Significant Natural Resources Research Articles

Papaver species: usage areas, essential oil, nutrient and elements contents, biological activities

In this study, the utilisation areas, general characteristics, biological activities, mineral and nutrient contents, and chemical compositions of Papaver species were compiled based on literature data. The research findings indicate that Papaver species are consumed either directly or in conjunction with other food products. Furthermore, it has been determined that the Papaver plant material contains significant amounts of essential nutrients and minerals. Additionally, it has been determined that Papaver species may serve as a natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer compounds. It has been observed that the compounds reported in Papaver species may be an important source of many biological activities. As a result, it has been determined that Papaver species could be a significant natural resource.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF RURAL HOUSING TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF BOUIRA PROVINCE

Through this research, we attempt to uncover the true situation of housing in the rural areas of the provinceand the effective means to rejuvenate it. We also examine the current status of this sector according to policy models and programs applied to it, aimed at developing this sensitive aspect in order to achieve population distribution balance and eliminate overcrowding in cities while revitalizing neglected regions. The province of Bouira is primarily characterized by its agricultural and pastoral nature, thanks to the distinctive features that define it. Given the necessity of developing rural areas, especially those rich in significant natural and human resources, to promote the housing sector in rural areas practically and seriously, Bouiraprovince stands out. We wanted to study this region because of its great importance, as it belongs to the high plateaus, a vital and extensive area around which the future of development in Algeria revolves. It is one of the regions that has received state attention in the field of rural housing through the First Five-Year Plan (2005- 2009) and the Second Five-Year Plan (2010-2014). It has become one of the attractive rural areas for residents, serving as a link between coastal areas and the high plateau region

Identification of Soil Types and Salinity Using MODIS Terra Data and Machine Learning Techniques in Multiple Regions of Pakistan.

Soil, a significant natural resource, plays a crucial role in supporting various ecosystems and serves as the foundation of Pakistan's economy due to its primary use in agriculture. Hence, timely monitoring of soil type and salinity is essential. However, traditional methods for identifying soil types and detecting salinity are time-consuming, requiring expert intervention and extensive laboratory experiments. The objective of this study is to propose a model that leverages MODIS Terra data to identify soil types and detect soil salinity. To achieve this, 195 soil samples were collected from Lahore, Kot Addu, and Kohat, dating from October 2022 to November 2022. Simultaneously, spectral data of the same regions were obtained to spatially map soil types and salinity of bare land. The spectral reflectance of band values, salinity indices, and vegetation indices were utilized to classify the soil types and predict soil salinity. To perform the classification and regression tasks, the study employed three popular techniques in the research community: Random Forest (RF), Ada Boost (AB), and Gradient Boosting (GB), along with Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Extra Tree (ET). A 70-30 test train validation split was used for the implementation of these techniques. The efficacy of the multi-class classification models for soil types was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. On the other hand, the regression models' performances were evaluated and compared using R-squared (R2), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The results demonstrated that Random Forest outperformed other methods for both predicting soil types (accuracy = 65.38, precision = 0.60, recall = 0.57, and f1-score = 0.57) and predicting salinity (R2 = 0.90, MAE = 0.56, MSE = 0.98, RMSE = 0.97). Finally, the study designed a web portal to enable real-time prediction of soil types and salinity using these models. This web portal can be utilized by farmers and decision-makers to make informed decisions regarding soil, crop cultivation, and agricultural planning.

Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand

Abstract. Appamaraka S, Saensouk S, Saensouk P, Junsongduang A, Setyawan AD. 2023. Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants in the Don Pu Ta Forest by Kaloeng Ethnic Group, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 4617-4635. Don Pu Ta Forest (in Thailand) is a vital conservation area with significant natural resources that are intertwined with the way of life, traditions, beliefs, and culture of the local community. This ecosystem fosters interdependence among its components. The local healers rely on the medicinal plants found in the Don Pu Ta Forest to provide healthcare to the people in their community. This research aimed to investigate the plant diversity, ethnobotanical knowledge, and medicinal plant utilization in the Don Pu Ta Forest, specifically within the Kaloeng Ethnic Group of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving three indigenous healers and 220 local residents between January 2016 and November 2017. The interviews focused on plant usage, local names, utilized plant parts, methods of use, and medicinal properties. We also conducted vegetation analysis to assess the diversity and composition of vegetation in the Don Pu Ta Forest. The findings revealed that the Don Pu Ta Forest of the Kaloeng Ethnic Group in Sakon Nakhon Province contained medicinal plants from 28 families and 44 species. The biodiversity index (H') was calculated as 3.34, the Evenness Index (E) as 0.88, and the highest importance value index (IVI) as 25.26. Interviews with folk medicine healers identified the use of medicinal plants for treating 29 different symptoms. Notably, Micromelum minutum (Forst.f.) Wright & Arn., Rhodamnia dumetorum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Garcinia cowa Roxb., and Casearia grewiifolia var. grewiifolia exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) at 100%. The results of this study imply that ancestral wisdom's role in shaping the Kaloeng group's medicinal traditions, advocating for their integration with contemporary healthcare. In summary, the study offers valuable insights into the diversity, importance, and ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in Don Pu Ta Forest, emphasizing possibilities for conservation, sustainable practices, and further exploration of these resources for healthcare benefits.

К вопросу развития производительных сил Нижневолжского региона

The South Volga region is currently a modest subject among the resource-producing regions of Russia. At the same time, the region has unique reserves of a number of minerals that may be in demand with a certain development of world technologies and the world economy. These include Saratov oil shales, Volgograd bischofite, and Astrakhan sulfur. The development of the economy of the South Volga region requires purposeful research of the most significant natural resources in terms of the conditions of occurrence, the size of reserves and their distribution, development conditions, and development problems. To solve these problems, it is necessary to assess the possibility of using modern technologies for their development, conduct a pre-project risk analysis, and assess the feasibility, nature, and degree of participation of the principal enterprises of the region in the development of deposits.

Pimpinella species (Anise): Traditional use, Mineral, Nutrient and Chemical contents, Biological activities

Objective: Plants, which are natural materials of great importance to humans, are currently utilised for various purposes. The utilisation of plants with nourishing properties for the treatment of diseases has a long history.
 Material-Method: 
 In this study, the general characteristics, usage areas, mineral and nutrient contents, biological activities, and chemical compositions of Pimpinella species reported in the literature have been compiled. The literature review reveals that the plant is widely used in traditional medicine. 
 Results: Furthermore, it has been determined that they may serve as significant natural resources in terms of their mineral, nutritional, and chemical content. Furthermore, it has been observed based on reported data in the literature that Pimpinella species exhibit high levels of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
 Conclusion: Within this context, it has been observed that Pimpinella species can be significant sources not only in terms of their nutritional properties but also from a medicinal perspective.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Green Bridge Construction Based on a Game Theory–Radar Chart Combination

The construction of large bridges requires significant natural resource consumption and causes widespread environmental damage, violating the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to build a comprehensive evaluation system for green construction. This paper took a bridge as a research object to establish a green construction evaluation index system based on GB/T 50640-2010, the “Green Construction Evaluation Standard for Construction Projects”. A combined game theory–radar chart method was adopted to evaluate the level of green construction for five construction schemes. The results were Scheme II > Scheme IV > Scheme III > Scheme I > Scheme V, where Scheme II was the best. The evaluations in this paper were consistent with those obtained by the G1-TOPSIS method; however, a combined-assignment method was used to avoid the one-sidedness of single-assignment, and to make the evaluations more objective.

