Emergency Evacuation Simulation Research Articles

Emergency evacuation simulation and test research of civil aircraft complex groups based on the social attribute

Based on the basic social model, the social attribute effect factor is put forward. The desired velocity of individual is modified from sex, age, education, ride frequency, safety knowledge and experience. The influence of the individual behavior, group action and adverse attitude of landing are revised through panic parameter, follow force, leaning force and coefficient of speed damping ratio. Based on the dynamic cabin emergency evacuation test environment, the individual evacuation test, multiplayer evacuation test and group evacuation test are performed. The individual speed distributes and the adverse attitude effects on the individual velocity and group evacuation speed are analyzed. The test result show that the individual desired speed is about 1.5 m/s and the maximum desired speed is about 2.86 m/s. During evacuation, the average speed of male is higher than that of female. However, the proportion of panic of female during jump slide is higher than that of male. The fitting coefficient of speed damping ration based on the test data is consist with that from Lowe's Ship Club. Through comparing the simulation result with the test, the revised social model can be exact simulate evacuation process. The maximum deviation is 6.25 percent with group test performed in the test environment. The relative error is 3.7 percent with ARJ21-700 evacuation demonstrate test. The errors conform to the engineering requirement.

Simulation of emergency evacuation from construction site of prefabricated buildings

To ensure the safe construction of prefabricated buildings and improve the efficiency of the safe evacuation of construction personnel after a fire caused by improper operation during construction, this study used the PyroSim software to numerically simulate a fire situation based on the size and volume of a prefabricated building construction site. The variation rules of smoke visibility, CO concentration, and ambient temperature in the construction site of prefabricated buildings were analyzed and the available safe evacuation time was determined. Moreover, the Pathfinder software was used for simulation in combination with the physical attributes of personnel, evacuation speed, and personnel proportions. The time required for safe evacuation was determined and the factors influencing the evacuation time, such as the quantity and location of stacked prefabricated components, machinery, and appliances, and the number of on-site construction personnel, were analyzed. The data collected by the temperature sensor, CO concentration sensor, and visibility sensor reveal that the visibility and crash time are the key factors restricting the efficiency of personnel avoidance and evacuation. At 400 s, the visibility at the escape exit of the prefabricated apartment construction site was lower than 5 m. The crashing time of the building was 360 s, which is the critical point for casualties. The first emergency evacuation simulation took 398.7 s. The required safe evacuation time (TREST) > available safe evacuation time (TASET), and the original site layout cannot facilitate the safe evacuation of all construction workers. The evacuation time can be effectively reduced by re-planning the stacking positions of prefabricated construction site components, construction equipment, and other items, and reducing the number of personnel in the construction plane. The results of the second simulation reveal that the safe evacuation time (TREST) is 355.2 s. Because it is required that the safety evacuation time (TREST) < available safe evacuation time (TASET), the results are in line with the emergency evacuation requirements. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the rational planning of evacuation passages at the construction sites of prefabricated buildings and assist the management of construction site safety.

Fire risk assessment and emergency evacuation simulation in hospitals: Case study in a hospitals affiliated by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Fire risk assessment and emergency evacuation simulation in hospitals: Case study in a hospitals affiliated by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Simulation and Optimization of Emergency Evacuation of Huoshenshan Hospital Based on BIM and Pathfinder

After the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic, Huoshenshan Hospital, as the main place for patient isolation, is characterized by large floor space and high staff density, and its evacuation time is directly related to the safety of patients and medical care. In this article, we use BIM and Pathfinder software to establish an emergency evacuation simulation model, setting 2400 patients of different ages and degrees to participate in the simulation, and carry out the simulation in Steering behavior mode to study the influence of evacuation mode, exit size and initial distribution of personnel on the evacuation time and evacuation distance of Huoshenshan Hospital respectively. The simulation results provide a theoretical basis for the standardized management of Huoshenshan Hospital and have certain reference significance.

INTEGRATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AND AGENT-BASED MODELING FOR EVACUATION SIMULATION

Abstract. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a highly advanced spatial modeling method that is fully incorporated in the building lifecycle. With the support of Information Technologies, the use of BIM has become common in building management such as energy efficiency, indoor navigation and emergency evacuation simulations. This study focuses on emergency evacuation simulations since, integrating BIM and Spatial Information Science, could mitigate casualties in emergencies. Traditional evacuation management methods are generally inadequate since they are based on 2D evacuation plans, they are static and do not consider the characteristics/interactions of the people in the building. This study aims to integrate BIM and Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) for emergency evacuation simulations, where characteristics of the building and the users are incorporated. Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering was selected as study area and the BIM model was created by using the CAD drawings of the floor plans. The users of the Faculty building such as students, academicians, administrative staff and visitors are considered for simulations. The BIM model was transferred to the ABM environment, and the routes used during the fire evacuation were generated. Fire evacuation simulations were performed, where agents having different characteristics evacuate the building according to the rules predefined. Three different scenarios were tested. Major conclusion of this study is that, via integrating BIM and ABM, it is possible to model people’s behavior within a three-dimensional digital environment, where decision-makers could be performing simulations such as fire evacuation supported by dynamic, realistic and accurate information.

Crowd Emergency Evacuation Simulation Time Analysis via Obstacle Optimization Strategy

The crowd evacuation simulation is essential to provide important results for occupants, especially in the large capacity building compared to the human fire drill exercise. The strategy of evacuation such as the use of obstacles may need to be adapted by many organizations as an aid to help in visualizing and estimating the evacuation time during an emergency. During certain crowd events, they may consider the various setting of the object to ensure smoothness and effective crowd evacuation flow. In this paper, it aims to provide the simulation with 100-1000 agents and testing with obstacle using Anylogic tool and analysis of evacuation time validated using SPSS. The results show that the placement of obstacles near the exit way indeed can reduce the evacuation time and complies with the anti-arching phenomenon during evacuation.

Simulation and optimization of fire safety emergency evacuation in university library

To ensure the safety and emergency evacuation of university library buildings and improve the efficiency of safe personnel evacuation after an emergency, this study considered the actual size and volume of university libraries. The library project of the main campus of Liaoning Technical University was modeled using the Pathfinder software. By considering the site personnel load, personnel attributes, evacuation speed, and personnel ratio, a simulation was conducted to analyze the effect of stacked items’ quantity and location and the effect of the number of items, such as tables, chairs, and bookshelves, and other factors on the time required for evacuation through an indoor evacuation passage. The results reveal that the bottleneck area of evacuation is the indoor corridor and exit of evacuation stairs. The stacking quantity and location planning of items in the reading area greatly influence the evacuation time. Restrictive measures should be taken when the number of personnel in each layer reaches a certain value. The results obtained by this study can provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable planning of evacuation pathways and the future safety management of university libraries.

Emergency evacuation simulation of a floating LNG bunkering terminal considering the interaction between evacuees and CFD data

The rapid increase in demand for ecofriendly ships fueled by liquefied natural gas (LNG) has led to the proposal of floating large-capacity bunkering terminals at sea. Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations on preventing gas accidents on LNG-fueled ships and bunkering facilities have been carried out, research on evacuating humans in the event of disasters such as fire and explosion due to gas leakage has been insufficient. In this study, an algorithm was derived that considers the interaction between workers and gas accidents for evacuation to the open deck of a floating bunkering terminal, and a simulation platform was developed for visualizing gas accidents. The developed algorithm and simulation platform were applied to analyzing the evacuation characteristics considering both the gas accident and evacuation destination, and the results were compared with those of existing commercial software under the same conditions. The results demonstrated that considering the human characteristics of evacuees and their interaction with risk factors is important for simulating crowd evacuation more realistically.

Research on Indoor Emergency Evacuation Simulation of Multi-Exit Based on social Force Model

Research on Indoor Emergency Evacuation Simulation of Multi-Exit Based on social Force Model

Simulation of crowd emergency evacuation based on the optimal algorithm of invasive weeds

This paper proposes an invasive weeds optimization algorithm to improve crowd emergency evacuation performance and applies it to crowd emergency evacuation simulation. The algorithm uses personnel status, safe places, and evacuation channels as emergency evacuation indicators to analyze the necessity of using intelligent optimization algorithms for emergency evacuation. Based on these data, this paper uses the invading weed optimization algorithm to model emergency evacuation. We regard the reciprocal of the crowd’s path as the fitness function and set the iterative threshold of the algorithm as the difference between the maximum and the minimum of the fitness. The paper aims to find the optimal solution to population emergency evacuation obtained by seed dispersal and weed competition. Experiments showed that, compared with the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA), the intrusion weed optimization algorithm has obvious advantages in the convergence speed and evacuation time of crowd emergency evacuation simulation.

