Silicate Paints Research Articles

The Influence of Glass Flake and Micaceous Iron Oxide on Electrochemical Corrosion Performance of Waterborne Silicate Coatings in 3.5% NaCl Solution

Waterborne silicate composite coatings were prepared to replace existing solvent-based coatings for ships. A series of complex coatings were prepared by adding anticorrosive pigments to the silicate resin. Adhesion, pencil hardness, and impact resistance were investigated, and corrosion performance in 3.5% NaCl solution was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that adhesion and impact resistance are high, and that pencil hardness can reach 4H. The curing mechanism for the coatings were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of curing reaction in the studied waterborne silicate paint was found to be different from that reported in the literature. When the coatings were immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 8 h, there is only one time constant in the Bode plot, and coating capacitance (Qc) gradually increases while coating resistance (Rc) gradually decreases. Glass flake composite coatings have better corrosion resistance by comprehensive comparison of Qc and Rc.

Man-made blue and purple barium copper silicate pigments and the pabstite (BaSnSi3O9) mystery of ancient Chinese wall paintings from Luoyang

Man-made ancient Chinese barium copper silicate pigments: Chinese (Han) Purple, BaCuSi2O6; Chinese (Han) Blue, BaCuSi4O10; Chinese Dark Blue, BaCu2Si2O7 (in summary called Chinese blues), and platelet-like crystals of BaSnSi3O9 were detected on mural paintings of a tomb in Luoyang City, Henan Province, China, dated to Western Han Dynasty (206 BC–8 AD). The pigments of the LY01 and LY02 samples were analyzed by archaeometrical methods: powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. While the artificial nature of the ancient barium copper silicates was undoubted, the synthetic or mineral origin of BaSnSi3O9 of these murals had to be clarified. Involvement of the rare mineral pabstite Ba(Sn,Ti,Zr)Si3O9 from the Tian Shan mountains could be ruled out due to absence of Ti and Zr in the elemental composition. Tin compounds as admixtures to the lead minerals—the latter required as flux additive for the preparation of the Chinese blues—or tin admixtures to pristine barium starting minerals could be excluded, as well as the use of tin containing mineral mushistonite (CuSn(OH)6), primarily intended to be applied as copper source. Related to the findings for the production of Egyptian Blue (CaCuSi4O10), bronze or bronze scrap including also corroded material was used intending copper recycling. For the synthesis of the Luoyang Chinese blues only low amounts of bronze or bronze scrap were required providing the additional advantage to form in presence of air a tin/lead oxide flux with lowered vitrification temperatures and viscosities. This marked the advent of an ‘innovative production technology’ avoiding addition of large amounts of lead minerals as an effective lead-only flux. Despite of the chemical similarity to production of Egyptian Blue, the tin/lead based developments for the Chinese blues were anticipated to be independent excluding technology transfer from ancient Egypt. For further substantiation of the appearance of pabstite in the Luoyang Chinese blues a contemporary independent synthesis was sought, carried out under conditions similar to those of the barium copper silicate syntheses (1000 °C, but absence of a flux) starting from cassiterite (SnO2), quartz (SiO2) and witherite (BaCO3).

Numerical simulation of humidity diffusion through the polyester/glass fiber composite

This study investigates the flow velocity effect on the hygrothermal behavior of the polyester glass fiber composite. The composite material contains fillers additives aluminum silicate pigments (ASP 400). They are exposed to humidity under different temperatures. The humidity concentration is higher on the surface and it continuously decreases toward the core of the material. The increase of the fillers additives and the flow velocity induce an augmentation of the diffusion coefficient and the amount of absorbed humidity. At a high temperature, the absorption curve presents a fall, and it is due to the coalescence of the crack, which propagates inside the material, decreasing the rigidity of the material. The finite element method is used to simulate the humidity diffusion through composite material. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results shows that the model can predict the hygrothermal behavior of the polyester/glass fiber taking in account the flow velocity factor.

Humidity diffusion through composite material under hydrostatic pressure

This study analyzes the hygrothermal behavior of the polyester/glass fiber composite under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure. The composite material contains filler additive aluminum silicate pigments (ASP 400). It is exposed to humidity on one lateral side, under different temperatures. At high temperature, the humidity absorption kinetics presents a fall, and it is due to the coalescence of the cracks, generated by the stress concentration in the free volume. The augmentation of the hydrostatic pressure, the temperature, and the percentage of filler additives (ASP400) increase the diffusion coefficient and the amount of absorbed humidity. The finite element method is employed to simulate the humidity diffusion process. The comparison between experimental and numerical results proves that the hygrothermal behavior of the polyester/glass fiber can be numerically predicted.

