Significant Increase In TSH Research Articles

The clinical significance of low dose biotin supplements (

BackgroundIn the last decade, the combination of the widespread use of streptavidin–biotin technology and biotin–containing supplements (BCS) in the daily clinical practice, have led to numerous reports of erroneous hormone immunoassay results. However, there are no studies assessing the clinical and biochemical significance of that phenomenon, when treating patients with hypothyroidism. Therefore, a prospective study was designed to investigate the potential alterations in the measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations and clinical consequences in patients with hypothyroidism using low -dose BCS containing less than 300 μg/day.MethodsFifty-seven patients on thyroxine supplementation, as a result of hypothyroidism and concurrent use of BCS at a dose <300μg/day for 10 to 60 days were prospectively evaluated. Namely, TSH and free T4 (FT4) concentration measurements were performed, during BC supplementation and 10 days post BCS discontinuation and compared to 31 age-matched patients with supplemented hypothyroidism and without BCS.ResultsA statistically significant increase in TSH and decline in FT4 concentrations was observed after BCS discontinuation. However, on clinical grounds, these modifications were minor and led to medication dose adjustment in only 2/57 patients (3.51%) in whom TSH was notably decreased after supplement discontinuation.ConclusionOur study suggests that changes in thyroid hormones profiling, due to supplements containing low dose biotin, are of minimal clinical relevance and in most cases don’t occult the need to adjust the thyroxine replacement dose in patients with hypothyroidism. Larger, well-designed trials are required to further evaluate this phenomenon.

Goiter in Cross Breed Goat Kids at Basrah Province, Iraq.

Cases of Goiter related to iodine deficiency in cross-breed goat kids in Basrah, Iraq are very scarce, and little information has been provided; therefore, the present study highlighted a clinical case of goat kids suffering from Goiter due to iodine deficiency with hematological and biochemical evaluation. The study examined 44 cross-breed goat kids, 1-3 months old (males and females), who showed painless palpable enlargement on one side of the cranio-ventral neck region or near the throat rejoin with weakness and alopecia. Ten clinically healthy kids of the same age were considered a control group. This study's diseased and control group was subjected to complete clinical examinations. Diseased animals show painless palpable and visible enlarged thyroid glands with or without enlargement of the neck, sparse hair coats with little alopecia, slow growth rate, irregular appetite or unwillingness to suck, weakness, and emaciation. Furthermore, the presence of thyroid thrill during palpation of jugular furrow was also detected. Moreover, diseased goat kids show no significant difference in body temperature; however, a significant increase was encountered in respiratory rate with a significant decrease in heart rate. On the other hand, no significant changes have been detected in the hematological analysis between diseased goat kids and the control group concerning the chemical analysis between the diseased cross-breed goat kids and the control group; the results of the present study indicated a significant increase in TSH, whereas, T3, T4, FT4, glucose level, Vit. E (α-tocopherol) and serum glutathione peroxides were lowered in diseased cross-breed goat kids compared with the control group. In contrast, a significant hyper- cholesterolemia was indicated in diseased animals than in the control group. It was concluded that Goiter in kids could reflect harm effects terminated mostly with death. Therefore, improving the maternal diet is an important reason to reduce the development of the disease.

The longitudinal effect of oxcarbazepine on thyroid function in children and adolescents with epilepsy.

Thyroid hormone abnormalities have been linked to antiseizure medications (ASMs). Oxcarbazepine is considered safer than carbamazepine because it induces the hepatic cytochrome P450 metabolic enzymes less than the carbamazepine does. However, limited data exist for the influence of oxcarbazepine on thyroid function in children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of oxcarbazepine on thyroid function in these patients. A total of 162 pediatric patients with epilepsy who started oxcarbazepine for the first time between April 2003 and May 2020 were enrolled. The longitudinal effects of oxcarbazepine for thyroid functions were confirmed using general estimating equations. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels decreased significantly during 5 years of follow-up (all p's < .001). In particular, T3 and fT4 levels were reduced steeply in the first 2 years of oxcarbazepine treatment. There was no significant change in thyroid-stimulating hormone during oxcarbazepine treatment. Serum T3, T4, and fT4 levels decreased significantly during oxcarbazepine use, and this change was maintained during the treatment period. In patients receiving oxcarbazepine, it is recommended that periodic thyroid function testing should be performed, especially within the first 2 years after starting this ASM. Our results indicate that oxcarbazepine-induced hypothyroidism does not appear to be accompanied by a significant increase in TSH, and consequently might be missed if TSH alone is monitored as a measure of thyroid dysfunction.