In-situ Rice Residue Management Practices and Its Impact on Climate, Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity: A Review

Around two-thirds of all food contributes in India is produced in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), where rice and wheat are the two main crops. In India, rice is grown on the largest percentage of land (32%) followed by wheat (23%). Reusing rice residues has an impact on the soil's characteristics and crop yield. Rice residues are significant natural resources. With a total yield of 10 to 12 t/ha, a rice-wheat sequence depletes the soil of more than 300 kg N, 30 kg P, and 300 kg K per ha. Residue burning results in nutrient losses of 100% C, 90% N, 60% S, and 25% each of P and K. Air pollution has a negative impact on health, including respiratory conditions, eye and skin irritation, and other conditions. An analysis has been done based on the stated research findings from various researchers. It is necessary to study and update the technology in order to prevent residues from burning in the rice and wheat cropping system. A good alternative for their management is to in-situ incorporate rice wastes with microbial consortia in wheat crops. Increased yield, water productivity, and profitability can be achieved by incorporating microbial consortia, while Phaleris minor weed is reduced, further enhancements to soil quality. Because rice residues are a substantial source of plant nutrients, applying them continuously will improve fertiliser management and reduce air pollution.

Cultural Significance of Mt. Mayon Natural Park: Albay’s Icon of Natural Heritage

Mt. Mayon Natural Park (MMNP), commonly known as Mayon Volcano, is one of the most celebrated natural heritages in the Province of Albay. It is a classic stratovolcano that rises 2,462 m (8, 189 ft) above sea level. This paper discussed the inherent cultural significance of MMNP by utilizing the cultural mapping approach of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) to map significant natural resources. The informants’ articulation of the significant values of the volcano is a manifestation that the site is a significant natural property in the city. However, a lot of significant data are missing to fully provide holistic and comprehensive articulation of the significance of the volcano. From this context, this paper recommends the inclusion of MMNP in the targets for the next cultural mapping exercise of Tabaco City. Moreover, an update on the diversity and distribution assessment of flora and fauna may be considered to provide the Local Government Unit of Tabaco City with the current status of biological status of the volcano as baseline data for future efforts in the conservation and protection of the site.

Economic Efficiency of Investment in Facilities and Equipment for Grains Storing

Abstract Serbia disposes with strong tradition in crop production, followed by significant natural resources and favorable climate conditions. Despite the good results in grain production, farms are in general economically so weak to possess and use the storing facilities, while they sell the products immediately after the harvest. After reconsidering the lack of storing facilities and consequences it affects, strategic strivings in strengthening of farm competitiveness initiate in previous period public support turned to building of storage capacities and purchase of necessary equipment. In paper was presented the assessment (by the use of dynamic and static methods) of economic effectiveness of investment in storing capacities, i.e. silos, showing that this investment (supported by public incentives) could represent the economically justified business decision for certain farms turned to crop, specifically grains production.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF THE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF THE NORTH KAZAKHSTAN REGION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORNITHOLOGICAL TOURISM

To assess the potential of the allocated Important Bird Areas (IBA) of the North Kazakhstan region for the development of ecological tourism in the region. The work uses the materials of field research of domestic and international ornithological expeditions, cartographic method, statistical and mathematical processing of the data obtained. The territory of the North Kazakhstan region is of interest for the development of ornithological tourism. This is facilitated by the natural resource potential of the allocated promising IBA. The borders of these territories coincide with lake ecosystems located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the region. The selected ornithological areas are confined to lake ecosystems that are on the way of migrations and nesting of birds. IBA are characterized by floristic and faunal diversity, insignificant human development. The habitation of rare and endangered species has been noted. The presence of roads ensures accessibility to the studied territories of tourists and wildlife lovers from Kazakhstan, near and far abroad. The allocated territories may be used not only for ornithological, but also for recreational and educational tourism, as well as amateur fishing. The results of the resource potential assessment confirm the prospects for the development of ornithological tourism in the territory of the North Kazakhstan region in the implementation of environmental measures aimed at preserving the uniqueness of ecosystems. The selected IBA have significant natural resource potential and uniqueness. Key territories associated with lake ecosystems can serve for the development of ornithological and recreational tourism. The comprehensive assessment made it possible to identify the weighting coefficient of the studied properties of the territories. This confirms the fact about the prospects of their use as unique natural objects for scientific research, amateur fishing, various types of tourism on the territory of the North Kazakhstan region.