Durability of Coatings Based on Sol Silicate Paint

The results of the study provide information on the resistance of coatings based on the solof silicate paint in the process of freezing and thawing. It was found, that coatings based on sol silicatepaints are characterized by a higher resistance compared of silicate coatings. It is shown, that thecoatings withstood 50 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. The surface energy of the coatingswas calculated using the critical surface tension of the fluid at the interface with the solid. Thedispersion contribution in the intermolecular interaction between the particles of the coatings wasestimated. The values of the surface tension of the coatings and the values of the dispersioncomponent of the surface energy of the coatings — the complex Hamaker constant — are calculated.It was revealed, that after testing a decrease in the values of the Hamaker constant is observed. It wasestablished, that after testing for frost resistance, the values of the Hamaker constant for coatingsbased on sol of silicate paint are higher compared to coatings based on silicate paint.

Ảnh hưởng của hàm lượng kẽm trong màng phủ thủy tinh lỏng tới hiệu quả bảo vệ catot trên thép CT3

This study presents the effect of powdered zinc content in silicate paint on cathodic protection of coatings. The study uses the electrochemical impedance measurement (EIS) method and the method of measuring the open-circuit potential (OCP). The results showed that the coating containing over 70% of zinc has good cathodic protection effect more than 5 months in 3.5% NaCl solution, while the zinc content from 50% to 60% does not show that effective cathodic protection.

Mural painting with silicate paints – a topic for chemistry and arts

AbstractMineralische Wandmalereien lassen sich bis in die frühste Menschheitsgeschichte zurückverfolgen. Die Zusammensetzung der Farben und ihr Auftrag auf einen geeigneten Untergrund wurden fortlaufend weiterentwickelt. Silikatfarben sind eine bedeutungsvolle Entwicklung aus der neueren Zeit. In diesem Beitrag werden die chemischen Grundlagen der Silikatfarben und einfache Experimente zur Einbindung in einen fächerübergreifenden Chemieunterricht vorgestellt.

Regularities of formation of adhesive contact “sol-silicate paint - substrate”

Introduction. The use as a binder in the manufacture of silicate paints polysilicate solutions obtained by mixing liquid glass and silica sol is considered. To regulate the rheological properties of the paint, improve the filling and prevent the pigment part from sagging, it has been proposed to introduce glycerin into the binder composition. The results of studying the interfacial interaction between the paint and the substrate are given. Materials and methods. In developing the formulation of silicate paints based on polysilicate solutions, MK-2 microcalcite, marshalite, diatomite and talc of MT-GSM grade were used as a filler, and titanium dioxide as a pigment. Polysilicate solutions were obtained by reacting stabilized solutions of colloidal silica (sols) with aqueous solutions of alkali silicates (liquid glasses). Nanosil 20 and Nanosil 30 silicic acid sol were used, produced by the Promsteklocentr PC. Used potassium liquid glass with module M = 3.29. A thermodynamic method was used to assess the interfacial interaction. Results. Shown that the introduction of glycerol into the formulation of a sol of silicate paint promotes a decrease in the interfacial surface tension and a better wetting of the surface of the mortar substrate. An increase in wetting coefficient is observed. Coatings based on sol silicate paints with the addition of glycerin are characterized by increased crack resistance. An increase in tensile strength, maximum tensile properties, and decrease in the elastic modulus of paint membranes based on the composition with glycerol has been established. The values of the free surface energy of the coating based on the sol of silicate paint and the ratio of the polar to the dispersion component of the free energy of the surface are given. Coatings based on sol of silicate paint with the addition of glycerin are characterized by a large value of the free energy of the surface. In the process of moistening a decrease in the free surface energy is observed due to a decrease in the dispersion component. Conclusions. Studies have shown that the introduction of an additive of glycerin in the formulation of a silicate paint sol contributes to an increase in the performance properties of coatings based on it.

Стойкость покрытий на основе золь-силикатной краски

Стойкость покрытий на основе золь-силикатной краски

Research of inter-phase interaction in ZOL-silicate paints

It was suggested to use polysilicate solutions obtained by mixing liquid glass and silicic acid sol as a binder in the manufacture of sili- cate paints. Information is provided on the mechanism for increasing the operational properties of coatings based on sol silicate paint. It has been revealed that polysilicate solutions form membranes characterized by higher tensile strength due to an increase in the fraction of high-polymer fractions of silicic anions in the structure of the polysilicate binder in comparison with liquid glass. The results of a study on the interphase interaction between the pigment and the film-forming agent are given. It is shown that potassium polysilicate solutions form a smaller contact angle on the surface of the pigment (filler) and are characterized by greater work of wetting and adhesion to the filler (pigment).

