Simple Sentences Research Articles

Implicature priming, salience, and context adaptation

Recent experimental research has observed two kinds of priming effects on quantity implicatures. One is the Strong–Weak contrast, where more quantity implicatures are observed after prime trials forcing interpretations with quantity implicatures (‘Strong primes’) than after prime trials forcing interpretations without quantity implicatures (‘Weak primes’). The other effect is the Alternative-Weak contrast, where prime trials mentioning alternative expressions (‘Alternative primes’) similarly lead to more quantity implicatures. It has been claimed that both of these effects should be understood in terms of increased salience of alternative expressions used to compute quantity implicatures. We present experimental evidence that speaks against this hypothesis. With the help of novel baseline conditions, which were absent in previous studies on implicature priming, we observe that the results in the priming paradigm commonly used in the literature are inverse preference effects in the sense that robust priming effects are observed towards interpretations that are normally unexpected, and depending on the baseline expectation, each of the three prime types mentioned above may have priming effects. We furthermore investigated different types of alternative priming for so-called ad hoc implicatures and found that for these implicatures, presenting an alternative expression in a simple sentence does not have a priming effect on the implicature of a similarly simple sentence, but presenting it in a more complex conjunctive construction does. Our results also show that conjunctions of similar but irrelevant expressions have a similarly robust priming effect and that conjunctive sentences with two conjuncts do not give rise to priming effects on the interpretation of sentences of the same syntactic complexity, but those with three conjuncts do. To make sense of these observations, we propose that what crucially matters for priming implicatures is incremental change in one’s probabilistic expectations about the current conversational context brought about by a process we call context adaptation.

Properties of the conjunction "though... although ..." and the structure he organizes in the structure of syntactic units of the modern Russian language

The object of the article is the disjunctive conjunction “though... although...”, and the subject is the property “though... although...” in the system of syntactic units: phrases, simple and complex sentences. In addition, the textual features of this union are considered. Particular attention is paid to the qualification of the coordinating series with the conjunction “though... although...” in terms of its relevance/non-relatedness to the phrase. In a simple sentence, the place of a series with the conjunction “though... although...” in the system of minor parts of the sentence, as part of participial phrases, as well as when expressing additional predicate is explored. When turning to a complex sentence, the reasons for the limited functioning of “though... although...” in a given syntactic unit are clarified. In relation to the text, the textual possibilities of “though... although...” are considered as a secondary textual anchor. The research is based on the methodology of the Far Eastern syntactic school. It consists in a multidimensional description of a particular function word at the morphological-syntactic, actual syntactic and communicative-pragmatic levels. As a result, connections between the function word and both the near and far syntactic environment are established. The data obtained are used for its extended lexicographic portraiture. The main conclusions of the study are the following. A coordinating sequence with the conjunction “though... although” is not a phrase, and the word form with which it is connected by subordinating relations should be qualified as a general member of its syntactic structure. A row with the conjunction “though... although...” can occupy the positions of various members of a sentence, function as part of participial phrases, and also participate in the organization of additional predicativity. The connection of the coordinating series-subject with the common member-predicate can be coordinated or uncoordinated. The speaker's solution to the problem is to "agree on meaning." The facts of complex sentences with the conjunction “though... although” have not been recorded. In the case of parcellation, a series with the conjunction “though... although...” becomes the organizing center of a communicative-pragmatic situation, presented in the form of a complex syntactic whole. The author’s special contribution to the study of the topic is the establishment of a correlation between the syntactic properties of the construction with the conjunction “though... although...” and its categorical features. The novelty of the study lies in the inclusion of the conjunction “though... although...” into the system of a current modern trend - an integral description of linguistic units.

Handwriting for Text Input and the Impact of XR Displays, Surface Alignments, and Sentence Complexities.