Effect of a bradykinin potentiating factor separated from honey bee venom on thyroid gland and testis in hypothyroid white rats

BackgroundAnimal venoms have been known as a source of drugs beneficial to human health. Accordingly, this study was designed to determine the effect of bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) separated from honey bee venom, Apis mellifera on histological structure, thyroid and male sex hormones of the thyroid gland and testis in a model of hypothyroid male white rats induced by carbimazole.ResultsThis study includes male rats divided into 6 main and sub-groups (10 rats in each group). Control group, carbimazole group, levothyroxine group, BPF group, carbimazole group treated with levothyroxine and carbimazole group treated with BPF. At the end of experiments (60 days) rats were sacrificed and dissected; the blood was collected for determination of thyroid and male sex hormones. Also, the thyroid gland and testis were taken to histological study. The results indicated that, carbimazole group showed a highly significant decrease in thyroid hormones (T4, T3, Ft4 and Ft3) and male sex hormones (LH, FSH and testosterone), but a significant increase in TSH compared to control group. The results revealed that, treated groups with levothyroxine or BPF have significant increase in thyroid and male sex hormones and significant decreasein TSH. A significant improvement was detected in co-treated groups (hypothyroid groups) with levothyroxine or (BPF). Also, the present study showed a histopathological change in thyroid gland and testis of hypothyroid male rats.ConclusionTreated hypothyroid rats with levothyroxine as a drug and BPF as a natural product showed an improvement of these complications induced by carbimazole in thyroid gland and testis. Therefore, BPF may be benefical in treatment of hypothyroidism.

English

Worldwide extensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural production poses potential ecotoxicological effects and disturbs aquatic biota, more specially fish. This study aims to evaluate comparative effects of selected agrochemicals such as profenofos, endosulfan and deltamethrin on biochemical, endocrine and genetic profiles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Forty healthy carp (50 ± 7.45g and 15 ± 5.86 cm) were selected randomly and equally divided into four groups; control group labeled as E0 and three treated groups having 4 ppb of profenofos, deltamethrin and endosulfan, labeled as E1, E2, E3 respectively. Fish were exposed to chemicals for 96 h. Obtained results revealed that, significant changes were observed in biochemical parameters of treated groups in comparison with control group (P &lt; 0.05): glucose, creatinine, serum amylase, alkaline phosphate, sodium and phosphorus levels increased significantly, while a significant (P &lt; 0.05) reduction was recorded in serum protein, triglycerides, serum lipase and magnesium levels. Whereas significant increase in TSH and cortisol levels were found, while significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in T3, T4 and insulin level were observed in experimental groups as compared to control group. Genetic parameters were also affected under the stressors and showed significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in micronuclei frequency in erythrocytes of treated fish compared to the control group. Toxicities of the three agrochemicals were: endosulfan &gt; deltamethrin &gt; profenofos. The obtained results provide solid evidence that unobservant use of such agrochemical causes a pernicious effect on nontarget organisms such as fish. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

The toxicity of fumonisin B1on some biochemical and immunological parameters and its detoxification by red cabbage and garlic

The protective effects of red cabbage and garlic extracts against liver, kidney and thyroid gland damage induced by fumonisin B1 (FB1) in male mice were studied. Sixty mice divided in to six groups. Group one are the healthy mice, Group two are mice that received a daily oral dose of only FB-1 (100 µg/kg.b.w) for 1 month, Group three: are mice that received red cabbage extract (500 mg/kg.bw) plus FB1, Group four: are mice that received red cabbage extracts, Group five: are mice that received garlic extract (500mg/kg.bw) plus FB1, group 6:are mice that received only garlic extract. After finishing the experiments, samples of blood were used for biochemical examination. The results indicated that group (2) mice treated with fumonisin B1 had significantly increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), kidney function parameters (urea and creatinine), proteins (albumin and total protein (TP)), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), along with significantly decreased level of TSH (p &lt; 0.05). In the LD50 experiment, we are choose concentration (100 µg/kg.b.w) gavage to the mice. Oral administration red cabbage garlic extracts produced significantl reduction the levels serum IgG, IgM, T3, T4, urea, creatinine, TP and albumin and with a significant increase in TSH.

