of tobacco biomarkers in urine

The quantification of tobacco exposure biomarkers is relevant to follow the patients’ tobacco use. They allow to discriminate between tobacco users, non-users, passive smokers, and nicotine products users, such as in nicotine replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a quantification method of tobacco biomarkers of choice – nicotine, cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, anatabine and anabasine – in urine. The challenge was to develop an easy and rapid liquid chromatography method requiring only one extraction step and allowing simultaneous detections. Some methods are described in the literature but need specific investment in terms of instrumentation and users training. Here, the developed method had to be carried out with instrumentation easily accessible for medical laboratories. The extraction of the analytes was performed by Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE), which consists in liquid–liquid extraction but supported by a sorbent. It allows to insure efficient neutrals extraction with less organic solvent and without any emulsion formation. 200 µl of basified urine – analytes of interest are neutral in this condition – were loaded on Novum SLE 96-Well Plates (Phenomenex) and analytes were eluted with 1 % formic acid in dichloromethane/propan-2-ol (95/5). After solvent evaporation, samples were reconstituted with 100 µl of water for injection. A mass detector (QDa, Waters) was used to detect analytes, this pre-optimised quadrupole mass analyser being less expensive and requiring less adjustments than traditional mass spectrometers while benefiting of the reliability of mass spectral data. This detector was integrated after an Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) separation on a BEH C18 column (Waters) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. A gradient elution of H2O (pH 10 with NH4OH) and CH3CN was used. Finally, the developed method was validated. This new method is conclusive to assess the patients’ tobacco exposure and is easy to implement in medical laboratories.

The onset of double diffusive convection in a rotating bi-disperse porous medium

It is well known that when a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below, a thermal boundary layer of less dense and hot fluid rises up. When this boundary layer becomes unstable, convective motion in the fluid above sets in. Forecasting when instabilities take place is essential. When a salt dissolved in a fluid saturating a porous medium heated from below is considered, simultaneous mass diffusion and thermal diffusion occur. Unlike the diffusion of heat, the diffusion of salt can take place only through the fluid phase, so an additional physical effect has to be considered: the Soret effect, that is the mass flux created by a temperature gradient. In the present paper the onset of convection in a rotating layer of bi-disperse porous medium saturated by a binary fluid mixture, taking into account the Soret effect, is analysed. Linear stability analysis is performed in order to determine the instability thresholds for the onset of convection via a steady state (stationary convection) and via an oscillatory state (oscillatory convection). Nonlinear stability analysis is performed to obtain the global stability threshold with respect to the L^2-norm.

A phenomenological-based dynamic model for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel-cell humidifier assembly

This paper presents the deduction of a phenomenological-based semi-physical model (PBSM) for the gas humidification in a fuel-cell assembly. Unlike previously published models, the one proposed here includes the momentum transfer effects and their influences over simultaneous heat and mass transfers occurring into the process as a whole. These effects strongly affect the model precision due to the compressible characteristics of the air. High sensitivity of gas properties regarding changes in both pressure and temperature are also included by modelling the gas as a compressible fluid. The model reproduces the air–water vapour mixture behaviour from the compressor discharge to the fuel-cell inlet port. Since the air humidity and temperature conditions must be maintained at their set-points to guarantee an optimal fuel-cell performance, a model such as the one presented here can be used for designing any model-based control strategy towards achieving desirable operative conditions taking also into account the operational context of the considered assembly. The comparative assessment done with experimental data from a real test bench has shown the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately reproduce the behaviour of such complex systems.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modelling of ZnO-SiO2 Composite Through a Consecutive Electrospray and Spray Drying Method

Modelling of the droplet formation and drying process in the synthesis of Zinc Oxide-Silicon Dioxide (ZnO-SiO2) composite have been conducted through a CFD modelling. In general, modelling of spray drying only focused on exploring the drying chamber section. The phenomenon builds in a consecutive electrospray and spray drying method has been successfully studied in this paper. The influence of carrier gas flow rate (2 to 10 L/min), precursor flow rate (1 to 10 ml/h), drying chamber temperature and applied voltage (12 to 14 kV) were investigated systematically. Numerical modelling was conducted to describe the mechanism of the composite droplet formation through the jet shape of the electrospray. Evaporation of the initial composite droplet was considered in the modelling, accounting for its size evolution. Simultaneous mass transfer modelling due to the composite evaporation was solved in combination with a general dynamic equation solution. The modelling results show that the applied voltage and the precursor flow rate effectively affected the composite droplet size. While the carrier gas flow rate and the drying chamber temperature, influenced the effectiveness of the composite particle formation in the spray drying synthesis.

