Silicone Oil Research Articles

Research on Compatibility of Packaging Materials of High-Risk Cephalosporin Powder Injection and Establishment of Indicator Component Evaluation Method

aims: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. objective: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. method: GC-MS method was used with capillary column Rtx-5MS (30.0 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm), the carrier gas was He at the flow rate of 1.8mL·min-1, the temperature of injection port was 200 ℃, shunt ratio was 10∶l, the column temperature was programmed temperature(initial column temperature was 40 ℃ and kept for 15 min, and with the speed of 10 ℃ upping to 100 ℃ and kept for 2 min, and with the speed of 25 ℃ upping to 230 ℃ and kept for 10 min), the interface temperature was 250 ℃, and the scanning range was from 29 to 600(m·z-1), and the volatile substances were using full scan. An inertsil ODS-3 column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for the HPLC analysis. The mobile phase A consisted of water containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic and the mobile phase B consisted of acetonitrile containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic acid, the gradient elution was used and the flow rate was set as 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the detection wavelength was 210 nm and the injection volume was 10 µL. result: Antioxidant BHT(264), silicone oil and other organic compounds in rubber stopper permeated and migrated to the sample with acceleration time by GC-MS. A good linearity was observed over the range of 0.5-100 μg·mL-1(r＞0.999). The detection limits of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant were about 0.03 μg·mL-1, and the quantitation limits were about 0.1 μg·mL-1. The average recoveries (low, medium and high) of antioxidant (168, 264, 330, 1076, 1010) and vulcanizing agents (carbon disulfide, sulfur) were between 90.0% and 110.0%, and the corresponding RSD were less than 5% (n=9) by adding standard recovery experiments. The stability test showed that the antioxidant and the vulcanizing agent solution had good stability and was stable within 24 hours. conclusion: the GC-MS/HPLC method can be used for the quality control of rubber stopper of cefuroxime Sodium for Injection.The compatibility study and comprehensive evaluation system of Ceftriaxone sodium for injection packaging materials have been initially formed.

Laser Direct Writing of Setaria Virids-Inspired Hierarchical Surface with TiO2 Coating for Anti-Sticking of Soft Tissue.

In minimally invasive surgery, the tendency for human tissue to adhere to the electrosurgical scalpel can complicate procedures and elevate the risk of medical accidents. Consequently, the development of an electrosurgical scalpel with an anti-sticking coating is critically important. Drawing inspiration from nature, we identified that the leaves of Setaria Virids exhibit exceptional non-stick properties. Utilizing this natural surface texture as a model, we designed and fabricated a specialized anti-sticking surface for electrosurgical scalpels. Employing nanosecond laser direct writing ablation technology, we created a micro-nano textured surface on the high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel that mimics the structure found on Setaria Virids leaves. Subsequently, a TiO2 coating was deposited onto the ablated scalpel surface via magnetron sputtering, followed by plasma-induced hydrophobic modification and treatment with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) to enhance the surface's affinity for silicone oil, thereby constructing a self-lubricating and anti-sticking surface. The spreading behavior of deionized water, absolute ethanol, and dimethyl silicone oil on this textured surface is investigated to confirm the effectiveness of the self-lubrication mechanism. Furthermore, the sticking force and quality are compared between the anti-sticking electrosurgical scalpel and a standard high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel to demonstrate the efficacy of the nanosecond laser-ablated micro-nano texture in preventing sticking. The findings indicate that the self-lubricating anti-sticking surface fabricated using this texture exhibits superior anti-sticking properties.

Simulation and experimental analysis of a double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode

In order to carry out detailed research on focusing of liquid lens in negative optical power with simple structure, a double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode is proposed. By adjusting voltage applied to indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass plates, the interface between glycerol and silicone oil can be changed to tune the focal length. With COMSOL, MATLAB and Zemax softwares, an optical model of the double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode is established, its focal length at different voltages is simulated and analyzed, and it is found that when the flat exists with a small tilt (1°∼4°), the parallelism of the flat electrode has little influence on the focal length. In addition, through device fabrication and experimental analysis of this double-liquid negative lens, the focal length of the lens changes from -40.21622 mm to -24.2088 mm when operating voltage is 0V-320 V, which is basically consistent with the simulation results. And the maximum resolution of the proposed liquid lens can reach 71.838lp/mm. A lens with negative focal length holds great promise in diverse applications such as endoscopes, holographic imaging and adaptive optics.