In Situ IoT Development and Application for Continuous Water Monitoring in a Lentic Ecosystem in South Brazil

The monitoring of water resources through conventional methods, related to a manual process when performing the sample collection, followed by laboratory analysis, presents some difficulties concerning the logistics of the process, such as access to the interior of a lake, in addition to often being based on a small number of samples. The concept of the internet of things (IoT) is used here to collect data through five parametric probes contained in the floating station located inside a lake and inform them in real time continuously. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the applicability of the IoT concept in the continuous monitoring of water in a lentic environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a tool for this. Upon reaching this objective, the advantages observed in this research confirmed that the IoT paradigm is an essential resource, justifying a natural tendency to establish itself when there is a need to collect data efficiently and continuously. Furthermore, the experimental result proves the IoT concept’s efficiency, agility, and reliability to environmental issues, especially regarding the most significant natural and indispensable resource for the planet, water.

Natural resources extraction and sustainable development: Linear and non-linear resources curse hypothesis perspective for high income countries

The Natural Resources Reserves are essential components of the economies of not just all of the nations of the world but also of the vast majority of those nations, the majority of which get a considerable advantage from their resources. High income countries are characterized by their diversified economies and their relatively low dependence on natural resources for government revenue. Resource extraction often generates significant rent-seeking behavior and corruption, which can result in inefficient allocation of resources and stifle economic growth. Hence, this study examines the nexus between TNRs and GDP for 31 high income nations for the period of 1990–2020. The economies used as examples in this research are fortunate to have access to a significant natural resource, which helps to improve the countries' long-term growth. The quantile regression method is utilized in this study so that the model may be estimated. This study employs the quantile regression method to examine the relationship between TNRs, and economic growth in the presence of control variables. The findings show that resource curse hypothesis is valid in case of high-income countries. As a consequence of this, the conclusion that may be reached is that natural resource rent is detrimental to the expansion of the economy in high income countries.

Optimisation of recycled concrete aggregates for cement-treated bases by response surface method

ABSTRACT Sustainability is a primary concern that needs to be addressed since infrastructure development requires significant natural resources. Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) for road construction has numerous benefits in saving natural resources and the environment. In the present investigation, the demolition waste is being used for road construction, partially/fully replacing natural aggregates. The Cement Treated Recycled Concrete Aggregate (CTRCA) specimens were prepared at 3%, 5%, and 7% cement with various blends of RCA and Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA) ranging from 0 to 100%. The strength characteristics in terms of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Flexural Strength (FS), Elastic Modulus, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and durability tests were conducted on cured samples. Microstructural analysis using Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) revealed that the pores and cracks in the old mortar have a detrimental influence on the mechanical properties of CTRCA mixes. However, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and durability tests have shown positive results. The Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilised to optimise the RCA and cement content in CTRCA mixes. The research resulted in the maximum possible RCA of up to 70% with a cement content of 5.8%, which met the Indian Road Congress (IRC) specifications for Cement Treated Bases (CTB).

Conservation Paleobiology and the Stewardship of U.S. National Park Service Paleontological Resources

Conservation biology, and the descendent discipline conservation paleobiology, are philosophically aligned with the mission of the National Park Service (NPS), including near time and deep time frameworks. As defined in the Organic Act of August 25, 1916, the purpose and mission of the NPS is “…to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations”. This conservation mandate is broadly inclusive of grizzly bears, redwood trees, and dinosaur bones equally, throughout the 424 officially designated parks, monuments, and other areas managed by the NPS. Although conservation paleobiology is reported by some to be a new and integrated field of study, there are remarkable similarities to traditional and old school perspectives which embraced natural history more holistically during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Notably, the written contributions by Charles Darwin, Aldo Leopold, and Edward Abbey synthesize observations at the global and landscape scales, promoting conservation advocacy of the natural world, past and present. U.S. National Park Service areas preserve some of Planet Earth’s most globally significant natural resources, ecological systems, and biosphere reserves. Discoveries of fossil condors and mummified bats within caves of Grand Canyon National Park, the co-occurrence of human and megafaunal footprints preserved in Late Pleistocene strata at White Sands National Park, and pygmy mammoth remains on Channel Islands National Park, collectively demonstrate how valuable temporal and historical biological perspectives contribute to science, stewardship, and resources management in parks and beyond. The paleobiology community is cordially invited to join in the holistic study and conservation of the near time and deep time resources in the national parks.