The Evaluation of Pretreatment and Posttreatment Platelet/Lymphocyte and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratios in Patients with Hyperthyroidism

Amaç: Hipertiroidizm, yüksek serbest triiyodotironin (serbest T3) ve / veya serbest tiroksin düzeyleri (serbest T4) ile birlikte subnormal (genellikle saptanamayan) bir serum tirotropin (TSH) olarak tanımlanır. Endojen hipertiroidi en sık Graves hastalığı (GH) veya nodüler tiroid hastalığına bağlıdır. GH başta tiroid bezi olmak üzere, göz ve nadiren cildi tutan otoimmün bir hastalıktır. Hastalık genelde hipertiroidiye bağlı semptomlar ile tanınır. Tedavisinde anti-tiroid ilaçlar kullanılmakta olup, bu ilaçlar tiroid hormon sentezinin yanısıra anti-inflamatuar özelliklere de sahiptir. Trombosit/lenfosit (TLO) ve nötrofil/lenfosit (NLO) oranları ise rutin kan sayımından elde edilen, ucuz ve tekrarlanabilir, sistemik inflamasyon belirteçleridir. Hipertirodide tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrası TLO ve NLO’ nın değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmaya Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Endokrinoloji Polikliniği’ne başvuran hastaların geçmişe yönelik kayıtları incelenerek hipertiroidi tanısı alan ve medikal tedavi başlanan hastalar alındı. Aktif enfeksiyonu ve hematolojik patolojisi olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmedi. Hastaların kayıtlarından tanı anındaki ve 3-6 ay sonraki laboratuvar sonuçları değerlendirildi. Medikal tedavi öncesi ve sonrası NLO ve TLO değerlerinin karşılaştırılması planlandı.Bulgular: GH grubunda tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrası TSH, sT3, sT4, lökosit, nötrofil, lenfosit ve hemoglobin düzeylerinde artış vardı ve bu artış istatistiksel anlamlıydı. Bununla birlikte toksik nodüler guatr (TNG)/multınodüler guatr (MNG) grubunda TSH, sT3, sT4 değerlerinde anlamlı artış varken, lökosit, nötrofil, lenfosit ve hemoglobin düzeylerinde tedavi öncesi ve sonrası anlamlı bir fark yoktu. GH grubunda NLO tedavi sonrası öncesine göre anlamlı yüksekti ancak TLO’nda anlamlı fark gözlenmediSonuç: Hipertiroidi özellikle en sık nedeni olan GH hemotolojik parametrelerde çeşitli mekanızmalarla değişiklik yapabilmektedir. Antitiroid ilaçlar tiroid hormon düzeyleriyle birlikte kan sayımında da değişikliklere neden olur

Preventive effects of Aframomum melegueta extracts on the reproductive complications of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in male rat.

Recent studies have demonstrated that hypothyroidism is associated with infertility. This work was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of Aframomum melegueta on testicular functions and fertility of hypothyroid male rats. Male rats were orally treated with propylthiouracil (PTU: 10mg/kg) in combination with plant aqueous or methanol seed extract (20 and 100mg/kg) for 56days. Vitamin E and clomiphene citrate served as positive controls. On day 47 of treatment, each male was mated with two adult females for fertilization potential evaluation. At the end of the treatment, genital sex organ weights, sperm characteristics, testicular histology, oxidative status, plasmatic hormones and fertility potential were evaluated. Results indicated that PTU created hypothyroidism characterised by a significant increase in TSH with reduction of T3 and T4. PTU also lowered genital sex organ weights, sperm count, viability and motility, plasmatic levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone, and increased prolactin, cholesterol and testicular oxidative stress. Alteration in sperm morphology, testis and epididymis histology, and fertilization potential was also noticed. Co-administration with A.melegueta extracts successfully reversed PTU-induced infertility without any effect on thyroid hormones. These results provide evidence that A.melegueta has a protective effect on fertility in hypothyroid condition.