Factors affecting the development of cystoid macular edema following pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil placement: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundCystoid macular edema (CME) can develop following silicone oil placement in complex vitreoretinal surgeries, contributing to poor visual outcomes. In this study, we investigated the clinical and surgical characteristics associated with the development of CME following the use of silicone oil (SO) in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) surgeries.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent implantation of SO during PPV from 2010 to 2020 by a single surgeon. Patient demographics, type of oil, duration of oil tamponade, retinectomy size, diabetic status, lens status, prior panretinal photocoagulation, visual acuity, and incidence of CME were reviewed.ResultsThis study included 43 eyes from 40 patients who underwent SO tamponade for retinal detachment (RD) surgery. The mean duration of SO tamponade was 15.7 ± 12.7 months (range: 1–58 months). The most common indication for surgery was diabetic tractional RD (32.7%), followed by traumatic RD (16.3%) and rhegmatogenous RD with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (11.6%). Of the 43 eyes, 18 (41.9%) developed CME for the first time after PPV with SO placement, with 8 (44%) resolving within a year of oil removal. The mean duration for the development of CME was 9 months. A logistic regression model showed that a scleral buckle procedure and poor initial vision were statistically significant factors for predicting the development of CME (ORs: 11.65 and 16.06, respectively). Overall, 91% of the patients had stable or improved vision after surgery.ConclusionsThe use of a scleral buckle procedure and poor initial vision are significant factors for predicting CME following silicone oil tamponade in PPV surgeries, with 41.9% of patients developing CME with an average duration of 9 months. Recognizing such factors can lead to early monitoring and prompt management of CME.Meeting presentationPartial analyses were presented at the ASRS 2020 conference.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Liquid-infused surface on optimized anodic porous aluminum for anti-frost and anti-ice application

Here, we present liquid-infused surfaces (LISs) fabricated on an aluminum substrate using the anodizing method to introduce specific nanofeatures infiltrated by silicone oil to reduce the friction between ice and surface. To achieve various nanostructures on the aluminum substrate, the anodizing conditions are varied. The ice adhesion stress could be significantly plummeted to 21.7 kPa on an LIS with optimized dimensions for nanofeatures. Frost formation tests in environments with a relative humidity of 75 % on the fabricated surfaces with a temperature of −17 ℃ reveal that the fabricated samples can considerably extend the frost formation time. The frosting time for the fabricated sample can reach 47 min, whereas the bare aluminum is completely covered by frost only after 1.5 min

Effect of lubricant loading in slippery liquid-infused surface for persistent anti-icing performance

Due to the vast applications in biomedical materials and aerospace industry, smart slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) have attracted remarkable attention. However, there are still challenges in the fabrication of durable SLIPS. In this work, based on linear polyurea and silicone oil, a series of durable anti-icing surface were fabricated. Based on the long-lasting secretion of lubricant, the ice adhesion strength of 60-PUa was 2.7 ± 0.5 kPa and could remain below 10 kPa even after 30 icing-deicing cycles. And the icing delay time of 60-PUa could be extended up to 870 s at a temperature of −15 °C. The introduction of large numbers of reversible hydrogen bonds in the system and silicone oil made it possible to achieve high self-healing efficiency under natural conditions. The coating system not only improved the ice removal ability, but also had excellent water-sliding properties, the droplet could slide under its own weight on 60-PUa at a tilt angle of 4.7°. This work provides an easy way to fabricate multi-functional SLIPS with durability.

Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of interstitial liquid viscosity on the collapse of wet granular columns

The collapse of wet granular columns with high- and low-viscosity interstitial liquid is investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. By incorporating both capillary and viscous force models of interstitial liquid in the Discrete Element Method (DEM), simulations have been conducted and reproduced consistent collapse processes with the experiment. The influence of water content, contact angle, particle diameter, liquid surface tension, and viscosity is explored over a large parameter space using DEM. For wet granular columns with low-viscosity interstitial liquid of water, the final profile of the collapsed column can be predicted by Bond number (Bo), a ratio of particle gravity to capillary force. For wet granular columns where the inertial effect dominates and both capillary and viscous forces are significant, dimensional analysis is employed to characterize the collapse, indicating that the collapsed profile can be predicted by Bo and Galileo number (Ga). Using water and silicone oils with different viscosities as interstitial liquids, simulations show that the collapsed profile depends on Bo with a low capillary number (Ca ∼ 10−3), Bo and Ga when Ca is intermediate (Ca ∼ 10−1). When Ca is high (Ca > 100), the final profile is solely controlled by Bo and a rolling-collapsed regime is observed.

