Significant Effect Of Temperature Research Articles

Effects of the type of lactic acid bacteria, hot-pressing temperature, and moisture content of fermented bamboo residue on the properties of self-bonding common particleboards

Self-bonding bamboo particleboards were prepared via hot pressing of bamboo residue fermented by lactic acid bacteria. An orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of three factors (type of lactic acid bacteria used for fermentation, moisture content (MC) of the fermented residue, and hot-pressing temperature) on the resulting self-bonding particleboards. The bending strength and internal bonding strength of the prepared self-bonding particleboards were tested. Fracture characterization was performed on the cross-section of the prepared self-bonding particleboards after bending breakage. The hot-pressing temperature, moisture content (MC), and type of lactic acid bacteria of the fermented residue had a significant effect on the mechanical strength of self-bonding particleboards, and with increased hot-pressing temperature, the strength of self-bonding particleboards increased. Analysis of the cross-sectional morphology and porosity confirmed the significant effect of hot-pressing temperature on the density distribution of self-bonding particleboards. The self-bonding particleboard produced at the hot-pressing temperature of 180 °C, MC of 30%, and that used Lactobacillus plantarum as a fermentation strain showed the best overall performance and reached Chinese standard requirements for common particleboards.

Physiochemical Changes of European Pear cv. Conference and Asian Pear cv. Yali during Cold Storage

This study evaluated the physiochemical changes of one commercial European pear variety ‘Conference’ and one Asian pear variety ‘Yali’ during 60 days of storage at 1 °C. Content of organic acids, ethylene and formation of CO2 were determined using HPLC/UV-VIS and GC/FID and TCD detectors, respectively. This study presents an evaluation of the influence of the above-mentioned factors and long-term storage on quality parameters, including the antioxidant capacity of an important European and Asian pear cultivar. There was a significant effect of temperature on respiration rate in both varieties. Development of the respiration intensity had a similar course in European and Asian pears. The high values of CO2 production at the beginning of storage for the variety ‘Conference’ (14.08 mg·kg−1·h−1) and ‘Yali’ (23.37 mg·kg−1·h−1) were followed by a sharp decline of 80% and 83% at later stages of storage at 1 °C, respectively. Ethylene formation in fruit increased with storage time and was the highest after 60 days in cold storage, especially in ‘Yali’ (7.14 µL·kg−1·h−1). The results show the relation between ethylene formation and ripening-related fruit parameters. The ‘Yali’ variety showed negligible changes in soluble solids content and flesh firmness during storage ranging from 0.35 to 0.60 MPa. The most represented sugar determined enzymatically was fructose and malic acid was the dominant organic acid in pear fruit. Antioxidant activity determined using the FRAP and DPPH methods did not change significantly during 60 days of storage.

Twenty-eight years of ecosystem recovery and destabilisation: Impacts of biological invasions and climate change on a temperate river

Most river ecosystems are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors affecting the composition and functionality of benthic communities. Identifying main causes and detecting potentially alarming trends in time depends on the availability of long-term monitoring data sets. Our study aimed to improve the knowledge about community effects of multiple stressors that is needed for effective, sustainable management and conservation. We conducted a causal analysis to detect the dominant stressors and hypothesised that multiple stressors, such as climate change and multiple biological invasions, reduce biodiversity and thus endanger ecosystem stability. Using a data set from 1992 to 2019 for the benthic macroinvertebrate community of a 65-km stretch of the upper Elbe river in Germany, we evaluated the effects of alien species, temperature, discharge, phosphorus, pH and abiotic conditional variables on the taxonomic and functional composition of the benthic community and analysed the temporal behaviour of biodiversity metrics. We observed fundamental taxonomic and functional changes in the community, with a shift from collectors/gatherers to filter feeders and feeding opportunists preferring warm temperatures. A partial dbRDA revealed significant effects of temperature and alien species abundance and richness. The occurrence of distinct phases in the development of community metrics suggests a temporally varying impact of different stressors. Taxonomic and functional richness responded more sensitively than the diversity metrics whereas the functional redundancy metric remained unchanged. Especially the last 10-year phase, however, showed a decline in richness metrics and an unsaturated, linear relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, which rather indicates reduced functional redundancy. We conclude that the varying anthropogenic stressors over three decades, mainly biological invasions and climate change, affected the community severely enough to increase its vulnerability to future stressors. Our study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring data and emphasises a careful use of biodiversity metrics, preferably considering also community composition.

