Simultaneous Formations Research Articles

Desis’ identity crisis in America: examining cultural and racial politics in Samira Ahmed’s Love, Hate and Other Filters (2018) and Sanjena Sathian’s Gold Diggers (2021)

ABSTRACT This paper examines literary representations of Desis, who are commonly associated with the South Asian American diaspora, in terms of their simultaneous identity formations as ethnic Indians and American citizens. It analyses the vulnerabilities of second generation Desis in America while growing up in the post-9/11 era. Poststructuralist philosopher Judith Butler’s concept of a precarious life is critically employed to investigate sociopolitical agendas that underpin racial and cultural othering of Desis. Through a comparative analysis of Samira Ahmed’s Love, Hate and Other Filters (2018) and Sanjena Sathian’s Gold Diggers (2021), the cultural and psychophysical vulnerabilities of the second generation Desis for whom success is configured in the political construct of the American dream are discussed. This critical attention to an emergent genre of Indian diaspora fiction in English paves the way for nuanced understandings of marginal identities within America’s sociopolitical and cultural locales.

Eco-friendly strategy for synthesizing europium-complex-based hybrid materials using bifunctional hydroxyapatite

Synthesizing lanthanide complexes and their hybrid materials often involves the utilization of hazard base reagents to neutralize the protons generated in coordination reactions. Here, we propose for the first time a green and facile route to synthesize europium-complex-based hybrid materials by using micrometer-sized hydroxyapatite (HAP). Simultaneous formations of the europium complex and monetite took place after the reaction. Not only did HAP function as an eco-friendly alkaline reagent, but it also acted as a matrix to disperse the europium complexes. The quantum yield and lifetime of the as-synthesized hybrid materials are comparable to that of pure europium complex prepared by using traditional base reagents. Furthermore, versatile applications of the hybrid materials are also demonstrated in our proof-of-concept experiments, including bone tissue engineering, luminescent toys, and portable luminescent chalks. Notably, the proposed eco-friendly strategy is also applicable to other types of lanthanide-complexes-based hybrid materials.

Hydrogen storage in sH binary hydrate: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation

sH hydrate is a kind of hydrate that is consisted of only organic large molecule and water. Since each organic large molecule can bring five small cages that easily capture hydrogen molecules, sH hydrate is potential hydrogen storage material. In this paper, methylcyclohexane-hydrogen hydrate was used for hydrogen storage. Two different processes, the simultaneous formation and the induced formation, were studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The simultaneous formations of methylcyclohexane-hydrogen binary hydrate were simulated at 230 K & 110 MPa and the hydrogen storage capacity of binary hydrate was 1.08 wt%. The induced formation of methylcyclohexane-hydrogen binary hydrate was simulated at 240–260 K &20–110 MPa.The simulation results showed that hydrogen storage capacity of hydrate was mainly affected by temperature. The hydrogen storage capacity of hydrates was low (≤1.0 wt%) at 250–260 K even the pressure increased to 110 MPa. While the hydrogen storage capacity was greatly improved (≥1.6 wt%) at 240 K. At 250–260 K, hydrogen molecules only entered the cavities that were near the interface, which seems that 512 cages layers obstructed the hydrogen molecules. The results indicated that the induced hydrogen formation required milder conditions than the simultaneously hydrogen storage formation, and the hydrogen storage was higher.

Synthesis of Titanium Complexes Supported by Carbinolamide- and Amide-Containing Ligands Derived from Ti(NMe2)4-Mediated Selective Amidations of Carbonyl Groups.