Experimental analysis and machine learning with IoT monitor in two-way abrasive flow machine polishing on P20 mold components

The purpose of this paper was to reveal the effects of pressure and time on the surface roughness (Ra) and compare the experimental design (Factorial Regression) and machine learning (ML) of steel mold workpieces. Methodology began with turning, and fine sandpaper P180 to P1200 and measured with an initial value of Ra compared with the final value of Ra at the end of the two-way prototype AFM process. The process parameters are as follows; abrasive particle size (alumina; Al2O3) 5.0 μm in Silicone Oil (concentration 50% by weight) at pressures (p) of 10 bar and 20 bar, processing time (t) 5, 15, and 25 min, specimens P20 Mold steel. The experimental results show that under these conditions. The average surface roughness of the specimens differed from the initial value by Ra 0.034 to 0.021 μm, with delta values ranging from 0.011 μm to 0.005 μm. The results showed a smoother profile between before and after polishing. The approach to the topic is DOE and ML, and the theoretical or subject scope of the paper is Statistical and AI. The original value of the paper is applied to the ESP32 Arduino to control and display critical parameters. A General Factorial Regression statistical value of 76.39% is acceptable. A pressure factor of 20 bars and a time of 25 minutes gives the best effect on surface roughness. ML assisted in predicting the Surface Roughness for optimization based on the experiment.

Endocytosis-Inspired Zwitterionic Gel Tape for High-Efficient and Sustainable Underoil Adhesion.

Marine oil exploration is important yet greatly increases the risk of oil leakage, which will result in severe environment pollution and economic losses. It is an urgent need to develop effective underoil adhesives. However, realizing underoil adhesion is even harder than those underwater, due to the stubborn attachment of a highly viscous oil layer on target surface. Here, inspired by endocytosis, a tough gel tape composed of zwitterionic polymer network and zwitterionic surfactants is developed. The amphiphilic surfactants can form micelle to capture the oil droplets and transport them from the interface to gel via electrostatic attraction of polymer backbone, mimicking the endocytosis and achieving robust underoil adhesion. Benefiting from the oil-resistance of polymer backbone, the gel further realizes a combination of i) long-term adhesion with high durability, ii) repeated adhesion in oil, and iii) renewable adhesion efficiency after exhausted use. The tape exhibits an ultra-high adhesive toughness of 2446.86 J m-2 to stainless steel in silicone oil after 30 days' oil-exposure; such value of adhesive toughness surpasses many of those achieved in underwater adhesion and is greater than underoil adhesion performance of commercial tape. The strategy illustrated here will motivate the design of sustainable and efficient adhesives for wet environments.

A robust antagonistically assembled triboelectric nanogenerator based on dead‐end closed pore through a one‐step improved phase separation

AbstractThe ongoing global energy crisis presents a significant challenge all over the world. In this study, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made of recyclable thermoplastic polycarbonate has been proposed as a promising environmentally friendly solution due to its potential capability to convert low‐frequency mechanical energy sources such as human motion and ocean waves into electricity with potential applications including powering wearable electronic devices and self‐powered sensors. We introduce an antagonistically structured TENG (A‐TENG) composed of honeycomb porous polycarbonate (hc‐PC) and convex‐patterned dimethylsiloxane, employing a novel one‐stage improved phase separation method. This A‐TENG overcomes the demerits of others thanks to its high surface contact area, simplified fabrication process, enhanced energy conversion efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness, requiring minimal investment. More importantly, this work utilized hc‐PC as a framework for slippery liquid‐infused porous surface (SLIPS) based TENG owing to the special honeycomb porous structure to impregnate silicon oil within pore arrays and mechanically support the whole system. The practical application of SLIPS‐TENG was demonstrated while deployed on the house rooftop to harvest raindrop energy and act as a rain detection sensor.

Novel fillers for wearable technology: Impact of titanium carbide and thinners on room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber composites