Preoperative thyroid stimulating hormone level as risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer

Background: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between TSH and differentiated thyroid cancer.Methods: From September 2017-September 2018, two groups included 247 euthyroid patients with thyroid swelling who had thyroidectomy studied retrospectively and prospectively by observing preoperative TSH level. Euthyroid adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and benign thyroid conditions and euthyroid patients with any thyroid diseases who will going to have thyroidectomy were included otherwise other thyroid conditions were excluded. Patients were classified into 192 retrospective cases (Group I) and 55 prospective cases (Group II).Results: Increased age of malignant cases with a female predominance. All cases presented with a neck swelling. Clinically in group I nodular swelling in 156 cases (81.2%), diffuse swelling in 36 cases (18.8%) and in group II, nodular swelling in 47 cases (85.5%) and diffuse swelling in 8 cases (14.5%). Histopathology of group I thyroid adenoma in 5 cases (4.8%) and multinodular goiter in 100 cases (95.2%). In addition 80 cases (92%) were papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma in 7 cases (8%) while in group II; multinodular goiter in29 cases (100%) and papillary carcinoma in 21 cases (80.8%) as well as follicular carcinoma in 5 cases (19.2%) in malignant cases. Group I showed a significant increase in TSH in malignant cases with the same finding in group II.Conclusions: TSH is an indicator for thyroid malignancy and FNAC biopsy is recommended for thyroid swellings showed elevated TSH.

Adding carbimazole to levothyroxine increases triiodothyronine and improves outcome in patients with primary hypothyroidism: a preliminary study from Egypt.

BackgroundMany hypothyroid patients are not tolerant and not satisfied with levothyroxine (LT4). Older studies used large doses of both carbimazole and LT4 for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), because Graves’ disease (GD) and HT were considered as very closely related syndromes produced by thyroid autoimmunity.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the outcome after adding small doses of carbimazole to reduced doses of LT4 for patients with primary hypothyroidism, who are unable to tolerate LT4.MethodsThe study is a non-randomized, single arm, interventional study. It included 19 female patients diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism who could not tolerate LT4. Subjects were recruited from the outpatient clinic of AL-Azhar University Hospital in Damietta, Egypt from January to March 2015. They were divided into two groups; group 1 included 10 patients with HT and 2 patients with non-specified primary hypothyroidism, and group 2 included 7 patients with subtotal thyroidectomy for GD. All patients received carbimazole (10 mg/day) beside LT4 (25 μg thrice/week) for 10 weeks. Statistical analysis of the data was done by SPSS version 20, using paired-sample t-test, ANOVA, Chi square, and Pearson coefficient test.ResultsThere was significant increase in free triiodothyronine (FT3) in addition to significant improvement in depression and LT4 tolerance in the whole population. There was non-significant improvement in TSH in group 1 (p=0.053). Surprisingly, in group 2, in spite of significant increase in TSH (p=0.007) and non-significant decrease in free thyroxine (FT4), there was non-significant increase in FT3. Whether carbimazole improves the pathology of the hypothyroid gland or the peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 (where the serum and tissue levels of the latter may be responsible for improvement of symptoms) is in need of investigation.ConclusionsAdding carbimazole to LT4 improves FT3, LT4 tolerance, and depression in primary hypothyroid female patients. Further studies are required to determine the appropriate doses of this regimen in different cases.Clinical trial registrationThis study was registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registration center (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) with registration ID: TCTR20170123003.FundingThe study received no fund or grant.