Text input is desirable across various eXtended Reality (XR) use cases and is particularly crucial for knowledge and office work. This article compares handwriting text input between Virtual Reality (VR) and Video See-Through Augmented Reality (VST AR), facilitated by physically aligned and mid-air surfaces when writing simple and complex sentences. In a $2\times 2\times 2$ experimental design, 72 participants performed two ten-minute handwriting sessions, each including ten simple and ten complex sentences representing text input in real-world scenarios. Our developed handwriting application supports different XR displays, surface alignments, and handwriting recognition based on digital ink. We evaluated usability, user experience, task load, text input performance, and handwriting style. Our results indicate high usability with a successful transfer of handwriting skills to the virtual domain. XR displays and surface alignments did not impact text input speed and error rate. However, sentence complexities did, with participants achieving higher input speeds and fewer errors for simple sentences (17.85 WPM, 0.51% MSD ER) than complex sentences (15.07 WPM, 1.74% MSD ER). Handwriting on physically aligned surfaces showed higher learnability and lower physical demand, making them more suitable for prolonged handwriting sessions. Handwriting on mid-air surfaces yielded higher novelty and stimulation ratings, which might diminish with more experience. Surface alignments and sentence complexities significantly affected handwriting style, leading to enlarged and more connected cursive writing in both mid-air and for simple sentences. The study also demonstrated the benefits of using XR controllers in a pen-like posture to mimic styluses and pressure-sensitive tips on physical surfaces for input detection. We additionally provide a phrase set of simple and complex sentences as a basis for future text input studies, which can be expanded and adapted.

Simple sentences with actants in modern English

Simple sentences with actants in modern English

Функционирование сложноподчинённых предложений с изъяснительными придаточными в современном удмуртском языке (на материале публицистических текстов)

the article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin Udmurt newspaper texts of the second half of the XX– the beginning of the XXI centuries. Objective: to identify the functioning of complex sentences expressing explanatory relations in Udmurt journalism. Research materials: journalistic texts of the newspapers “Sovetskoy Udmurtia” (1950–1959s) and “Udmurt Dunne” (2000–2017s). Results and novelty of the research: the scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of a journalistic text, the peculiarities of the functioning of explanatory sentences of the Udmurt language were studied: their frequency of use, synonymous constructions, the role of extralinguistic factors in the use of the studied types of a complex sentence in a newspaper article. As a result of the research, it was revealed that there are following types of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin the journalistic text of the Udmurt language: with subordinate conjunctions (shuysa ‘what, that’, budto (budto ke) ‘as if, as though’, with particles -a, meda, -a meda ‘whether’); with connectives (kin ‘who’; ma (mar) ‘what’; maly (marly) ‘why, with what purpose’; kyzy ‘how’, etc.); with connectives and correlatives (mae... soe ‘ that... what’; mar... soe ‘that... what’; sycheze... kudze ‘is like that... what’). Among them, complex explanatory sentences with connectives dominate (53,7%), in second place are complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clauses, the predicative parts of which are combined by subordinate conjunctions (46%). The phenomenon of syntactic synonymy is represented by transformation of complex explanatory sentences into conjunctionless complex sentences, into simple sentences with phrases with or without postpositions. The absence of the shuysa conjunction in the postposition of the subordinate clause and the replacement of this conjunction with the modal word pe were also revealed. The research revealed the prevalence of such synonymous phenomena as the replacement of subordinate clauses by verbal phrase without postpositions (34,6%), the loss of the conjunction shuysa (27,7%) and the replacement by postposition verbal phrase (26,2%). Unlike oral speech, written speech is characterized by the possibility of making changes by other participants of communication

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERROGATIVE DISCURSIVE UTTERANCES

The article analyzes the characteristics of discursive utterances with an activated prepositional interrogative component and relates them to grammatical formal elementary (simple) sentences. The findings justify their status as units of text, in which communicative realization of grammatical sentences takes place. Next, the research identifies semantic and syntactic varieties of interrogative discursive utterances, as well as their communicative pragmatic features. Coreference (communicative functional equivalence) with the grammatical sentence is considered to make the basis for identifying discursive utterances as a separate communicative unit. It is argued that in discursive utterances, the following means are used to activate the interrogative component: interrogative intonation, manifested in a rising tone on the word related to the question; word order, mostly involving the movement of the word related to the question to the beginning of the utterance; interrogative particles such as UA невже (EN is it? / isn’t it? / did they? / didn’t they? and the like), UA хіба (EN Are you? / Is it? / Do they? / Will he? etc.), UA чи (EN Are you? / Is it? / Do they? / Will he? etc.), without limitation; interrogative pronominal words such as UA хто who’, UA що what’, UA який what kind of […]’, UA чий whose’, UA котрий which’, UA скільки how many’ / how much’, UA де where’, UA куди where [to]’, UA звідки where [from]’, UA як how’, UA коли when’, UA доки until’, UA чому why’, UA навіщо what … for’, and so forth. It is demonstrated that interrogative intention represents linguistic personality in discursive utterance, meets the speaker's need, and reflects their aspirations, need in discovery, and creativity.