An efficient strategy for the syntheses of a series of titanium complexes has been developed. This protocol features the employment of Ti(NMe2)4 both as the metal center to trigger the deprotonation of the ligands and as an amine source to proceed the amidation reactions of carbonyl functionalities of the ligands. Treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 with a ligand HL1 (HL1 = 2,2'-(((2-hydroxybenzyl)azanediyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(isoindoline-1,3-dione) results in the formation of Ti(L1')(NMe2) (1) (H3L1' = N1-(2-((2-(1-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxy-3-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)ethyl)(2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)ethyl)-N2,N2-dimethylphthalamide). One important feature regarding the synthesis of 1 is the occurrence of the in situ metal-ligand reaction between Ti(NMe2)4 and HL1, leading to the simultaneous formations of carbinolamide and amide scaffolds. Another prominent feature in terms of the preparation of 1 is the achievement of the selective ring-opening reaction of one of the two phthalimide units of the HL1 ligand, affording carbinolamide and amide functionalities within one ligand set. The developed methodology characterizes an ample substrate scope. The selective amidation reactions of the carbonyl groups have been realized for a series of analogous ligands HL2-HL7. Density functional theory calculations were employed to disclose the mechanisms for the formation of 1-7, and the details for the selective ring-opening reactions of the phthalimide unit were uncovered.

Entangled iodine and hydrogen peroxide formation in ice

Ice-core records show that anthropogenic pollution has increased the global atmospheric concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and iodine since the mid-20th century. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a highly efficient mechanism that synergistically produces them in icy water conditions. This reaction is aided by a key intermediate IO2H, formed by an I- ion with a dissolved O2 in acidic icy water, which produces both I as well as O2H radicals. I recombines with I- to produce I2- at a diffusion-limited rate, followed by formation of I3- through disproportionation, while O2H yields H2O2 with I- and a proton dissolved in icy water.

Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis

AbstractThe trifunctional (3‐aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane monomer (1) is able to undergo both twin polymerization and reaction with electrophilic compounds such as isocyanates. 1 can be readily synthesized from 3‐aminopropyptrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and furfuryl alcohol (FA). The reaction of 1 with three different aromatic isocyanates, namely phenyl isocyanate, diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate (MDI), and a prepolymer consisting of MDI end‐capped polytetramethylene ether glycole (PTMEG), to the corresponding substituted urea derivatives is presented. Three urea derivatives 1‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)propylurea (2), diphenylmethan‐4,4′‐bis[3(tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)propyl]urea (3), bis[3(tris‐furfuryloxysilyl)‐propyl]urea‐capped PTMEG‐MDI‐prepolymer (4) as well as 1 were polymerized to multicomponent organic/inorganic hybrid materials in a one step procedure using methane sulfonic acid as catalyst. The simultaneous formations of poly furfuryl alcohol and polysiloxane networks within the hybrid material are proven by means of solid‐state NMR spectroscopic measurements. The homogeneous distribution of silicon within the solidified hybrid materials is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF)‐STEM. Homogeneous nanostructured hybrid materials with silicon cluster sizes in the range of 2 nm have been obtained by polymerization of the urea derivatives 2, 3, and 4.

Single-Step, Low-Temperature Simultaneous Formations and in Situ Binding of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles to Graphene Nanosheets by In-Liquid Plasma for Potential Applications in Gas Sensing and Lithium-Ion Batteries

The in situ binding of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (SNp) and graphene nanosheets (GNs) that synthesized simultaneously in single-step atmospheric-pressure processing was achieved at a low temperature by employing in-liquid plasma in a solution of tin chloride (SnCl2·2H2O) in ethanol as the only precursor. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman analysis, and X-ray diffraction revealed the composite (SNp/GNs) synthesis with SNp of sizes 2−3 nm, which were distributed uniformly and attached to both sides of the GNs. The SNp/GNs composite synthesis was provided by the simple, low-cost, single-processing method of the in-liquid plasma for future gas-sensing and lithium-ion battery applications.

Investigation on early formation and evolution of oxide scales on ferritic–martensitic steels in supercritical water

Early oxidation characteristics of ferritic-martensitic steel T91 in supercritical water (SCW) from 1 h to 120 h were investigated. Relative to austenitic steels, occurrence of each oxidation stage for T91 was delayed. Both inner Cr-rich layer and outer magnetite layer formed even after a 1h-exposure at 540 °C, implying their almost simultaneous formations. Several assembled-pore lines were observed in the inner layer. Abundant pores accumulated at the boundary between the inner/outer oxide layers in steam, while mainly along the inner/diffusion layer interface in SCW, due to lower difference between iron diffusion through the inner and outer layers for the later.

ChemInform Abstract: ZnCl2 and Pd/C Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles.