Assessment of Thyroid Dysfunctions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Surman, Western-Libya

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) are the two most common endocrine disorders in clinical practice. The study aim to find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In a cross-sectional study 369 diagnosed type 2 DM patients, of which 203 are males and 166 are females, age reneged from (18 to 73) were enrolled, from July 2016 to July 2016. Their demographic data were obtained by through a questionnaire. Serum FT3, FT4, TSH and thyroid Antibodies (Tg-Ab, AM-Ab and TR-Ab) were measured using TOSOH, ELISA and enzymatic methods respectively. Out the 369 type 2 DM patients, of whom 9.5% are thyroid disorders, 2.3% have hypothyroidism, 5.0% subclinical hypothyroidism and 2.2% hyperthyroidism. Thyroid disorders are more common in female’s 16.5:1 fold. Compared with the control group, hypothyroid and subclinical hypothyroid DM patients have significant increase in TSH while significant decreases were observed in FT3 and FT4. TSH was significantly lower while FT3 and FT4 were significantly higher in hyperthyroidism DM patients. Moreover 23.3% of hypothyroidism has positive Tg-Ab, 23.3% has AM-Ab and 100% of hyperthyroidism has positive TR-Ab. The data suggested that, the prevalence of thyroid diseases is common in type 2 DM Libyan patients. Autoantibodies are the main causes of thyroid dysfunction, therefore, could predict and increase risk of thyroid disease, especially in females.

Soy Reduces Bone Turnover Markers in Women During Early Menopause: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Menopausal estrogen loss leads to an increased bone loss. Soy isoflavones can act as selective estrogen receptor modulators, their role in bone turnover is unclear. The primary outcome was assessing changes in plasma bone turnover markers. The secondary outcomes were assessing changes in cardiovascular risk markers including insulin resistance, blood pressure, and lipid profile. We performed a double-blind randomized parallel study in which 200 women within 2 years after the onset of their menopause were randomized to 15 g soy protein with 66 mg isoflavone (SPI) or 15 g soy protein alone (SP), daily for 6 months. There was a significant reduction in type I collagen crosslinked beta C-telopeptide (βCTX) (bone-resorption marker) with SPI supplementation (0.40 ± 0.17 versus 0.15 ± 0.09 μg/L; p < 0.01) compared to SP supplementation (0.35 ± 0.12 versus 0.35 ± 0.13 μg/L; p = 0.92) after 6 months. There was also a significant reduction in type I procollagen-N-propeptide (P1NP) (bone formation marker) with SPI supplementation (50.5 ± 25.0 versus 34.3 ± 17.6 μg/L; p < 0.01), more marked between 3 and 6 months. Following SPI there was a significant reduction in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and systolic blood pressure whereas no significant changes in these parameters was observed with SP. There were no significant changes in fasting lipid profile and diastolic blood pressure with either preparation. There was a significant increase in TSH and reduction in free thyroxine (p < 0.01) with SPI supplementation though free tri-iodothyronine was unchanged. In conclusion, soy protein with isoflavones may confer a beneficial effect on bone health, analogous to the mode of action of antiresorptive agents, albeit to a less magnitude. There was a significant improvement of cardiovascular risk markers, but a significant increase in TSH and reduction in free thyroxine after SPI supplementation indicating a detrimental effect on thyroid function. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Порівняльна оцінка ефективності препарату Еспа-карб у лікуванні хворих із гіпертиреозом