Structure and Properties of the Modified Binding for Silicate Paints

Information is provided about the stability of polysilicates solutions, obtained by mixing liquid glass and silica sol. It was found, that at increases the amount of silicic acid sol added, the pH of the solutions decreases with an unchanged alkali concentration. Information on the structure of polysilicate solutions are given. It has been found, that addition of the sol (increasing the silicate module) contribute to prolonging fraction of high-polymer fractions of silicic anion. The dependence of the silica content of the monomeric form of α-SiO2in the early stages of interaction between the sol and liquid glass is extreme. The maximum content of α-SiO2 depends on the type of liquid glass and the amount of sol. It is shown, that films based on polysilicates solutions, are characterized by faster curing. The manifestation of the scale factor for coatings based on polysilicate solutions was revealed.

Economical and efficient use of fly ash for newsprint paper quality improvement

This research focused on the production of a novel calcium silicate pigment made from pulverized coal fly ash and its application as a coating pigment in a size press for fiber replacement. Improved specific base paper properties of the newsprint was investigated. This novel coated fly ash based calcium silicate (FACS) pigment and conventional precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) pigment was applied using a cylindrical laboratory coater. When a 4.3 gsm coat weight of FACS was used during the size press application, the brightness increased 10 points, whereas, when the coat weight of FACS was increased to 7.8 gsm, the brightness increased to 21 points as compared to base newsprint sheet; however, FACS brightness was lower than the PCC coated newsprint sheet. Also, there was a significant gain in other newsprint specific base properties when fly ash based pigment was used. This indicated that it is feasible to utilize a novel fly ash based pigment in the size press coating application to replace fiber in order to reduce production cost, improve specific base properties, and reduce environmental pollution. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study reporting the application of fly ash as a coating pigment for quality enhancement of newsprint.

Identification of PbO (BaO) faience from an early and middle Warring States period cemetery at Zhaitouhe, northern Shaanxi, China

Low‐temperature vitreous materials fluxed with lead (and barium) appeared in the early Warring States period (c.fifth century bce) in ancient China. A range of lead vitreous products fluxed with the same agent, including faience/glass beads, glazed pottery and Chinese blue (purple) pigment, were developed subsequently. This study carries out scientific analysis of six vitreous beads unearthed from the Zhaitouhe cemetery site in northern Shaanxi dating to the early and middle Warring States period to investigate their chemical composition, microstructure and coloration. The lead (and barium) vitreous beads identified here are some of the earliest lead vitreous materials discovered in China so far, and therefore important for the study of the development of lead vitreous technologies in ancient China. This paper also points out that it is meaningful to evaluate the lead glass, glazed pottery and barium copper silicate pigments as a whole technological assemblage given their close relationships.

Development of sol-silicate composition for decoration of building walls

Information on the properties of liquid glass with the use of silica additives is given. It is shown that the addition of silica additives to a solution of liquid glass leads to an increase of silicate module. Formulations of silicate paints with the use of a sol silicate binder have been developed.

Properties of Polysiylate Binders for Sol-Silicate Pains

Information is provided on the composition of polysilicate solutions obtained by mixing liquid glass and silica sol. It was found that the introduction of the sol leads to an increase in the silicate module and contributes to an increase in the fraction of high-polymer fractions of the silicon-oxygen anions. The results of the kinetics of the variation of α-SiO2 and β-SiO2. It is shown, that coatings based on the polysilicate solutions are characterized by faster curing. The was found correlation between the content of high-polymer fractions of silicic anions in a polysilicate solution and the tensile strength of films. Increase in the g-SiO2 content promote increase in the tensile strength of films. The composition of sol silicate paint is developed. Coatings based on paint have a high performance property.