Enzyme adaptation to habitat thermal legacy shapes the thermal plasticity of marine microbiomes

Microbial communities respond to temperature with physiological adaptation and compositional turnover. Whether thermal selection of enzymes explains marine microbiome plasticity in response to temperature remains unresolved. By quantifying the thermal behaviour of seven functionally-independent enzyme classes (esterase, extradiol dioxygenase, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, nuclease, transaminase, and aldo-keto reductase) in native proteomes of marine sediment microbiomes from the Irish Sea to the southern Red Sea, we record a significant effect of the mean annual temperature (MAT) on enzyme response in all cases. Activity and stability profiles of 228 esterases and 5 extradiol dioxygenases from sediment and seawater across 70 locations worldwide validate this thermal pattern. Modelling the esterase phase transition temperature as a measure of structural flexibility confirms the observed relationship with MAT. Furthermore, when considering temperature variability in sites with non-significantly different MATs, the broadest range of enzyme thermal behaviour and the highest growth plasticity of the enriched heterotrophic bacteria occur in samples with the widest annual thermal variability. These results indicate that temperature-driven enzyme selection shapes microbiome thermal plasticity and that thermal variability finely tunes such processes and should be considered alongside MAT in forecasting microbial community thermal response.

Long-term, large-scale experiment reveals the effects of seed limitation, climate, and anthropogenic disturbance on restoration of plant communities in a biodiversity hotspot

Ecological restoration is essential for maintaining biodiversity in the face of dynamic, global changes in climate, human land use, and disturbance regimes. Effective restoration requires understanding bottlenecks in plant community recovery that exist today, while recognizing that these bottlenecks may relate to complex histories of environmental change. Such understanding has been a challenge because few long-term, well-replicated experiments exist to decipher the demographic processes influencing recovery for numerous species against the backdrop of multiyear variation in climate and management. We address this challenge through a long-term and geographically expansive experiment in longleaf pine savannas, an imperiled ecosystem and biodiversity hotspot in the southeastern United States. Using 48 sites at three locations spanning 480 km, the 8-y experiment manipulated initial seed arrival for 24 herbaceous plant species and presence of competitors to evaluate the impacts of climate variability and management actions (e.g., prescribed burning) on plant establishment and persistence. Adding seeds increased plant establishment of many species. Cool and wet climatic conditions, low tree density, and reduced litter depth also promoted establishment. Once established, most species persisted for the duration of the 8-y experiment. Plant traits were most predictive when tightly coupled to the process of establishment. Our results illustrate how seed additions can restore plant diversity and how interannual climatic variation affects the dynamics of plant communities across a large region. The significant effects of temperature and precipitation inform how future climate may affect restoration and conservation via large-scale changes in the fundamental processes of establishment and persistence.

Modification effects of ambient temperature on associations of ambient ozone exposure before and during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes: A multicity study in China

BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest that both ambient ozone (O3) and temperature were associated with increased risks of adverse birth outcomes. However, very few studies explored their interaction effects, especially for small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA). ObjectivesTo estimate the modification effects of ambient temperature on associations of ambient O3 exposure before and during pregnancy with preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), SGA and LGA based on multicity birth cohorts. MethodsA total of 56,905 singleton pregnant women from three birth cohorts conducted in Tianjin, Beijing and Maoming, China, were included in the study. Maximum daily 8-h average O3 concentrations of each pregnant woman from the preconception period to delivery for every day were estimated by matching their home addresses with the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) datasets. We first applied the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to evaluate the city-specific effects of O3 exposure before and during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes at different temperature levels with adjustment for potential confounders, and then a meta-analysis across three birth cohorts was conducted to calculate the pooled associations. ResultsIn pooled analysis, significant modification effects of ambient temperature on associations of ambient O3 with PTB, LBW and LGA were observed (Pinteraction < 0.05). For a 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient O3 exposure at high temperature level (> 75th percentile), the risk of LBW increased by 28 % (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13–1.46) during the second trimester and the risk of LGA increased by 116% (HR: 2.16, 95%CI: 1.16–4.00) during the entire pregnancy, while the null or weaker association was observed at corresponding low (≤ 25th percentile) and medium (> 25th and ≤ 75th percentile) temperature levels. ConclusionThis multicity study added new evidence that ambient high temperature may enhance the potential effects of ambient O3 on adverse birth outcomes.