У статті розглядаються підходи до консервативного лікування хворих на дифузний токсичний зоб (ДТЗ). Мета дослідження — оцінка спектра дії, терапевтичної ефективності й переносимості карбімазолу (препарат Еспа-карб) порівняно з тіамазолом (препарат Мерказоліл-Здоров’я) у пацієнтів із гіпертиреозом. Матеріали та методи. Під спостереженням перебувало 55 хворих на ДТЗ, розподілених на дві групи. Перша група (n = 30) отримувала карбімазол (препарат Еспа-карб), друга група (n = 25) — тіамазол (препарат Мерказоліл-Здоров’я). Групи хворих не відрізнялися за віком, статтю, розмірами щитоподібної залози, причинами і тривалістю тиреотоксикозу.Результати. Аналіз отриманих даних свідчить про те, що в першій групі хворих відзначається більш суттєвий ефект від лікування порівняно з хворими другої групи. Середній об’єм щитоподібної залози вірогідно зменшився лише в першій групі. У середньому тиреоїдний об’єм зменшився з 37,2 ± 3,1 см3 до 29,3 ± 2,9 см3 (р &lt; 0,05). У другій групі спостерігалася тенденція до зменшення, але без статистичної вірогідності (з 36,4 ± 3,9 см3 до 32,4 ± 2,8 см3; р &gt; 0,05). У пацієнтів першої групи з ДТЗ спостерігалося вірогідне збільшення рівня ТТГ (з 0,027 ± 0,009 мМО/л до 0,37 ± 0,16 мМО/л; р &lt; 0,05) і вірогідне зменшення рівнів вТ4 (з 29,3 ± 2,3 нмоль/л до 18,4 ± 1,8 нмоль/л; р &lt; 0,05) і вТ3 (з 7,8 ± 1,6 нмоль/л до 3,2 ± ± 1,1 нмоль/л; р &lt; 0,05). При цьому підвищення показника ТТГ у хворих другої групи не досягло рівня статистичної значущості (р &gt; 0,05). У той же час у хворих другої групи відзначалося вірогідне зменшення рівнів вТ4 (з 31,4 ± 2,1 нмоль/л до 21,7 ± 1,8 нмоль/л; р &lt; 0,05) і вТ3 (з 8,2 ± 1,4 нмоль/л до 3,7 ± 1,2 нмоль/л; р &lt; 0,05). Зниження автоімунної агресії проявлялося зниженням концентрації антитіл до рТТГ, яке у хворих першої групи набуло рівня статистичної значущості. Якщо середня добова доза препаратів Еспа-карб і Мерказоліл-Здоров’я на початку лікування в обстежених групах хворих не відрізнялася, то через 6 місяців лікування середня доза карбімазолу в першій групі становила 15,8 ± 1,7 мг, а в другій групі доза тіамазолу — 19,2 ± 2,1 мг (р &gt; 0,05). Побічних явищ при лікуванні хворих обох груп упродовж шести місяців не спостерігалося. Нормалізація вмісту периферичних гормонів (вТ4 і вТ3) через 90 днів спостереження досягнута в 96,2 % хворих першої групи і в 74,1 % — другої групи. Число хворих, які досягнули нормального рівня ТТГ, вірогідно вищим було в першій групі (93,3 проти 76 %). Висновки. Встановлена більша ефективність карбімазолу порівняно з тіамазолом, що проявилося швидшим досягненням клінічного ефекту і компенсації тиреотоксикозу, вірогідним зменшенням тирео-їдного об’єму, рівня антитіл до рецептора ТТГ. Використання карбімазолу сприяє зменшенню добової дози тиреостатичних препаратів у хворих на ДТЗ, що зменшує ризик виникнення ускладнень терапії. При використанні карбімазолу протягом шести місяців у хворих на ДТЗ не було зареєстровано випадків непереносимості або будь-яких побічних ефектів.

Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on thyroid hormones and deiodinase 2 expression in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats (688.9)

Aim: The present study aimed to assess the effect of vitamin D3 administration on deiodinase 2 (D2) mRNA expression in various tissues of diabetic rats.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats (200‐250 g) were included into; control, diabetic and diabetic supplemented with vitamin D3 groups. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 45 mg/kg. Vitamin D3 was administered orally in a dose of 500 IU/kg/day in olive oil for 10 weeks. Serum levels of free T4, free T3 and TSH were measured. Tissue homogenates from liver, kidney, muscle, femur bone, heart and brain were obtained and assessed for expression of D2 mRNA.Results: Diabetic rats demonstrated significant increase in free T4 and significant decrease in free T3 with non significant increase in TSH compared to control rats. The changes in thyroid profile were ameliorated by vitamin D3 administration to diabetic rats. D2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in all tissue homogenates of diabetic rats, however vitamin D3 did enhance D2 mRNA expression especially in liver and brain of diabetic rats.Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus inhibited peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 secondary to reduction in the expression of D2 in almost all body tissues. Vitamin D3 greatly corrected the alterations in thyroid profile and D2 expression in diabetic rats and protected against the subclinical hypothyroid state that could associate diabetes mellitus.Grant Funding Source: No