Geopolitical and geostrategic situation of Lithuania in the context of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation - with an outlook to 2019

ObjectivesThis paper discusses the problems faced by Lithuania in its current geopolitical and geostrategic situation, as a post-Soviet state that has fairly recently joined the structures of the European Union and NATO. As one of the Baltic States with a relatively small territory and without significant natural resources, it must rely on cooperation with other states and the trade exchange, mainly with the Russian Federation. Lithuania is a small state, which - seemingly - would be capable of pursuing only regional politics, not geopolitics in the strategic sense.Methodsanalysys, inference, reductive reasoning, SWOT analysisResultsThe conducted analysis and rational assessment of Lithuania's geopolitical and geostrategic problems shows that it is increasingly difficult to predict the direction in which the broadly defined policy and strategy of the country will develop in the 21st century and in the far future.ConclusionsBased on the consideration presented in this paper, it can be concluded that Lithuania, as a member of the European Union and NATO, does not have its own geopolitics and geostrategy, as it is still dependent on the policy of the Russian Federation. This dependence is, to a large extent, due to its geographical location in the Baltic region, through which important communication and transport routes from the Russian Federation to Central and Western Europe run. In addition, almost 6 per cent of Lithuania's population are Russians, in relation to whom the Russian government pursues its own demographic policy by indoctrinating them in Russian schools and universities.

The role of brics countries in the modern global economic space

The article examines the place of the BRICS countries integration association in the global economic space. It was determined that the intensification of the economic influence of the BRICS economies over the last decade will transform the global economy. BRICS has great economic and political potential, which remains fully unrealized. Brazil, russia, India, China and South Africa have significant integration potential, the implementation of which will allow more effective influence on global processes. A suitable monetary policy with the dual goals of boosting international reserves and decreasing public debt contributes to macroeconomic stability. The BRICS countries have significant natural resources, which include energy carriers, vast spaces, unique ecological, in particular, freshwater reserves, as well as the «lungs of the planet». As a result, the economic and resource base of the BRICS can meet the needs of all humanity, should the need arise. Countries have the potential to become important sources of FDI, including flows to developing countries and among themselves, supporting so-called South-South cooperation. In the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic, the BRICS countries confirmed their readiness to respond flexibly to the changing situation in the world and demonstrated unity in the face of new challenges and threats. Thus, the New Development Bank established within BRICS timely announced the creation of a special credit mechanism to overcome the consequences of the coronavirus infection. At this time, the members of the interstate association are actively exchanging experience with the aim of reducing the spread of covid-19 and preventing the emergence of new foci of infection. It was determined that the global institutional system should be based on the network principle of the organization of power, since the significant concentration of economic entities on global markets under the objective trends of the growth of the population of the earth, the increase in the amount of resource consumption and other circumstances require making mobile and flexible decisions and reducing costs for the maintenance of the administrative apparatus. It was concluded that the coordinated digital transformation of the BRICS space, the real strengthening of digital interaction within the framework of the common platform, financial and interbank cooperation, deepening of trade relations, increasing the intra-group investment flow, etc., can be promising vectors for the development of cooperation within the framework of BRICS.