Wearable technology has emerged as a robust pathway to achieve smart functionalities in healthcare, sports, fitness, and beyond. This study investigates the mechanical and electromechanical properties of silicone rubber (SR) composites. The SR was reinforced with titanium carbide (TiC) and modified with varying (room-temperature vulcanized) RTV-thinner (silicone oil) concentrations. RTV-SR was utilized, which cures at room temperature to form a flexible, durable, and moldable rubber widely used for sealing, bonding, and making molds. The addition of TiC enhanced tensile strength from 0.5 MPa (control) to 0.59 MPa (5 phr of TiC), and tensile modulus from 0.41 MPa to 0.51 MPa. However, the thinner inclusion reduced tensile properties. For instance, the T10 sample (10 phr thinner) showed a tensile strength of 0.51 MPa and a tensile modulus of 0.29 MPa making the composites soft. Thinner addition also increased ductility, with fracture strains rising from 151 % (control) to 217 % (T10). Compressive strength followed a similar trend, with the control and 5 phr TiC samples exhibiting compressive strengths of 0.18 MPa and 0.17 MPa, respectively, which decreased to 0.12 MPa for the T20 sample. Under cyclic loading, TiC-filled samples showed consistent load patterns, while thinner addition resulted in increased energy dissipation and reduced stiffness. Electromechanical analysis revealed that TiC 5 phr samples exhibited stable piezoelectric responses, with voltage outputs increasing from ±0.1 mV at 15 % strain to ±1.0 mV at 40 % strain. The T5 samples demonstrated significant voltage improvements, generating ±2.5 mV at 15 % strain and ±5 mV at 40 % strain. Long-term cyclic tests confirmed the stability of T5 samples, maintaining voltage outputs of −1.5 mV to 1.5 mV over 50 minutes. Response time analysis indicated faster response times for TiC 5 phr samples, decreasing from 145 ms at 15 % strain to 102 ms at 40 % strain, while thinner addition led to longer response times. Real-time electromechanical tests under mechanical study showed that T5 samples achieved optimal performance with voltage peaks up to ±2.4 mV under thumb pressing. These findings highlight the trade-off between mechanical strength and flexibility, suggesting that an optimal balance of TiC and thinner enhances the properties of silicone rubber composites for applications in wearable technology and sensors.

Preparation and performance study of silicon modified polyurethane-based magnetorheological elastomeric polishing pad

Abstract By employing Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs) as polishing pads for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), the magnetorheological properties are utilized to effectively control the flexible removal of materials in CMP. This study presents a method for preparing a Silicon modified Polyurethane (SPU)-based MRE polishing pad, aimed at demonstrating improved magnetorheological properties while preserving mechanical properties. The SPU-based MRE polishing pad was synthesized through the copolymerization of hydroxypropyl silicone oil and polyurethane prepolymers, with subsequent evaluation of its mechanical properties and polishing performance. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of the soft polydimethylsiloxane main chain from organosilicon into the polyurethane main chain, forming a soft segment that intertwines with the polyurethane main chain to create a soft-hard segment crosslinked structure. Comparison to Polyurethane (PU)-based MRE, SPU exhibits significantly reduced hardness but improved wear resistance, as well as enhanced resistance to acid and alkali corrosion. Due to the presence of a soft matrix, SPU shows better magnetorheological effects than PU-based MRE. Under a magnetic field intensity of 845 mT, the magnetorheological effect of PU-based MRE is only 18%, while Si-15.96 and Si-16.79 SPU-based MREs can reach 84% and 110%, respectively. Although the Material Removal Rate (MRR) of single-crystal SiC decreases after polishing with SPU compared to PU-based MRE, a higher surface quality is achieved, and the glazing degree of the polishing pad is significantly reduced. In the magnetic field-assisted polishing of single crystal SiC, the MRR increased by 38.4% when polished with an SPU-based MRE polishing pad, whereas the MRR was only 8.7% when polished with a PU-based MRE polishing pad. This study provides further evidence for the development and application of MRE in CMP.

Ultralong room temperature phosphorescence with multicolor afterglow achieved in a harsh polymeric viscous flow state.

Polymer-based ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is more attractive than that of organic small molecules. However, the intrinsic contradictions between the motion of the chain and the stability of phosphors' triplet excitons make achieving ultralong lifetime in polymeric systems a big challenge. Herein, we have achieved ultralong RTP emission in a polymeric viscous flow state with free chain motion through a facile B-O click reaction among boric acid, polyvinyl alcohol, and hydroxyl silicone oil. The yielded RTP putties (RTPPs) exhibited long lifetimes under ambient conditions (up to 2.39 s), surpassing those of all reported elastic RTP polymers and most glassy RTP polymers. Furthermore, multi-color afterglow can be achieved in RTPPs using the triplet-to-singlet Förster resonance energy transfer strategy. Impressively, utilizing viscous liquid features combined with RTP performance, RTPPs can be easily applied in complex models, handiwork, and anti-counterfeiting. Therefore, this progress, achieving a long phosphorescence lifetime in a viscous flow state, greatly expands the application scope of polymeric RTP materials and further compels a conceptual advance of polymeric RTP.