Some endocrinal changes in children with β-thalassemia major

Background Endocrinal disorders are well-described in patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) and are among the most common consequences of the disease worldwide affecting patient's quality of life and causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Even with iron chelating agents, the rate of endocrinopathies remains high among thalassemia major patients. Aims To study the thyroid & parathyroid glands functions in children with Beta- thalassemia and find out the influence of iron overload on them. Patients and Methods This study was carried out on 35 children diagnosed as Beta-thalassemia major and 15 healthy children as a control group who attended the outpatient clinic as well as the inpatient Pediatric Department, Qena University Hospital. All patients were subjected to thorough medical history, clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound. Laboratory investigations were done to confirm diagnosis and severity of the disease and iron status. Calcium, phosphorus, TSH, T3 & T4 and Parathormone (PTH) levels were detected to find out the thyroid and parathyroid gland functions. Results There were significant increase in TSH and decrease in T4 and PTH levels in cases than in control. There were also significant increase in TSH and significant decrease in T4 & PTH level regarding age but not significant with sex. Height was significantly lower in cases than control. According to the clinical data, the present study showed that TSH level was significantly higher and PTH was significantly lower among patients whose duration of illness was ≥6 years, those required frequent blood transfusion and with patients on irregular iron chelation therapy (poorly chelated) and splenectomized cases. There were significant and highly significant difference between TSH and PTH levels and serum ferritin, but there were no significant difference in relation to serum iron, TIBC, HB level, calcium and phosphorus. The present study detected correlations between TSH, PTH and serum ferritin.Conclusion We concluded that there were thyroid and parathyroid endocrinal changes in thalasthemic patients and recommend careful follow up of them by assessments of thyroid and parathyroid hormones as early recognition and hence prevention of these complications might help improve the quality of life of these patients.

Seasonal and socioeconomic influences on thyroid function among the Yakut (Sakha) of Eastern Siberia

Previous research has shown that the extreme cold and short day lengths of polar winters promote increased production and uptake of thyroid hormones, resulting in marked declines in free triiodothyronine (fT3). However, this "polar T3 syndrome" has been documented almost exclusively on small samples of male sojourners and little is known about seasonal changes in thyroid function among indigenous circumpolar groups. The present study addresses this gap by examining seasonal changes in thyroid hormone levels among the indigenous Yakut (Sakha) of northeastern Siberia. Anthropometric dimensions and thyroid measures (fT3, free thyroxine [fT4], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) were obtained on two occasions (July/August, 2009 and January 2011) on a sample of 134 Yakut adults (51 men, 83 women) from the village of Berdygestiakh, Sakha Republic/Yakutia, Russia. Yakut men and women both displayed significant declines in fT3 and fT4, and significant increases in TSH from summer to winter despite showing only modest seasonal changes in body mass and composition. Among men, gains in fat-free mass (FFM) were associated with larger reductions in fT3 and greater increases in TSH. Men living more traditional lifeways showed larger winter declines in fT4 and greater increases in TSH. The Yakut exhibited significant winter declines in fT3 levels similar to other circumpolar groups studied. However, the magnitude of seasonal change was greater in the Yakut, perhaps reflecting their distinctive metabolic physiology. Lifestyle factors play a mediating role in thyroid responses, such that men with more traditional lifeways had more exaggerated seasonal changes.

RTHα, a Newly Recognized Phenotype of the Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) Syndrome in Patients With THRA Gene Mutations

RTHα, a Newly Recognized Phenotype of the Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) Syndrome in Patients With THRA Gene Mutations

The Collateral Damage of Sodium Nitrates and Alleviating Properties of Vitamin C on Thyroid Gland of Adult Male Albino Rats: Toxicological, Histological and Ultrastructural study