Performance analysis of an automotive heat pump system with desiccant coated heat exchangers

Even though an electric vehicle has the advantage of high efficiency, low emission, and more space in the engine room as the combustion engine is not used, it has the disadvantage that consumes the stored energy of the battery a lot for heating and defogging due to the absence of the waste heat from the internal combustion engine. The electric vehicle must operate a heat pump system to heat up the cabin air and to remove the moisture, unlike traditional vehicles. Thereby, the energy consumption of the automotive heat pump should be minimized as much as possible for enhancing the driving mileage to relieve range anxiety. Therefore, the desiccant coated heat exchanger is introduced for dehumidification and waste heat recovery by simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To analyze the energy consumption of the automotive heat pump system, the numerical model, which consists of the cabin thermal load model, the desiccant coated heat exchanger model, and the automotive heat pump model, is made with validation using experimental data. The simulation was conducted to investigate the effect of the desiccant coated heat exchanger on the energy usage of an electric vehicle under various operation conditions. Consequently, the results show that the proposed system requires less energy as compared with the conventional cases.

Validated simultaneous high-performance thin-layer chromatography‒mass spectrometry method for analysis of citalopram prochlorperazine, midazolam, and chlorodiazepoxide in urine for forensic analysis

Drug breakthroughs and development have been a great blessing to mankind. Problem arises when these are used in non-medical context such as use for recreational purposes, using drugs outside the label directions, and use with malicious intent as found in homicidal cases. Young generations get trapped into vicious cycle of drug addiction that has deleterious effects on their mind and body. Drugs including psychomotor drugs, opioids, narcotics, inhalants, stimulants, and central nervous system depressants are easily accessible. Forensic science plays a crucial role in investigation pertaining to drug abuse and overdose. Complex biological and non-biological matrices are submitted to forensic science laboratories for analysis and interpretation of the effects of drugs/toxicants/poisons on human body and environment. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination of various prescription drugs in the urine using high-performance thin-layer chromatography‒mass spectrometry (HPTLC‒MS) technique. New combination of solvent systems was tried for the simultaneous detection of frequently used prescription drugs in urine. The method was developed and validated using HPTLC‒MS for the quantitative estimation of benzodiazepines, anti-depressants, and tranquilizers in urine using a common solvent system for all the drugs. Mobile phase cyclohexane‒toluene‒diethylamine (7:1.5:1.5, V/V) with one drop strong ammonia solution was used as mobile phase. Method validation was carried out according to the International Council of Harmonization guidelines. The present HPTLC‒MS method being simple, sensitive, precise, and accurate can be used for the detection and quantitative estimation of benzodiazepines, anti-depressants, and tranquilizers in biological specimens.

A Comprehensive Review of Mathematical Modeling for Drying Processes of Fruits and Vegetables.

Drying fruits and vegetables is a procedure of food preservation with simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer, which increases the shelf life of the food product. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the researches on mathematical modeling for drying of fruits and vegetables with the special emphasis on the computational approach. Various heat-mass transport models, their applications, and modern drying technologies to the food industry have been reported in this study. Computational fluid dynamics, a new approach for solving heat and mass transfer problems, increases the accuracy of the predicted values. To investigate the parameters of drying needs a significant amount of time as well as costly laboratory and experimental efforts. Therefore, computational modeling could be an effective alternative to experimental approaches. This review will be beneficial for future studies in drying processes, especially for modeling, analysis, design, and optimization of food science and food engineering.

Simultaneous Mass Spectrometric Detection of Proteins of Ten Oilseed Species in Meat Products.