Simple decarative sentence as a component of text (based on the material of German and Azerbaijani languages)

Simple decarative sentence as a component of text (based on the material of German and Azerbaijani languages)

Structural and syntactic features of article titles about coronavirus

Over the past few years, articles regarding COVID-19 have remained pertinent in various media outlets, the internet and other communication platforms, which has ultimately resulted in the significance of the coronavirus topic not just in medical research, but also in the linguistic realm. Studying headlines of articles about coronavirus poses a challenge for researchers. The issue arises due to the significant role of journalism in influencing public opinion and the readership. Additionally, modern society's fascination with the coronavirus infection and the pandemic complicates the study further. The importance of this study is due to the newness of the subject matter, with limited coverage in scientific literature. The aim of this article is to examine the structural and semantic characteristics of article headings relating to the coronavirus. To achieve this goal, several tasks need to be accomplished. Firstly, it is necessary to identify and analyse the characteristics of the headline as part of the journalistic text, its various types and functions, and its consistency with the content of the article. Secondly, a study must be conducted on the structural and semantic features of the coronavirus-related article headlines. This includes determining the frequency of usage of different structural patterns of simple and complex sentences in both British and Russian publications, and examining the impact of these patterns on the readers' perception of the article's content. According to the research, it was concluded that the title of a publication serves a dual purpose as an independent unit and an essential component of the text. The title has various functions, including graphic-excretory, informative, nominative, and advertising-expressive. It is characterised by its brevity, nominativeness, and written fixity which contribute to its effectiveness.

Concept of simple sentences in Azerbaijani and Turkish linguistics and the problem of its classification

Concept of simple sentences in Azerbaijani and Turkish linguistics and the problem of its classification

Development and validation of Competing Sentence Test in Kannada.

The main objective was to develop and validate a MATLAB-based Competing Sentence Test (CST-K) and obtain preliminary normative data for this test within a small cohort of children aged 8 to 12. This study comprised two phases. Phase 1 involved developing and validating the Competing Sentence Test in Kannada (CST-K). Sentences were selected from Kannada academic textbooks of III and IV standards, recorded by a male native Kannada speaker, and evaluated by three experienced audiologists. Phase 2, which includes normative pilot estimation, was conducted on 60 right-handed children aged 8-12 without hearing difficulties. The CST-K was administered in a quiet room in the school, where the noise level ranged from 40.3 to 43.2 dBA using a laptop and soundcard, presenting thirty pairs of simple sentences with a signal-to-competition ratio of -15 dB. Test-retest reliability was assessed after three weeks. Participants were evenly distributed among four age groups: 8-8.11 years, 9-9.11 years, 10-10.11 years, and 11-11.11 years. The results indicated a significant difference between the scores obtained for the right and left ears. There was also a statistically significant difference across the age groups. The test-retest reliability test showed excellent reliability for the right ear and good reliability for the left ear scores. A MATLAB-based Competing Sentence Test in Kannada Language was developed and validated in a recent study. The study found that scores were higher for the right ear and there was a significant age-related difference. This test can be used to evaluate binaural separation skills in Kannada-speaking children and can be included in the test battery. The study also provides normative data for the competing sentence test, which is reliable, making it a unique tool for clinicians to assess various clinical populations.

Коммуникативная вариативность типовой синтаксической структуры движения в сургутском диалекте хантыйского языка

The standard syntactic structure of motion comprises three elements referred to in this paper as subject, localizer, and predicate. The proto-typical meaning of this structure is represented by simple sentences of motion. This paper examines 144 realizations of this structure selected from a collection of texts of different genres and idioms to examine its communicative variation in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language. Three main variations of the structure have been identified, with allowance for both constituent order and intonation structure. The first variant is found in contexts describing the activity of a specified subject, with the subject being the theme of the utterance and the localizer and predicate representing its rheme. The other two are used when a particular situation is presented as an event unfolding against a specified localizer, with the communicative roles of the subject and the localizer reversed. While both of the latter were found with various types of localizers, the data suggest a substantial preference for using one of them with typical noun phrases and the other with preverbs, adverbs, and adverbial pronouns. Several cases of using a typical syntactic structure of motion at the beginning of texts have been identified, illustrating a tendency to present events from the subject's perspective when there is no contextual stimulus to warrant adopting the opposite perspective. The findings of the study reveal the similarities in communicative variation patterns between typical structures of motion and existence.