Introduction: In the recent years, a considerable attention has been paid to the problem of nitrates due to their intensive use as agricultural fertilizers which reach to humans and animals by different routes. Purpose: To validate the toxic effects of nitrates in a short-term experiment (60 days) on thyroid gland and the possible ameliorative effect(s) of vitamin C. Materials and methods: Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (control) received distilled water, group II received 500mg∕kgvitamin C, group III received 130mg/kg sodium nitrates (NaNO3) and group IV received 130mg/kg NaNO3 plus 500mg∕kgvitamin C.All supplementations were taken as oral single dose daily for 60 days.At the end of experiment, blood samples were subjected to hormonal assay (T3, T4 and TSH serum levels). Also, thyroid glands' specimens were prepared for the optical and electron microscopic examination. Results: I- The biochemical analyses showed a significant decrease in serum T3 and T4 and a significant increase in TSH. II-Light microscopic examination of nitrates treated group revealed disturbed thyroid architecture in the form of heterogeneous poorly developed follicles. Enlarged deformed follicles with scanty vacuolated colloid, degenerative empty follicles and some fused follicles with exfoliated cells filled their lumen were observed. III-Electron microscopic examination showed stratification of follicular epithelial cells. Most of the follicular cells appeared with irregular nuclei, dilation of rER, many vacuoles and an apparent number of lysosomes. Also hypertrophy and hyperplasia of parafollicular-C cells were observed. An improvement of thyroid gland’s structure, ultrastructure and function was observed in vitamin C added group. In conclusion: This study concluded that nitrate is a thyroid gland disruptor via a mutual interdependence between the follicular, parafollicular and intra-thyroidal mast cells. The supplementation of vitamin C showed beneficial effects upon biochemical and patho-morphological alterations, developed in thyroid gland following exposure to toxic doses of nitrates. So, the recommendations are limitation of sodium nitrates uses, encourage dietary intake of vitamin C and routine analysis of thyroid function in the most nitrates' contaminated areas.

Thyroid Function and Volume are Associated with Anthropometric Measurements and Insulin Resistance in Egyptian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently associated with insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. On the other hand, obesity has been previously linked to endocrine disorders especially thyroid dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to assess thyroid function and volume in women with PCOS and to evaluate their relations to anthropometric measurements and IR. Methods: The study enrolled 40 women with PCOS and 62 healthy women matched for age and body mass index (BMI). BMI, waist circumference (WC), homeostasis model assessment of Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, androgens, thyroid function tests and thyroid volume were evaluated. PCOS women were divided according to HOMA-IR into 2 subgroups: non-insulin resistant and insulin resistant PCOS. Results: Insulin resistant PCOS; but not total or non-insulin resistant PCOS; had significant increase in TSH, thyroid volume, and nodule prevalence than control women. Insulin resistant PCOS showed significant increase in BMI, WC, TSH and thyroid volume than non-insulin resistant PCOS. In PCOS women: TSH, thyroid volume and nodule prevalence were significantly and positively correlated with BMI, WC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. With multiple regression analysis BMI, WC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR remained independently correlated with TSH, thyroid volume and nodule prevalence. Conclusions: Women with PCOS had changes in thyroid function and volume which are linked to and associated with IR. Obesity may represent a link between IR and thyroid changes in these women.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone responses after single administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and combined administration of four hypothalamic releasing hormones in beagle dogs

Thyrotropin (TSH) responses were determined in eight healthy male beagle dogs after a single administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and the combined administration of four hypothalamic releasing hormones, i.e., corticotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and TRH. In both tests, TRH was administered in a dose of 10 μg/kg. Basal TSH concentrations ranged form 0.07 to 0.27 μg/1(mean ± SE, 0.14 ± 0.02 μg/1). The administration of TRH, alone or in the combined test, resulted in a prompt and significant increase in TSH with mean (±SE) plasma TSH peaks of 1.26 ± 0.22 μg/1 at 10 min and 0.85 ± 0.17 μg/1 at 30 min, respectively. The area under the curve (0–120 min) was significantly lower in the combined test than in the single TRH test, whereas the increments were not significantly different. It is concluded that measurements of TSH responses to TRH alone and in combination with other releasing hormones can be used for the assessment of pituitary thyrotropic cell function. In the combined test, the TSH response is slightly lower than that in the single test.