Abstract A facile, mild, efficient, and copper-free method has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via domino Sonogashira coupling/cyclization reaction catalyzed by ZnCl2 and palladium on carbon with simultaneous formations of C–C and C–N bonds.

ZnCl2 and Pd/C catalyzed synthesis of 2-substituted indoles

A facile, mild, efficient, and copper-free method has been developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via domino Sonogashira coupling/cyclization reaction catalyzed by ZnCl2 and palladium on carbon with simultaneous formations of C–C and C–N bonds.

Chemical equilibrium constants of rare earth nitrates and tri- n-butyl phosphate complex formation

Mixed rare earth nitrates (RE i (NO 3) 3) in the aqueous solution was mixed with tri- n-butyl phosphate (TBP, ( n-C 4H 9O) 3PO) dissolved in kerosene for the formation of their corresponding complexes (RE i (NO 3) 3· n i ( n-C 4H 9O) 3PO) at 303 K. The effects of initial concentrations of both TBP and mixed rare earth nitrates on the equilibrium constants of their complex formations were investigated. The complexes were formed almost immediately after mixing. The simultaneous formations reached their chemical equilibria within a few minutes by shaking the mixture at 200 r/min. The chemical equilibrium constants of the complex formations were independent of the initial TBP concentrations. However, they were decreased by reducing the concentration of RE i (NO 3) 3. All equilibrium constants of the simultaneous complex formations were less than 0.7, while the average molar ratio of TBP to RE i (NO 3) 3 of the complexes varied between 1.0 and 1.6. The chemical equilibrium constant for the formation of La(NO 3) 3·( n-C 4H 9O) 3PO was 0.09, while that of Dy(NO 3) 3·( n-C 4H 9O) 3PO was 0.68. The ascending sequence of chemical equilibrium constants for the simultaneous formations was La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Y, Sm, Gd, and Dy.

Demonstration and Electrical Performance Investigation of Wafer-Level Cu Oxide Hybrid Bonding Schemes

Wafer-level Cu oxide hybrid bonding owns a number of merits, including simultaneous formations of electrical and mechanical bonds, underfill free, high alignment accuracy, increasing bond strength, and excellent reliability performance in 3-D integration. This letter demonstrates the fabrication of wafer-level Cu oxide hybrid bonding. Investigations of experimental and electrical simulation data of Cu oxide hybrid bonding structures are reported. Their alignment accuracy, frequency responses, and passive elements are compared for 3-D integration applications.

Local atomic arrangements and electronic structure of Zr-Ni-Al bulk metallic glass: –Analysis by use of the relevant crystals–

Internal energy of a bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated by making full use of its relevant crystals. The local atomic arrangements commonly existing both in the BMG and the relevant crystals were identified using experimentally determined radial distribution functions. The electronic structure of the relevant crystals was investigated by discrete variational X alpha (DVX α ) cluster calculations and high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. The present analysis on the electronic structure revealed that the simultaneous formations of characteristic cluster levels and a pseudogap at the Fermi level effectively reduce the internal energy to stabilize BMGs.

Protein mimicry of DNA and pathway regulation

The discoveries of DNA mimicry by proteins inspired by Ugi experiments led by Dale Mosbaugh and his colleagues have sparked dramatic insights for our understanding of DNA and protein interactions. Currently only a small number protein mimics of DNA are known or suspected, including Ugi, HI1450, Ocr, TAF1, MfpA, and Dinl. These proteins are structurally diverse, but together they share common themes we define here. These mimics tend to resemble distorted rather than normal B-DNA, possibly to prevent cross-reactions with other DNA metabolizing proteins that should not be inhibited. Side-chain carboxylates of glutamates and aspartates functionally replace phosphates and thereby generate an overall charge pattern resembling the DNA phosphate backbone. Most protein mimics of DNA have strikingly hydrophobic cores that likely stabilize the protein fold despite substantial charge localization and a relatively small internal volume enforced by the restrictions from DNA size. These common characteristics for protein mimicry of DNA should prove useful for future identifications of DNA mimics, which seem likely to be found in bacteriophages, conjugative plasmids, eukaryotic viruses, and transcription machinery. We also suggest approaches to the design of novel DNA mimics to inhibit specific pathways and could be important for basic science applications and for use as therapeutic agents. Moreover, mimicry in general is of critical importance in that it provides an elegant mechanism by which interfaces can be reused to force sequential rather than simultaneous complex formations such as seen in systems involving polar protein assemblies and DNA repair machinery.