Morphosyntactic analysis of surigaonun: “Martsa Surigao”

This paper argued that Surigaonun morphosyntactic linearity is revealed in the textuality of Ellen Amores’ “Martsa Surigao”. The knowledge of the structure of Surigaonun language plays significant role in language learning, comprehension, formation of phrases, clauses and sentences, and effective communication using the language. Surigaonun language has no established pedagogic grammar, and there is no research conducted yet on the morphology and syntax of Surigaonun language using textuality. This study aimed to describe the morphosyntactic characteristics of Surigaonun language by analyzing the text “Martsa Surigao” to generate linguistic data on the Surigaonun word structure, the very basis for the morphemic structure of the words, which make up the constituents of the sentence. This qualitative research used the discourse analysis. Specifically, it focused on raw data idealization, morphological analysis, and syntactic analysis on immediate constituents and rewrite rules for each syntactic unit. The linear morphologic segmentation of morphemic contents of “Martsa Surigao” reveals 39 lexical phonemes of 13 simple forms and 26 complex forms; 21 grammatical morphemes of 4 prepositions, 9 pronouns, 5 conjunctions, and 3 determiners. The linear structuration of the textuality in idealized syntactic units reveals 12 simple sentences, 1 compound sentence, and 1 complex sentence according to form. Syntactically, Surigaonun sentences always begin with the predicate and end with the subject as their natural sentence patterning. Sentences are introduced by noun predicates, adjective predicates, adverb predicates, prepositional phrase predicates, intransitive verb predicates and transitive verb predicates. Therefore, the text reveals the morphosyntactic segmentation linearity in its textuality.

Existential and loсative models of elementary simple sentences in Koryak language

There are three types of spatial models that differ by proposition. Static models refer to the unchanging state of the subject in space. Movement in space from one point to another is denoted by dynamic models. Intermediate models represent motion that cannot be easily categorized into either the first or second group. This article examines the existential-spatial models used in the Koryak language. The first category of static models encompasses existential-spatial models, which utilize verbs of existence to express their predicates. Adverbs, case markers, and suffixes convey the static meaning of the locative component in spatial models. The distinctive feature of the Koryak language lies in its location-indicating suffixes. Utilized in conjunction with the locative cases, these suffixes clarify the location of a subject. According to their semantics, existentialspatial models can be classified into three separate groups. These are as follows: existential models, existential-perceptual models, and locative models. Existential models indicate the presence of the subject in a particular location, while existential-perceptual models indicate the subject’s presence within the observer’s field of vision. Locative models refer to the localization of subjects in a specific point in space. While both the existential and locative models convey the same meaning, their differentiation arises from the placement of the subject and the locative component. An existential model is created when the subject is in the rheme position of the sentence, while a locative model is formed when the subject is in the theme position.

استعمال الألوان في الكتاب المدرسي بقطر: بين التفضيلات الشخصية للمتعلم والاستعمالات التربوية

This study examines the educational principles that guide the choice of colors in textbooks. It aims to find out what colors of sentences and words the learner generally likes, and what colors are used in the textbook specifically, as well as to explore how color choice is related to situational (presentation), personal (gender, and academic level), and emotional (preference) factors. 120 boys and girls from the preparatory stage and the first and second grades were tested, with an average age of 82.26 months. The tool consisted of six pairs of simple sentences, with a blank for adding a missing word, one written in black and the other in blue, along with six sets of words that will fill the blank of the sentence, written in seven different colors (red, yellow, blue, green, orange, purple, black), and the examinee chooses a sentence, and chooses a word with their preferred color, to put it in the empty part of the sentence. Through statistical analysis of the data, the results showed that children tend to like the blue color used in writing sentences, and that there is a difference between boys and girls in choosing the color of words, with some agreement between them on some of them. We also found a decrease in the level of interest in colored words in the second-grade primary.