Emergency evacuation simulation of commercial aircraft

In order to receive certification approval for new products, aircraft manufacturers have to comply with the specifications regarding cabin evacuation. In case of real evacuation trials, agent-based simulation can be deployed, as they are a less cost-intensive mean of analysing passenger behaviour during the evacuation of commercial aircraft. This paper aims at examining the suitability of agent-based simulation software to reproduce passenger behaviour during evacuation processes. For this purpose, the algorithms and methods of the software PATHFINDER are introduced. Besides, the cabin of a single aisle aircraft is reconstructed in a high-density configuration using software-specific tools. A representative passenger distribution is implemented according to EASA regulations. Evacuation simulations for a single-aisle aircraft are conducted taking EASA standards into account. The effect of vital parameters such as walking speed, body dimension, conflict behaviour, collision response, acceleration time and exit allocation on evacuation times are examined. Results are discussed and examined for plausibility in order to determine whether evacuation simulations of commercial aircraft are possible using agent-based simulation software.

Development of elements of a 3D emergency evacuation simulation system

The article presents the results of the development and practical implementation of the algorithm for the fire and smoke spreading for a 3D evacuation simulation system in case of indoor fire. Also, there is the algorithm of the character’s behaviour, which takes into account a large number of its physical and mental states. The algorithm of the character’s behaviour includes states in which one figure can help others and participate in the fire-fighting. The algorithms presented in the article will form the basis of the 3D modelling system with increased realism.

Numerical simulation of the fire emergency evacuation for a metro platform accident

A coupled analysis of agent behavior and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is applied to investigate the fire evacuation effectiveness in a popular metro station in Guangzhou, China. Due to the high density and complexity of traffic, the concept of Required Safe Escape Time and Available Safe Escape Time (RSET/ASET), which is more flexible and adaptable than the “6 minutes” principle, is applied in the safety assessment of fire evacuation. To pursue a stable simulation of the coupled model, the standard Critical Radiant Flux is used to deter the tenability criteria for exposure to fire and heat. Various related factors, including the fire location, the Heat Release Rate (HRR) of fire, the crowd density, and the operation mode of escalators, are analyzed through a series of simulations. Results indicate that the interaction between fire and humans should not be neglected in the evacuation simulation. Both the fire location and the crowd density have a significant effect on the evacuation, while the HRR of fire has a minor impact. When the accident happens at the entrance of an escalator, RSET is 58.3% longer than that when the accident occurs in the middle of the platform. RSET grows with the increase of the crowd density linearly. Besides, the evacuation efficiency could be partly improved by changing escalators that usually operate in the descending mode into ascending mode.

Simulation and Optimization of Emergency Evacuation in Gold Museum Based on AnyLogic

This article combines the characteristics of the gold museum building structure, facilities distribution and personnel distribution characteristics, uses AnyLogic to complete the museum’s environmental modeling and visitor behavior modeling, simulates the completed tourist evacuation model, analyzes the evacuation process of personnel, and responds to potential safety hazards. The evacuation process was simulated and optimized, and an improvement plan was proposed. Finally, reference suggestions were made for the tourist evacuation plan of the Gold Museum. It provides a way of thinking and method for safe evacuation in scenic spots, and has certain practical application value.