A study on hydrogen-induced amorphization in C15 Laves phase DyNi 2 under different hydrogen pressures

Four exothermic reactions of (1) hydrogen absorption forming crystalline ( c-) and amorphous ( a-) DyNi 2H x , (2) the transformation of c-DyNi 2H x to a-DyNi 2H x , i.e., hydrogen-induced amorphization (HIA), (3) the precipitation of DyNi 5 in a-DyNi 2H x and (4) the decomposition of the remaining amorphous hydride into DyNi 5 and BiF 3-type DyH 3 were observed sequentially when the C15 Laves phase DyNi 2 was heated using a pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) at 2.0 MPa H 2 or higher hydrogen pressures. On the other hand, (1) the formation of c- and a-DyNi 2H x , (2) partial HIA and (3) the decomposition of the mixture of a- and c-DyNi 2H x into DyNi 5 and DyH 3 (or DyH 2) were observed below 2.0 MPa H 2. Simultaneous formations of c- and a-DyNi 2H x at the first exothermic peak were explained by the local temperature increment resulting from the low activation energy for hydrogen absorption forming c-DyNi 2H x . On the other hand, the formation of DyNi 5 during the decomposition was explainable in consideration of the large formation enthalpy of DyNi 2. Furthermore, the mechanism of the phase transformations of DyNi 2 heated in a hydrogen atmosphere was discussed on the basis of the experimental results such as the pressure dependence of T p and T p/ T m (the peak temperature/the melting point of DyNi 2), the activation energy E A, and the enthalpy change Δ H.

Optical study of the metal-insulator transition inCuIr2S4crystals

We present measurements of the optical spectra on single crystals of spinel-type compound \cis. This material undergoes a sharp metal-insulator transition at 230 K. Upon entering the insulating state, the optical conductivity shows an abrupt spectral weight transfer and an optical excitation gap opens. In the metallic phase, Drude components in low frequencies and an interband transition peak at $\sim 2 eV$ are observed. In the insulating phase, a new peak emerges around $0.5 eV$. This peak is attributed to the transition of electrons from the occupied Ir$^{3+}$ $t_{2g}$ state to upper Ir$^{4+}$ $t_{2g}$ subband resulting from the dimerization of Ir$^{4+}$ ions in association with the simultaneous formations of Ir$^{3+}$ and Ir$^{4+}$ octamers as recently revealed by the x-ray diffraction experiment. Our experiments indicate that the band structure is reconstructed in the insulating phase due to the sudden structural transition.

Hydrogenation of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite in Liquid Ammonia

We have prepared hydrogenated single-wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes, as well as graphite, via a dissolved metal reduction method in liquid ammonia. The hydrogenated derivatives are thermally stable up to 400 °C. Above 400 °C, a characteristic decomposition takes place accompanied with the simultaneous formations of hydrogen and a small amount of methane. Transmission electron micrographs show corrugation and disorder of the nanotube walls and the graphite layers due to hydrogenation. The average hydrogen contents determined from the yield of evolved hydrogen correspond to the compositions of C11H for both types of nanotubes and C5H for graphite. Hydrogenation occurred even on the inner tubes of multiwall nanotubes as shown by the chemical composition and the overall corrugation. The thermal stability and structural results suggest the formation of C−H bonds in nanotubes and graphite.

The reasons for the loss of activity of titanium-ruthenium dioxide anodes in sulphuric acid media

The interruption method has been employed to follow the change with time of theiR potential gradient corresponding to the potential fall between the anode and the end of a Haber-Luggin capillary. According to the experimental results the process of anodic discharge of oxygen on a Ti/RuO2 + TiO2 electrode in 1 M H2SO4 is accompanied by a loss of the active layer and by the simultaneous formations of a nonconducting, most probably oxidic, film.