Quantifying the Interaction Effects of Climatic Factors on Vegetation Growth in Southwest China

Due to the complex and variable climate structure in Southwest China (SW), the impacts of climate variables on vegetation change and the interactions between climate factors remain controversial, considering the uncertainty and complexity in the relationships between climate factors and vegetation in this region. In this study, the CRU TS v. 4.02 from 1982 to 2017 and the annual maximum (P100), upper quarter quantile (P75), median (P50), lower quarter quantile (P25), minimum (P5), and mean (Mean) of GIMMS NDVI were utilized to reveal the main and interaction effects of significant climate variables on vegetation development at the level of SW and the core areas (CAs) of typical climate type (including T+ *–P+ *, T+ *–P–, T+ *–P+, and NSC) using the simple moving average method, a multivariate linear model, the slope method, and the Johnson–Neyman method. The obtained regression relationships between NDVI, temperature, and precipitation were verified successfully by constructing multiple linear models with interaction terms. Within the T+ *–P– CA, precipitation had the main impact; meanwhile, in the SW and other CAs, the temperature had the main effect. In general, most of the significant moderating effects of temperature (precipitation) on vegetation growth predominantly increased with the increase in precipitation (temperature). Nevertheless, the significant moderating effect varied in different regions and directions. In the SW area, when the temperature/precipitation was in the range of [4.73 °C, 5.13 °C]/[730.00 mm, 753.95 mm], the impact of temperature/precipitation on NDVI had a significant positive regulating effect with respect to the precipitation/temperature. Meanwhile, in the NSC/T+ *–P+ * areas, when the temperature/precipitation was in the range of [15.99 °C, 16.03 °C]/[725.17 mm, 752.82 mm], the impact of temperature/precipitation on NDVI has a significant negative moderating role with respect to the precipitation/temperature. Overall, our study provides a modern context for clearly uncovering the complexity of the effect of climate alteration on vegetation development, allowing for clarification of the alterations in vegetation development due to climate change.

Weather drives variation in COVID-19 transmission and detection

The debate over the influence of weather on COVID-19 epidemiological dynamics remains unsettled as multiple factors are conflated, including viral biology, transmission through social interaction, and the probability of disease detection. Here we distinguish the distinct dynamics of weather on detection and transmission with a multi-method approach combining econometric techniques with epidemiological models, including an extension of a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model, to analyse data for over 4000 geographic units throughout the year 2020. We find distinct and significant effects of temperature, thermal comfort, solar radiation, and precipitation on the growth of infections. We also find that weather affects the rates of both disease transmission and detection. When we isolate transmission effects to understand the potential for seasonal shifts, the instantaneous effects of weather are small, with R0 about 0.007 higher in winter than in summer. However, the effects of weather compound over time, so that a region with a 5 ∘C drop over three months in winter is expected to have 190% more confirmed cases at the end of that 90 days period, relative to a scenario with constant temperature. We also find that the contribution of weather produces the largest effects in high-latitude countries. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and risks becoming endemic, these seasonal dynamics may play a crucial role for health policy.

Effects of ambient temperature on mortality among elderly residents of Chengdu city in Southwest China, 2016–2020: a distributed-lag non-linear time series analysis

BackgroundWith complex changes in the global climate, it is critical to understand how ambient temperature affects health, especially in China. We aimed to assess the effects of temperature on daily mortality, including total non-accidental, cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality between 2016 and 2020 in Chengdu, China.MethodsWe obtained daily temperature and mortality data for the period 2016–2020. A Poisson regression model combined with a distributed-lag nonlinear model was used to examine the association between temperature and daily mortality. We investigated the effects of individual characteristics by sex, age, education level, and marital status.ResultsWe found significant non-linear effects of temperature on total non-accidental, CVD, respiratory, cerebrovascular, and IHD mortality. Heat effects were immediate and lasted for 0–3 days, whereas cold effects persisted for 7–10 days. The relative risks associated with extreme high temperatures (99th percentile of temperature, 28 °C) over lags of 0–3 days were 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17, 1.28) for total non-accidental mortality, 1.40 (95% CI: 1.30, 1.50) for CVD morality, 1.34 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.46) for respiratory morality, 1.33 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.47) for cerebrovascular mortality, and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.58) for IHD mortality. The relative risks associated with extreme cold temperature (1st percentile of temperature, 3.0 °C) over lags of 0–14 days were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.46) for total mortality, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.68) for CVD morality, 1.28 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.50) for respiratory morality, 1.36 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.70) for cerebrovascular mortality, and 1.26 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.68) for IHD morality. We found that hot and cold affects were greater in those over 85 years of age, and that women, individuals with low education levels, and those who were widowed, divorced, or never married, were more vulnerable.ConclusionsThis study showed that exposure to hot and cold temperatures in Chengdu was associated with increased mortality, with people over 85 years old, women, those with low education levels, and unmarried individuals being more affected by hot and cold temperatures.