Food fraud is a common issue in the modern food industry. The undeclared use of foreign proteins in meat products is a major concern in this context. Oilseeds are ideal for this purpose due to their high protein content and since huge amounts of oil meal are obtained as a by-product of oil production. Therefore, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous detection of chia, coconut, flaxseed, hemp, peanut, pumpkin, rapeseed, sesame, soy, and sunflower proteins in meat products. Potential tryptic peptide markers were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The final twenty peptide markers selected, which are specific for one of the ten species targeted, were each measured by multiple reaction monitoring. To the best of our knowledge, twelve new heat-stable marker peptides for chia, coconut, flaxseed, pumpkin, rapeseed, sesame and sunflower have not been reported previously. Emulsion-type sausages with 0.01, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% protein addition by each oilseed species were produced for matrix calibration. No false-positive results were recorded. In the quantification of the ten oilseed species, 466 of 480 measuring data points of the recovery rate in unknown sausages (0.15 and 0.85% protein addition by each oilseed species) were in the accepted range of 80–120%.

Gas absorption in a hydraulic air compressor. Part I: Simultaneous hydrodynamic and mass transfer bubbly flow model

The formulation of a one-dimensional model for the simultaneous evaluation of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in bubbly flow is presented in detail. The mass transfer due to the solubility kinetics and psychrometric aspects of the process is evaluated while accounting for the effects of process temperature and salinity of the liquid phase. While developed for downward co-current bubbly flow, the predictions of the model show good agreement with experimental data found in the literature for co-current upward bubble column. Using the model, the predicted profiles of pressure, temperature, liquid velocity, slip velocity, species’ gas-phase molar flow rate along the axis of the pilot HAC downcomer under selected scenarios are presented. Modelling of the pilot and demonstrator scale HAC downcomers suggest that the psychrometric aspects of the compression process will be the determining factor for selecting HAC operating temperatures. Modelling of gas absorption in aqueous electrolyte solutions suggest that an intent to reduce gas solubility may be defeated due to the reduction of bubble size and the resulting increase in interfacial area. Initialisation of liquid phase concentrations of gas species are discussed with simulations showing the diminishing absorption rate with repeated cycles of gas compression when no gas is removed. The potential impacts on the applications of compressed air production and carbon capture are also discussed.

Numerical study on thermal enhancement in magnetohydrodynamic micropolar liquid subjected to motile gyrotactic microorganisms movement and Soret and dufour effects

Motile gyrotactic organism activity in micropolar fluid subjected to simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the presence of thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effects is modeled. The base fluid is taken as kerosene oil. The immersion of nano-sized particles of C u − T i O 2 kerosene oil makes its rheological characteristics of micropolar fluid because nano-sized particles serve as micro-structures. In this case couple stress, vortex and spin gradient viscosities become significant and simultaneously linear and angular momenta become equally remarkable. So, micropolar theory is the best to model the immersion of nano-structures in the fluid. Similarity variables are used to transform the problems into their dimensionless forms. The mathematical models are solved numerically by applying the finite element method (FEM). The results are validated and numerical experiments are performed to analyze the key parameters of the unknown field variables. In order to analyze the impact of physical parameters on field variables, numerous simulations are performed. The micro-rotation of microparticles and nanoparticles due to fluid deformation motivates fluids particles to rotate faster. Therefore, linear motion is observed to be increased for higher values of vortex viscosity. The curvature parameter has significantly impacted the linear motion of the fluid particles. The impact of the curvature parameter on the movement of nanofluid is lesser than the impact of the curvature parameter on the motion of hybrid nanoparticles. Concentration gradient supports the diffusion of heat in the fluid regime and numerical experiments with variation of Dufour (that measures the effects of concentration gradient on heat diffusion) have shown that concentration gradient is more effective in the case of hybrid nanofluid relative to the mono nanofluid. The angular motion of fluid particles increases when vortex viscosity is increased. Numerical simulations have predicted that the angular motion of particles of hybrid nanofluid has a lesser angular speed than that of the angular motion of particles of mono nanofluid. The Soret number determines the impact of temperature gradient on the diffusion of solute in the fluid. Simulations for various values of Soret number have predicted that the impact of temperature gradient on the diffusion of solute in hybrid nanofluid is stronger than the impact of temperature gradient on the diffusion of solute in mono nanofluid.