Models of quantity sentences in the Ket language

The paper explores the modeling of existential-spatial elementary simple sentences (ESSs) in the Ket language, focusing on the expression of quantity. The syntax of the Ket language has not been previously analyzed in terms of ESS structure and semantics. This study opens prospects for a comparative analysis of ESSs in the Ket language with those in other languages of the areal. The data for the analysis were selected from published folklore and everyday texts. Fixed quantitative ESS models use numerals, quantifiers, and verbs for predicates, with the last type being non-isosemic. The peculiarities of isosemic predicates have been identified. The first is that numerative predicates in sentences quantifying people are used in combination with the word deˀŋ (people) or its analogs, with these combinations usually forming a compound. The second is that predicative combination of quantifiers òn (much) and qomat (little) with the predicative suffix of the third person plural of the masculine and feminine classes –aŋ which tends to become lexicalized and extended to function as the predicative indicator for third person plural in any class. The study revealed that nonisosemic predicates are verbs that signify the ideas of “something is sufficient” and “something is insufficient.” Quantity sentences can have different phasic variants, with quantificational-verbal predicates that allow for the incorporation of the quantifier into the phasic verb. While uncommon, quantifiers and numerals can be used attributively in quantity ESSs, adhering to the structural-semantic quantitative variants of other models. The paper provides the models of the sentences under consideration.

مشاكل القواعد في ترجمة مجموعة قصة قصيرة "أرنى الله" لتوفيق الحكيم في موضوع الحب

The problem in this research is the grammatical problem found in the translation of the short story collection of Arinillah by Taufik Hakim. This study aims to determine (1) the number of grammatical problems, (2) the types of grammatical problems, and to describe (3) the relationship between the translated text and the theory of grammatical problems found in Arinillah's short stories with the theme of love. Based on the data sources studied, the researcher found grammatical problems in the level of phrases and sentences found in four short story titles with the theme of love. The results of this study are tarkib washfi, tarkib idhafi, atahf mathuf, taukid, simple sentences, complete sentences, and complex sentences in a collection of short stories titled Taufik Hakim Arinillah. The short stories contain Taufik Hakim's philosophical thoughts which are good for the development of today's mindset

FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF COMPOSITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS USE IN A SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL TEXT

Background. The article is devoted to the use of means of compositional conjunctions in the field of scientific communication on the example of the a in a simple sentence. The authors refer to the semantic and functional features of the compositional conjunction a in the scientific medical text, where it is presented quite widely. The comparative meaning of the conjunction a, the specifics and rules of verbalization of this meaning are focused on the most accurate and specific characterization of the facts occurring in a living organism or in any part of it.
 The purpose of the study is to present a variety of options for the characteristics of the objects of comparison, a detailed examination of the functioning of various words-allied analogues used together with the conjunction a, i.e., a vmeste s tem (and at the same time), a sledovatel'no, a znachit (and therefore), which means and others, among which special attention is paid to sentences with a combination and also.
 Materials and methods. Textbooks served as the material for the study are as follows: N.V. Chebyshev Biology (2016), Human Physiology, ed. V.M. Smirnov (2019), G.V. Poriadin et al. Pathophysiology. General and Clinical Pathophysiology (2022). The article used methods of scientific description, observation and statistical analysis, which allowed us to obtain reliable information about the functioning of the composition conjunction a in a scientific text of a medical profile.
 Results. The article concludes that the compositional conjunction a is capable of creating diverse semantic relations in a scientific text of a medical profile and performing specific communicative tasks of text formation. The functioning of the conjunction a in a simple sentence is associated with the accentuation of one of the connected fragments, which, as a rule, finds expression in the more frequent connection of concertizers to the conjunction a. The informative and communicative status of adjunctive sentences with a-relations in scientific speech is aimed at a more accurate and adequate presentation of scientific information.
 Practical implications. The results may be used not only for following research of scientific (medical) text but are also important in the pedagogical practice of teaching foreign medical students.