Faktor Risiko Kontaminasi Salmonella Spp. Pada Daging Ayam Broiler (Gallus Gallus Domestica) Yang Dijual di Pasar Banguntapan

Background of Study: Chicken is a food ingredient with high nutritional value that is consumed by community, the high nutritional value of chicken meat makes it a food ingredient that is susceptible to biological hazards. One of the microbes that contaminate chicken meat is Salmonella Spp. These bacteria cause disease by food borne transmission and are mostly pathogenic. This pollution is caused by the environment, handling and marketing errors. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors for contamination of Salmonella Spp. on Broiler Chicken sold at Banguntapan MarketMethods: This research method was quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population of all chicken traders in the Banguntapan market. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using the Chi Square Test.Results: The results of data analysis, there was a significant influence between environmental factors on Salmonella Spp contamination on Broiler Chicken with a p value of (0.033 0.05). There was a significant influence between Hygiene factors and seller activity on Salmonella Spp contamination on broiler meat with a p value of (0.013 0.05). There was a significant effect between the pH factor on Salmonella Spp contamination on broiler chicken with a p value of (0.0100.05). There is no significant effect of temperature on Salmonella Spp contamination on Broiler Chicken with a p value of (0.3510.05)Conclusions: Risk Factor in this research, there was a significant influence between the selling environment, hygiene and seller activities, and pH on the risk of Salmonella Spp contamination in Broiler Chicken (Gallus gallus domestica), and there was no significant effect between temperature and contamination of Salmonella Spp. on Broiler Chicken (Gallus gallus domestica) at Banguntapan MarketKeywords: Salmonella Spp; broiler chicken; Gallus gallus domesticus

Potential effects of climate change on the growth response of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis from Patagonian waters of Chile

Northern Patagonia (41–44°S) is affected by climatic, hydrological and oceanographic anomalies, which in synergy with processes such as global warming and acidification of the coastal oceans may affect the frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Greater frequency of HABs has been reported in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, including blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis, causing massive mortality of marine fauna in the oceanic and coastal areas of Patagonia. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of temperature and pH interaction on the growth of K. selliformis (strain CREAN_KS02), since these factors have wide seasonal fluctuations in the Patagonian fjord ecosystem. The CREAN_KS02 strain isolated from the Aysén Region (43°S) was used in a factorial experiment with five pH levels (7.0, 7.4, 7.7, 8.1 and 9.0) and two temperatures (12 and 17 °C) during a period of 18–21 days. Results indicated a significant effect of temperature and pH interaction on growth rate (range 0.22 ± 0.00 to 0.08 ± 0.01 d−1) and maximum density (range 13,710 ± 2,616 to 2,385 ± 809 cells mL−1) of K. selliformis. The highest density and growth of K. selliformis was found at 12 °C with a reduced pH (7.0–7.7). The results suggest that the current environmental conditions of coastal Patagonia, waters of low temperature and relatively low pH, may be favorable for the development of blooms of this species during autumn. We suggest that there is natural plasticity of K. selliformis in a wide pH range (7.0–8.1) but in a narrow low temperature range (10.6–12.9 °C), values that are typically recorded in the oceanic region of northern Patagonia. In contrast, in an extreme climate change scenario (ocean warming and coastal acidification) in northern Patagonia, a negative effect on the growth of K. selliformis may be expected due to amplification of the acidification effects caused by the thermal stress of high temperature water.