Research of the opportunity to use sludge wastes of ferrovanadium production as pigments for silicate paints

The article considers the urgent problem of formation, storage and recycling of sludge materials of various compositions, generated as a result of industrial enterprises wastewater treatment and sanitation. It is pointed out that in spite of a lot of designs concerning the wastewater neutralization sludges recycling, the share of their efficient usage is still negligible. So, one of the most relevant trends of nature protection activity and the rational use of natural resources is developing a technology of these wastes reclamation and applying them for useful products manufacturing. The research of chemical, mineral and grain composition of ferrovanadium production sludge wastes, generated at waste waters neutralization at the «EVRAZ Vanadii Tula», Tula, Russia, has been carried out. A method of obtaining pigments for silicate paints on the basis of these sludges has been considered. The influence of the sludges' thermal treatment conditions on their mineral composition and the properties of paints based on them has been evaluated. The pigments content varies from 1 to 3 %. It has been demonstrated that the most promising is the usage of initial sludges and heat-treated at temperature 1000°С sludges as pigments for high-performance silicate paints.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЕЖФАЗНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В ЗОЛЬСИЛИКАТНЫХ КРАСКАХ

It is proposed to use polysilicate solutions obtained by mixing liquid glass and silicic acid sol as a binder at silicate paints manufacturing. Information is provided on the mechanism for increasing the operational properties of coatings based on silicate paint sol. It has been revealed that the polysilicate solutions form films characterized by higher tensile strength due to the increase of the share of silicic anions’ high-polymer fractions in the structure of polysilicate binder in comparison with liquid glass.
 The results of studying the interphase interaction between the pigment and the film-forming agent are presented. It is shown that potassium polysilicate solutions form a smaller contact angle on the surface of the pigment (filler) and are characterized with greater work of wetting and adhesion to the filler (pigment).

NATURE AND QUANTITY OF SILICATE FILLER INFLUENCE ON SILICATE PAINT PROPERTIES WITH LOWERED CONTENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS

This article is addressed to the problem of composite silicate paint development. Silicate paints have a large field of application, for example, it can be used as a protective coating or decorative coating with protective properties in industrial and civil construction for many aims: walls plastering, painting of stone, glass, ceramic, brick, concrete, wood, metal and other surfaces. The main difference of developed paint in comparison with the existing analogues is a low organic component content. The mass content of acrylic polymers was 5%, while actual silicate paints have a high content of organic modifiers (up to 25 %). The modifiers additive improves the technological properties, stability and viability of silicate paint. However, a high content of organic components reduces the environmental and fire protection properties of silicate paint coating. In comparison with analogues, proposed silicate paint composition is free from drawbacks listed above. In response to low content of volatile organic compounds, the paint has long spreadable life and improved technological and operational characteristics. Hiding power, viscosity, and degree of chalking were determined by standard methods. All characteristics meet the requirements of GOST. Many silica high dispersion fillers like a sand, marshalite, perlite, aerosil were tested in silicate paint composition. It was found that the coatings obtained with aerosil additive in a quantity of 0.25 % had the minimal water absorption value (0.15 %) and ultimate adhesion strength (1.7 MPa).Forcitation:Lebedeva E.Yu., Kazmina O.V. Nature and quantity of silicate filler influence on silicate paint properties with lowered content of volatile compounds. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 70-76

The effect of drying behavior of coatings containing pigment and CaCl<sub>2</sub> on inkjet print quality

The effect of drying behavior of coatings containing starch, synthetic silicate pigment and CaCl2 on inkjet print quality was studied. It is known, that print quality is dependent on the ink-substrate interaction, absorption behavior of the substrate and colloidal stability behavior of the ink at the substrate interface. One efficient way of improving the fixation of anionic inkjet pigment colorants is by controlling the electrostatic interaction and colloidal stability by using e.g. divalent or multivalent metal salts. In this study, we have investigated the effect of end moisture content of coating containing hydroxypropylated-starch, synthetic silicate and divalent metal salt (CaCl2) on inkjet print quality of pigment-based ink. It was seen that significant differences in print density could be obtained when using different drying strategies. The obtained effects on substrate-ink interactions were ascribed to changes in coating structure and migration of CaCl2 and better film forming caused by the more intense drying process.

Impact of paint matrix composition and thickness of paint layer on the activity of photocatalytic paints

Abstract Silicate, acrylic and latex photocatalytic paints were analyzed in regards to impact of paint matrix composition and paint layer’s thickness on performance in two photocatalytic tests. These included performances in photocatalytic decomposition of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and assessment of photocatalytic activity through use of smart ink test. Silicate photocatalytic paints displayed lower photocatalytic activity in comparison to acrylic and latex photocatalytic paints in both tests, despite the similar content of nanocrystalline TiO2. Measurements of depth of UV light penetration through the paints layer were performed and it appeared, that more porous structure of coating resulted in deeper penetration of UV light. In the case of acrylic paint, the thickness of the photocatalytic layer was around 9 μm, but for silicate paint DR this thickness was higher, around 21 μm.