Emergency Evacuation Model and Simulation Analysis of Urban Metro Passenger Flow Based on Emergency Events

Emergency Evacuation Model and Simulation Analysis of Urban Metro Passenger Flow Based on Emergency Events

Correction to: Impacts of High Resolution Data on Traveler Compliance Levels in Emergency Evacuation Simulations

The authors would like to add the following paragraphs in the article note section of the original version of the paper:

Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Optimization for a Complex Rail Transit Station: A Perspective of Promoting Transportation Safety

Rail transit stations with multifloor structures have been built in many cities to intensively utilize land resources and facilitate lives of community. However, being overcrowded with passengers results in high risks during daily operation. In response, this study conducted an emergency evacuation simulation and optimization in the three-dimensional (3D) space of “complex rail transit stations” (CRTSs). The aim of the paper is to provide a methodology to determine effective emergency evacuation strategies for CRTSs. The Lianglukou Rail Transit Station in Chongqing, China, was used as a case study and the AnyLogic simulation platform employed for simulating emergency evacuations. An emergency evacuation theoretical framework was established. The emergency evacuation strategies, including evacuation routes and evacuation times, were determined based on the theoretical demonstration. Simulation and optimization of emergency evacuation in the Lianglukou station were conducted. Accordingly, four main simulation results were obtained: (1) Escalators/stairs and turnstiles are key facilities in the evacuation; (2) Effective guidance for the evacuation is necessary in the public space of the station; (3) Passenger aggregation nodes should be guided for balanced evacuation; (4) Removing metal barriers is a useful evacuation optimization measure. The proposed research method and framework can be used by other CRTSs in the establishment of emergency evacuation strategies and effective optimization strategies to promote safety of transportation system. The research findings are beneficial to passengers in helping them provide valuable emergency evacuation guidance.

Emergency evacuation simulation at starting connection of cross-sea bridge: Case study on Haicang Avenue Subway Station in Xiamen Rail Transit Line

Due to the underground nature and dense concentration of people around transit stations, emergency evacuation during fire accidents can become a noticeable problem in subways. This study numerically simulated the crowd dynamics during fire evacuation in the Haicang Avenue Subway Station in Xiamen. The uniqueness of the case study is that this subway station is built as the starting connection of a cross-sea bridge at the seashore. Total evacuation time was affected by factors such as the width of the evacuation channel, proximity to exits, crowd density, and evacuation speed. Parameters in the computer modelling were obtained through proportional measurement algorithms and on-the-spot investigations, video recording, and personnel tracking at a mirror station. The study simulated the evacuation process in four scenarios using variables such as the number of passengers and width of evacuation stairs. When crowd dispersion increases, a longer evacuation time is needed. Suggestions are made to optimise the positions of outlets and to increase the width of exits to alleviate congestion.

Study on Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Strategy of Old Dormitory Building in College- A Case Study in China

Study on Emergency Evacuation Simulation and Strategy of Old Dormitory Building in College- A Case Study in China

Providing an Emergency Evacuation Model for the Stadium

Addressing the issue of providing emergency evacuation models is inevitable due to the growth of urban populations and their development, which requires the different usages of places with high population density. The decision on the emergency evacuation model will be more difficult when we want them all to exit at the same time, so without paying attention to other issues involved in planning, emergency evacuation has become more chaotic and this is more worrisome than the unexpected accident itself. Be Hence, a timed schedule for evacuating each sector based on priority is important to avoid the simultaneous presence of all people at the site of a node. Also, the identification and determination of the type and criteria of emergency evacuation of the population, providing an emergency population evacuation plan and emergency evacuation simulation software of the population, based on the plans for emergency evacuation, are of special importance for saving the lives of the users of the important buildings and places. In order to investigate and improve stadium evacuation plans, this essay proposes evacuation simulators to predict population behaviors for population evacuation scenarios based on multi-factor dynamic walking software solutions. The simulation model reflects the characteristics, laws, regulations and population evacuation standards, and the simulation model will be provided, which is able to change dynamically for local conditions. This model can generate valuable statistical graphs of population dynamics and provide data such as demographic bottlenecks, population density, and average population velocity. The content of this essay allows analyzing population evacuation in the stadium.The simulation results show that it takes about 20 minutes to evacuate the entire population from the stadium building when the stadium is completely full. Using a histogram or condensation texture, creation of a population bottleneck in the region with accumulation can be specified. According to the results, the access routes and exits of the stadium have enough space to evacuate the population from the building, but some places, such as access stairs to the platforms will not operate easily during a full scale deployment, and tend toward closing. This study shows that the simulation results, approximately represent the real evacuation in Naghshe Jahan stadium.