Investigation into Solar Drying of Moroccan Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Fruit: Effects on Drying Kinetics and Phenolic Composition

Solar drying is affordable, requiring low energy and an eco-friendly method. Thus, the present paper studies the efficiency and characteristics of the indirect solar convective drying in the fruits of Arbutus unedo L. as well as its effects on the fruit phenolic compounds. The fruit samples were dried at 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. Phenolic compounds were investigated using a Liquid Chromatography platform. Experimental results revealed that the effective moisture diffusivity determined by Fick’s second law varied from 1.51 × 10−9 to 4.68 × 10−9 m2/s, and the activation energy recorded was 2203.62 kJ/kg. Both the total energy consumption and the specific electrical energy of the dried fruits decreased as temperature increased. The Midilli–Kucuk model was selected as the best-fitted model for drying Arbutus unedo L. Significant effect of temperature on phenolics was observed. The concentration of the phenolic compounds decreased by 15.54, 39, and 40.63% at 60, 70, and 80 °C, respectively.

Variability in bat morphology is influenced by temperature and forest cover and their interactions.

Multiple climatic and landscape drivers have been linked to variations in bat body size and wing functional traits. Most previous studies used proxies rather than actual climate and land-use data, and their interactions are rarely explored. We investigate whether higher summer average temperatures are driving decreasing bat body size as predicted by Bergmann's rule or increasing appendage size as per Allen's rule. We also explore whether temperature or resource availability (namely forest cover) is responsible for changes in wing functional traits. Using land-use data from historical maps and national statistics combined with climatic data, we assessed the effect of temperature and resource availability on bat morphology. We used 464 museum specimens of three bat species (Eptesicus nilssonii, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, and Plecotus auritus), spanning 180 years, across a 1200 km latitudinal gradient. We found no evidence of higher summer average temperatures driving decreases in body size in bats. Jaw sizes of P. auritus and P. pygmaeus changed over time but in different directions. The geographical variation of forest cover was also related to differences in wing functional traits in two species. Crucially, there was a significant antagonistic interactive effect of forest and temperature on tip index in P. pygmaeus whereby above 14.5°C the relationship between forest and tip index actually reversed. This could indicate that higher temperatures promote more pointed wings, which may provide energetic benefits. Our results show the importance of including both climatic and land-use variables when assessing trends in bat morphology and exploring interactions. Encouragingly, all three species have shown an ability to adapt their body size and functional traits to different conditions, and it could demonstrate their potential to overcome future negative impacts of climate and land-use change.

Temporal progress of coffee leaf rust and environmental conditions affecting severity in Veracruz State, Mexico

Coffee is an important crop in Mexico. Unfortunately, coffee production has been affected by coffee leaf rust (CLR). The severity of this infection occurs with variations along the year described before in different coffee-producing regions worldwide. For Veracruz, there are available reports of weekly CLR severity, but this information is only descriptive. We analyzed variations along the year of CLR severity in Veracruz with data from municipal weekly reports provided by Mexico’s federal government phytosanitary epidemiological monitoring coffee program. We selected reports dated in 2018 from nine municipalities and after calculations of mean monthly severity values, we conducted a one-way ANOVA (months as factors) of severity data. We compared this information with other coffee-producing regions. Additionally, we explored the association of temperature, rainfall, and altitude with CLR severity using Principal Component Analysis and multiple linear regressions. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from Mexican National Meteorological Service. We found that CLR severity in January, October, November, and December (months of harvest period) was significantly higher than values from March-June. During the harvest period, coffee plants allocate resources mainly for fruiting which competes in resources for other tasks such as defense and leaf growth, so this competition of resources can explain the positive relationship found between fruit load and CLR severity. This monthly variation of severity was similar to those reported in Chiapas, Guatemala, Colombia, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Our model (R2 = 0.401) showed a significant and negative effect of altitude and medium temperature on CLR severity, while the effect of rainfall was positive. With our study, we suggest applications of fungicides in March-June when coffee plantations are in leaf phenophase. Key words: Altitude; Coffea arabica; Hemileia vastatrix; phenophase.