Efficacy of Foldable Capsular Vitreous Body Implants Filled With Light or Heavy Silicone Oil in the Treatment of Silicone Oil-dependent Eyes.

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) filled with either light or heavy silicone oil and the incidence of complications after their implantation for the treatment of severe ocular trauma and silicone oil-dependent eyes. FCVB filled with either light (n = 16) or heavy (n = 8) silicone oil was implanted in 24 patients. During the 12-month follow-up period, the intraocular pressure, final best-corrected visual acuity, retinal reattachment condition, position of the FCVB, and complications were assessed. All surgeries were performed without issue. There was no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity between the two groups. A significant improvement in the intraocular pressure was observed after surgery in both the light silicone oil (P = 0.029) and heavy silicone oil (P = 0.035) groups. None of the patients developed displacement or prolapse of the FCVB. The most common early and late postoperative complications were postoperative hemorrhage (33.3%) and corneal opacification (50%), respectively. FCVB filled with heavy silicone oil can be used as a supplemental therapy for patients who have lost the anterior segment of their eye, have lesions of the inferior retina, or cannot maintain the prone position for various reasons. Implantation of FCVB combined with heavy silicone oil compensates for the shortcomings of this with light silicone oil, providing patients with more personalized treatment.

Preoperative OCT-Derived Nasal Perifoveal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Predictively Correlates Long-Term Visual Acuity Post Oil Removal Surgery.

With the widespread application of silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery, the purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors of long-term vision loss 12months post oil removal in retina-detached eyes treated with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. Of the 592 patients approached, eligible eyes completed the investigation up to 12months post-oil-removal. Eligible eyes underwent pars-plana vitrectomy following oil tamponade. Oil removal was performed after 3 to 28months in different individuals, under the condition that the retina has reattached as well as the hemorrhage and inflammation has dissolved. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, sex, and interval between tamponade and removal were recorded, and retinal thickness was determined using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Fifty eyes of 50 participants aged 31 to 83years were enrolled. BCVA (LogMAR) 12months post-oil-removal improved in 25 of 40 (62.5%) patients, varying from 0.05 (20/22) to 1.0 (20/200) (mean ± SD = 0.55 ± 0.32). Pre-oil-removal nasal perifoveal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness varied from 16 to 83µm (38.40 ± 18.50), and was significantly linked with post-oil-removal BCVA (0.5%, 95% confidence interval 0.0%-1.0%; P = 0.046). This study demonstrates the risk factors and prognosis of visual function after long-term regeneration post vitrectomy, oil tamponade, and oil removal, thereby underscoring the need for a complete, dynamic examination of retinal structure via OCT measurement. Related studies should be conducted on a larger scale to facilitate the stratification of late-period vision damage in retina-detached eyes. This study developed OCT-based clinical markers for the postoperative visual prognosis of eyes affected by retinal detachment.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of band keratopathy: a 10-year retrospective analysis

Background: Band keratopathy is a chronic, degenerative corneal disease resulting from gradual calcium deposition in the superficial cornea. Herein, we report the spectrum of causes, treatment outcomes, and recurrence rates of band keratopathy at a tertiary referral center throughout one decade. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with clinical diagnoses of band keratopathy who were treated with combined ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and superficial keratectomy with or without amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT). Patient medical records were reviewed, and detailed demographic and ophthalmological data, such as baseline and last follow-up best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), ocular or medical comorbidities, type of intervention, postoperative follow-up duration, relevant complications, and recurrence were recorded. Results: A total of 32 eyes of 29 patients with 3 (10.3%) bilateral and 26 (89.7%) unilateral cases of treatment-requiring bank keratopathy were included. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) (range) age was 39.4 (22.4) (2–74) years, and most patients were female. The most common secondary cause was previous vitreoretinal surgery with silicone oil tamponade (15.6%); however, idiopathic cases were the most common (18.8%). Systemic comorbidities were present in 27.6% of patients, consisting of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, coronary artery disease, Behcet’s disease, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; however, none of the patients had systemic diseases associated with hypercalcemia. Two of the 3 patients with bilateral involvement had chronic uveitis secondary to systemic rheumatological disease. The mean (SD) follow-up duration was 5.6 (4.0) years, and no serious postoperative complications occurred. The mean (SD) baseline and final BCDVA in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) were 1.98 (1.0) and 1.7 (1.0), respectively (P > 0.05). Combined EDTA chelation and superficial keratectomy with and without AMT were performed in 12.5% and 87.5% of eyes, respectively. Recurrence was observed in 37.5% of eyes within the mean (SD) (range) follow-up of 9.4 (9.1) (1–32) months. Seven of the 12 eyes with recurrence underwent re-EDTA chelation combined with superficial keratectomy and AMT; however, 5 patients managed conservatively. Conclusions: In this study, band keratopathy requiring intervention more commonly affected female individuals and was unilateral. Most cases were idiopathic. Systemic comorbidities were present in approximately one-third of cases. Managing band keratopathy using a combination of EDTA chelation and superficial keratectomy with or without AMT could be a potential treatment modality. Further large-scale studies are required to provide robust conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of this management approach.