СІЛЬСЬКИЙ (ЗЕЛЕНИЙ) ТУРИЗМ ЯК ІННОВАЦІЙНА ФОРМА ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НА ЧЕРКАЩИНІ: МАРКЕТИНГОВИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article analyzes the conditions for establishing and implementing activities in the field of rural (green) tourism at the regional level. The concept of "rural (green) tourism" has been investigated and the author's own definition of "rural (green) tourism" has been proposed. It is stated that running a tourism business in rural areas is a socially significant type of entrepreneurial activity that contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas: infrastructure development, improvement of the quality of life, increase of local population's income, creation of jobs, support and preservation of traditions and culture, environmental protection. During the investigation, it was found that entrepreneurial activity in the field of rural (green) tourism is an important area of territorial development of Ukraine and an alternative type of economic activity in rural areas. The analysis of the conditions for the development of rural (green) tourism at the micro and macro levels has made it possible to state the fact of the dynamic development of this type of tourism activity. After conducting a territorial analysis of the development of rural (green) tourism in Ukraine, there have been identified the regions (oblasts) where this type of tourism activity has become particularly prevalent. It is mentioned that rural (green) tourism can act as an innovative form of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which can be a solution to many problems for the rural population. The results of the marketing analysis regarding the specifiсity of doing business in the field of rural (green) tourism in Cherkasy region made it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism business environment and to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the territory. The factors of development of rural (green) tourism in Cherkasy region are defined and considered. It is summarized that Cherkasy region possesses a significant natural and material resource for the development of rural (green) tourism. Nevertheless, there are complex problems that impede the development of a given type of tourism. The awareness of existing problems, reduction of problematic aspects and strengthening of competitive advantages will allow the development of rural (green) tourism in the region.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Natural Resources against Breast Cancer

For ages, natural resources plants and herbs have been used in homeopathic medicines to prevent and cure multiple diseases. Although in this era, synthetic medicines are being frequently utilized by patients with breast cancer, their frequent use causes multiple adverse effects on the body. It is much needed to find new anti-cancer agents with less toxicity. Natural medicines have no or less toxicity and show effective potential to cure breast cancer. There are several plants and herbs which possess anticancer features. A variety of herbs and plants contain multiple phytochemicals like flavonoids, essential oils, ligands, carotenoids, terpenoids, flavones, polyphenols etc. Anti cancerous chemotherapeutic drugs are being used to treat cancer. But they cause harmful side effects. Hence, we need to discover new and natural resources which show no or less toxic effects. In this review, we evaluated significant natural resources to treat breast cancer. Garlic, flax seed, moringa, burdock, ginseng, saffron and oregano show the potential to cure breast cancer. These plants and herbal extracts lessen tumor growth, reduce cancer cell propagation, and show the ability to prevent and alleviate breast cancer. These compounds are essential for human health and prevent us from various diseases. Phytochemicals are important and beneficial for curing various diseases, including breast cancer. This review has described the bioactive properties of a variety of plants and herbs. These natural herbs and plants are an effective strategy to treat breast cancer without toxic effects.

What do the AI methods tell us about predicting price volatility of key natural resources: Evidence from hyperparameter tuning

Volatility plays a significant role in pricing derivatives, managing portfolio risk, and using hedging strategies in the financial markets. As a result, it is imperative to precisely estimate the volatility of key natural resources, including crude oil, gold, copper, natural gas, and silver. The likelihood of some countries' budget deficits exceeding permissible levels increased due to recent uncertainties brought on by geo-political threats. This article employs a hybrid model of LSTM-GJR-GARCH (1,1) with hyperparameter tuning to forecast the volatility of the prices of significant natural resources using daily closing prices for crude oil, natural gas, silver, copper, and gold from January 2012 to July 2022. Our results demonstrate that, compared to utilising standard LSTM-GJR-GARCH, employing hyperparameter adjustment increases volatility predictions by an average of 40%–70%. We also looked at the connection between the geo-political risk index and the overall connectedness of natural resources. Our findings suggest that geo-political risk uncertainty does not account for the overall interconnectedness of natural resources’ prices. Because they may better understand future volatility and manage their portfolios and budgets by estimating the price volatility of natural resources, our findings are important for politicians, governments, and investors.