Pores distribution influences the soil microorganism's response to changes in temperature and moisture

Microorganisms are an essential fraction of soil organic matter, which presence and activity depend directly on soil physical conditions. This study aimed to address the effect of soil temperature and moisture under contrasting macroporosity conditions on soil biological properties. Soil physical-chemical characterization implicated the collection of composite samples and undisturbed surface soil samples (0 to 10 cm). Also, samples of undisturbed surface soil were extracted in 40 polyvinyl chloride cylinders of 18 cm diameter and 20 cm height for the arrangement of soil mesocosm as the experimental units of a completely randomized experiment with a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement. The experiment duration was 21 days, and the soil biological properties measured were microbial biomass (MB) and soil respiration (SR). Macroporosity showed a significant effect on MB, which indicates that aeration pore influences the number of microorganisms in the soil; for the SR, the macroporosity had a not significant effect. The temperature at the ranges established in the experiment did not significantly affect MB, whereas a highly significant effect of temperature over SR was observed. A highly significant effect of soil moisture was observed on MB and SR. Macroporosity, moisture, and temperature are determining factors in the presence of soil microorganisms, both directly and through the interaction between them. Herein the microorganisms have a wide range of thermal adaptation, and the effect of soil temperature can boost soil microorganisms. In turn, it was observed that the microorganisms present are significantly sensitive to the moisture deficit in soil.

Investigation the temperature-dependent surface mechanical properties of PolyJet printed samples by cyclic indentation testing in a DMA system

Tools and products used in everyday life are regularly exposed to dynamic, cyclical stress. These stresses are particularly significant in the case of polymers, as their viscoelastic behavior means that creep can be considerable even at room temperature. Therefore, polymer components are often tested for maximum deformation rather than for maximum load-bearing capacity. Basic material testing methods are tensile, compression, and flexure tests, which are excellent for determining the material properties of the bulk material. However, in some cases, it is more appropriate to investigate surface mechanical properties. The ideal method for this is the depth-sensing indentation test. This method has been widely applied to polymers in the last ten years, but cyclic tests are rare, and creep is not considered in this type of indentation test. In the case of cyclical tests, temperature dependence is not fully examined, either. This paper presents the results of cyclic indentation tests on photopolymer specimens produced by additive manufacturing with the use of a dynamic mechanical analyzer with a unique indentation clamp. We performed the tests at three temperatures to investigate the influence of temperature on cyclic indentation tests. The test results show the variation of deformation between cycles and the significant effect of temperature.

Response of a temperate coral to temperature stress: A comparison of populations across sites

The negative effects of warming temperatures on coral physiology are well-documented. However, research increasingly suggests that these effects are variable and that the degree to which corals are impacted by higher temperatures are dependent on a range of environmental and physiological variables. In tropical corals, which live near their upper thermal limits, these disparities have led to significant differences in bleaching and other negative health effects even over relatively small spatial scales. However, the response of temperate corals across small spatial scales is less well understood despite their occurrence in areas with larger temperature ranges than their tropical counterpart. To determine whether responses to thermal stress (27.4 versus 29 °C) differed in a common temperate coral species across a small geographic area, as has been documented in tropical corals, we evaluated coral growth and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) of the coral Oculina arbuscula over the course of eight weeks when grown at differing temperatures. When measured as buoyant mass (calcification), growth of O. arbuscula did not differ as a function of temperature or site of collection. In contrast, when measured as change in tissue mass or total wet mass, elevated temperature suppressed growth. Change in total wet mass also varied significantly by collection site, corals from some sites experiencing little if any growth and those from other sites experiencing negative growth. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) was significantly lower at 29 °C than at 27.4 °C. Analyses of symbionts showed that sequence variants related to the genus Breviolum made up ∼98% of all Symbiondiniaceae across all sites and temperature treatments with one variant (100% sequence identity to Breviolum psygmophilum) being 91% of the total community. Only one Symbiodiniaceae, with a 99.28% sequence identity to Breviolum psygmophilum, differed significantly as a function of temperature. It also comprised only 1–3% of the community. Bacterial microbiome variance increased during our experiment, but there were no significant effects of temperature or collection site. For O. arbuscula from these collection sites, location did not impact the coral's ability to withstand the effects of temperature stress.