Unveiling the Nanoscale Dielectric Gap and Its Influence on Ferroelectric Polarization Switching in Scanning Probe Microscopy

AbstractThe dielectric gap between the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip and the surface of a ferroelectric using conductive atomic force microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is investigated. While the gap functions as a dielectric layer, it also allows tunneling current to inject charges into the ferroelectric when a critical loading force between 10–20 µN is applied to a tip with a radius of 25 nm under a bias voltage of 0.5 V. It is observed that the permittivity of the dielectric gap determines the coercive voltage measured by the piezoresponse hysteresis loop. While such studies done in air often produce coercive voltages much larger than those studied for the same materials in capacitor‐based studies, the use of high permittivity media such as water (ɛr = 79) or silicone oil (ɛr = 2.1‐2.8) produces coercive fields that more closely match those measured in conventional capacitor‐based polarization hysteresis loop measurements. Furthermore, using water as a dielectric medium in PFM imaging enhances the accuracy in extracting the amplitude and phase data from periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. These findings provide insight into the nanoscale phenomena of polarization switching instigated by the SPM tip and provide a pathway to improved quantitative studies.

Fabrication of multifunctional hybrid pigment for color cosmetics based on chitosan-modified palygorskite and sappanwood extract

Consumer perception and market demand have driven the replacement of synthetic colorants with naturally derived alternatives in the cosmetic industry. This study describes a facile way to prepare durable inorganic-organic hybrid pigment with advanced biocompatibility, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties tailored for color cosmetics by initial modification of palygorskite with chitosan to anchor sappanwood dye extract and subsequently coating with amino-modified silicone oil (ASO). The hybrid pigments were characterized by transmittance electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The results indicated that the sappanwood dye was loaded on chitosan-modified palygorskite via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, the chitosan-palygorskite/sappanwood hybrid pigment exhibited enhanced biocompatibility and color stability on exposure to different heating temperatures and UVA radiation after subsequent hydrophobic modification with amino-modified silicone oil. Moreover, facial foundation cosmetics based on the chitosan-palygorskite/sappanwood@ASO composites exhibited excellent brightening and skin color corrective effect on human volunteers without any adverse response. And no significant difference was observed in 12 out of 14 sensory evaluation indexes in the comparison of this hybrid pigment-based makeup with two commercially available products. This study provides a new route to stabilize natural botanical colorant for cosmetic use by chitosan-modified clay minerals.

Incidence of Akreos AO60 intraocular lens opacification after concurrent or subsequent intraocular oil or gas use.

To report the incidence of opacification in a consecutive series of 10 eyes that underwent scleral fixated Akreos AO60 placement with concurrent or subsequent contact with gas or silicone oil. Consecutive case series. Three cases of IOL opacification were noted. Two cases of opacification occurred in patients that underwent subsequent retinal detachment repair with C3F8 and one with silicone oil. One patient underwent explanation of the lens due to visually significant opacification. Scleral fixation of the Akreos AO60 IOL is associated with risk of IOL opacification when exposed to intraocular tamponade. While surgeons should consider the risk of opacification in patients at high risk of requiring intraocular tamponade, only 1 in 10 patients developed IOL opacification significant enough to require explantation.

Synthesis of amino silicone oil for use in oil agent in carbon fiber

Abstract An oil with uniform particle size distribution, good heat storage, and good wettability for carbon fiber was prepared. In other words, by mixing with non-ionic emulsifiers E1303 and E1309, the most suitable synthesis temperature, solid content, and the proportion of silicone oil emulsifiers were explored by using the control variable method. The results show that carbon fiber oil with uniform particle size distribution and good heat-resistant storage can be obtained when the synthesis temperature is 50°C, the solid content is 20% and the emulsifier ratio is 1:3. The particle size of the carbon fiber oil is 200 nm, the particle size distribution index is less than 0.3, and the particle size distribution is uniform.