ТҮРКОЛОГДОР АЖЫРАТКЫЧ БАЙЛАМТАЛАР, АЛАРДЫН СТРУКТУРАСЫ, СЕМАНТИКАСЫ ЖАНА КОЛДОНУЛУШУ ТУУРАЛУУ

The article aims to make a comparative-typological analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language and their corresponding equivalents in a number of Turkic languages. For this purpose, scientific works in the field of auxiliary parts of speech by such leading Turkologists as Kononov A.N., Shcherbak A.M., Zeynalov F.R, Shukurov A.J., Sultanbaeva H.V., Molgazharov K.K. and others were thoroughly studied and analyzed. Thus, the article provides a comparative analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language with similar conjunctions in some Turkic languages. As a result, phonetic features of disjunctive conjunctions, frequency of their use, their semantics in the sentence, in general their similarities and differences are revealed according to their area of distribution. Besides, the peculiarities of using disjunctive conjunctions of Kyrgyz language in different contexts of sentences, as well as terminological inconsistency and their reasons are described in detail. For example, it can be noted that in the modern Kyrgyz language among the conjuctions analyzed in the article, je (in Russian: ili (or)) is the most actively used in the phonetic form. In addition, it is determined that this conjunction is mainly used to connect similar parts of a sentence, as well as to connect simple sentences in the system of complex sentences. The article also notes that Kyrgyz dialectologists in their works with the use of relevant examples have scientifically substantiated that the southern dialect of the Kyrgyz language uses a variety of phonetic form of this conjunction that is not characteristic for the standard language.

THE USE OF SIMPLE SENTENCES AND DIRECT SPEECH IN "BABURNAMA"

The manuscript of "Baburnama", common to the Turkic peoples, which is an example of the memoir genre, provides all the basic information about the sights in which the author himself lived and traveled. Zahir ad Din Mohammed Babur, whose life was connected with military campaigns and conquests, tried in every way to reveal his life path, which has historical significance in the literary heritage of "Baburnama". In his work, Babur realistically depicted the lifestyle of that era, and in the text of the work he used an autobiographical approach through the replicas addressed to him. This relic, filled with important information about Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, contains the author's reflections, scientific and educational comments. From the point of view of the author of the text of each part, the type of presentation is determined and the structure of the general text can be based on the system of introduction, main part, generalization. In this article, taking into account grammatical and lexical elements, Baburnama describes the functions, usage and types of simple sentences and words used by the author, and is reasoned by language analysis. Examples of simple sentences of the Kazakh language such as zhakty/zhaksyz, tolymdy/tolymsyz and nominal sentence, the methods of formation of direct speech are explained and compared with the use in the modern Kazakh language, its form and content character are determined.

Comparative constructions with the multifunctional lexeme ush ‘as; the same as’ as a means of forming figurativeness in Chalkan folklore

This paper is dedicated to the comparative constructions formed by the lexeme ush in the Chalkan language. The lexeme ush is a multifunctional means that is used in different types of syntactic constructions to express similarities both between the characteristics of objects and events. The conceptual and terminological apparatus for the analysis of comparative constructions is discussed with the aim of systematizing their plane of content, as well as the principles of modeling different types of comparative constructions, taking into account all the components necessary to express the comparative relation, regardless of their explicit expression. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to comparison as one of the nuclear means of forming figurativeness. Comparative relations are the basis of epithets, metaphors and other expressive means that are actively used in folklore and literary texts to describe characters and events. The material for this paper consists of examples collected by continuous sampling from Chalkan folklore texts. In addition, several surveys were conducted among native speakers of the Chalkan language in cases when it was necessary to clarify the specifics of the language material. The main method of analysis used is the method of modeling a sentence as a unit of language, through which the plane of content of a linguistic sign is reconstructed by restoring the components missing in the utterance as the result of reduction, but necessary for the formation of a comparative relation. The following types of comparative constructions with the word ush are identified: polypredicative constructions with verbal and nominal predicates, in which ush marks the second compare (comparative standard), as well as simple and complex sentences with predicative ush, in which it plays the role of a nominal predicate with the semantics of equivalency. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first to identify the analytical-synthetic type of polypredicative constructions with the postposition ush, in which the main predicative unit represents the first comparee, the dependent predicative unit represents the second comparee, and the lexeme ush functions as a means of expressing equivalent relations between two events. The comparative use of ush is contrasted with that of another Chalkan comparative marker shylap // shchylap // shchynap, as well as cognates of the lexeme ush in other Turkic languages of Southern Siberia, primarily the functionally similar oskhas in the Khakas language, with a number of similarities and differences having been identified.