Addition of Tomato Powder in the Diet of Native Laying Hens Formulated with Sardine Oil and Effects on Functional and Sensory Properties of Eggs

The functional and sensory properties of eggs from native laying hens fed the diets incorporated with sardine oil and tomato powder were investigated. Native laying hens (n=120; 28 weeks old) received four dietary treatments, control (sardine oil 0% + tomato powder 0%), T1 (sardine oil 2.5% + tomato powder 0%), T2 (sardine oil 2.5% + tomato powder 0.5%), and T3 (sardine oil 2.5% + tomato powder 1%). Each treatment comprised six replications and employed five birds each. The experimental design used was a 3×3×2 Completely Randomized Factorial Design with the first factor was dietary treatment, the second factor was storage time, and the third factor was storage temperature. Functional and sensory properties data were analyzed by multivariate ANOVA and one-way ANOVA, respectively, and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was applied to separate the significant values between treatments. Dietary treatment, storage time, and storage temperature showed a significant interaction with the foaming ability (P&lt;0.05). The dietary treatment alone did not give any significant effect on foaming ability. The result also showed a sole significant effect of storage temperature on the foam stability (P&lt;0.05). The combination of tomato powder in the sardine oil-supplemented diet improved the color, odor, taste, and texture of fried egg yolk (P&lt;0.05). Dietary sardine oil of up to 2.5% and tomato powder of up to 1% acted synergistically in improving sensory properties without decreasing the functional properties of eggs. Tomato powder could be used in feed formulation containing sardine oil to give beneficial effects on the functional and sensory properties of eggs produced by native laying hens.&#x0D; Keywords: Egg, Emulsion Stability, Foaming Ability, Sensory

The effects of temperature stress and population origin on the thermal sensitivity of Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae

Increased environmental temperature is one of the most frequent stresses effecting metabolic rate in herbivorous insect species. Our goal was to compare the influence of increased environmental temperature and induced thermotolerance on the activity of midgut phosphatases and brain tissue hsp70 concentration in 5th instar Lymantria dispar larvae originating from an unpolluted and polluted forest. Induced thermotolerance (larval pre-treatment at high, sub-lethal temperature) increases the species ability to overcome the negative effects of thermal stress, therefore we monitored the effect of this regime in larvae originating from both forests. Thermal regimes in this experiment predominantly influenced the alkaline phosphatases activity and it was affected by temperature, population origin, and their combined effect. Total acid phosphatases activity was changed only by the joint effect of temperature and population origin. Brain hsp70 concentration was under a significant individual and joint effect of temperature and population. In both populations, brain tissue hsp70 concentration and alkaline phosphatases activity should be taken under consideration as a battery with biomarker potential for thermal stress in L. dispar larvae as a bioindicator species.

Temperature and particulate matter as environmental factors associated with seasonality of influenza incidence – an approach using Earth observation-based modeling in a health insurance cohort study from Baden-Württemberg (Germany)

BackgroundInfluenza seasonality has been frequently studied, but its mechanisms are not clear. Urban in-situ studies have linked influenza to meteorological or pollutant stressors. Few studies have investigated rural and less polluted areas in temperate climate zones.ObjectivesWe examined influences of medium-term residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NO2, SO2, air temperature and precipitation on influenza incidence.MethodsTo obtain complete spatial coverage of Baden-Württemberg, we modeled environmental exposure from data of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and of the Copernicus Climate Change Service. We computed spatiotemporal aggregates to reflect quarterly mean values at post-code level. Moreover, we prepared health insurance data to yield influenza incidence between January 2010 and December 2018. We used generalized additive models, with Gaussian Markov random field smoothers for spatial input, whilst using or not using quarter as temporal input.ResultsIn the 3.85 million cohort, 513,404 influenza cases occurred over the 9-year period, with 53.6% occurring in quarter 1 (January to March), and 10.2%, 9.4% and 26.8% in quarters 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Statistical modeling yielded highly significant effects of air temperature, precipitation, PM2.5 and NO2. Computation of stressor-specific gains revealed up to 3499 infections per 100,000 AOK clients per year that are attributable to lowering ambient mean air temperature from 18.71 °C to 2.01 °C. Stressor specific gains were also substantial for fine particulate matter, yielding up to 502 attributable infections per 100,000 clients per year for an increase from 7.49 μg/m3 to 15.98 μg/m3.ConclusionsWhilst strong statistical association of temperature with other stressors makes it difficult to distinguish between direct and mediated temperature effects, results confirm genuine effects by fine particulate matter on influenza infections for both rural and urban areas in a temperate climate. Future studies should attempt to further establish the mediating mechanisms to inform public health policies.