Significant Increase In GSH Levels Research Articles

The Protective Effect of ettlingera coccinea (TUHAU) against Autoxidation-induced Ox Brain Homogenate

Oxidative stress involved in various pathological conditions. Plants have been proven to act as a natural exogenous antioxidant. The aim of this research is to investigate the protective effects of Etlingera coccinea leaves aqueous extract on autoxidation-induced ox brain homogenate. The brain homogenate was divided into 7 groups: control group with PBS solution, positive control group with 100 μg/ml ascorbic acid, test group with 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml of E. coccinea. The antioxidant potential of E. coccinea aqueous extract has been evaluated by antioxidant capacity assay such as Total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were also measured at 0 hr and 1 hr after 37°C water bath incubation to determine the antioxidant status and oxidative damage. TPC assay showed (4.85 ± 0.28) mg GAE/g of dry weight of E. coccinea leaves. Based on DPPH and FRAP assay, E. coccinea aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. MDA level in the 50 μg/ml E. coccinea was significantly lower compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The SOD activity was significantly increase in 400 μg/ml E. coccinea (p < 0.05) compared to other groups. E. coccinea at the dose of 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml showed significant increase in GSH level compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml of E. coccinea leave aqueous extracts exhibited a potential protective effect on autoxidation-induced ox brain homogenate. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2018-06

Evaluation of distribution, redox parameters, and genotoxicity in Wistar rats co-exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

ABSTRACTThe increasing production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) has resulted in their elevated concentrations in the environment. This study was, therefore, aimed at determining the distribution, redox parameters, and genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats that were treated with either AgNP or TiO2NP individually, as well as under a co-exposure scenario. Animals were exposed via oral gavage to either sodium citrate buffer (vehicle), 0.5 mg/kg/day TiO2NP, 0.5 mg/kg/day AgNP or a mixture of TiO2NPs and AgNPs. Exposure lasted 45 days after which rats were sacrificed, and tissue biodistribution of Ag and Ti measured. The blood concentration of glutathione (GSH) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were determined while the genotoxicity was analyzed using the comet assay in peripheral blood and liver cells. The tissue concentrations of Ag followed the order; blood > liver > kidneys while for Ti the order was kidneys > liver > blood. There was no significant change in the measured redox parameters in animals that were exposed to TiO2NPs. However, there was a significant increase in GSH levels accompanied by a reduction in the GPx activity in AgNP-treated and co-exposed groups. The individual or co-exposure to TiO2NP and AgNP did not markedly induce genotoxicity in blood or liver cells. Data showed that TiO2NP did not produce significant oxidative stress or genotoxicity in rats at the dose used in this study while the same dose level of AgNPs resulted in oxidative stress, but no noticeable adverse genotoxic effects.

Resveratrol Modulation of Protein Expression in parkin-Mutant Human Skin Fibroblasts: A Proteomic Approach.

In this study, we investigated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis the effects of resveratrol treatment on skin primary fibroblasts from a healthy subject and from a parkin-mutant early onset Parkinson's disease patient. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is the most frequently mutated gene in hereditary Parkinson's disease. Functional alteration of parkin leads to impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated proteins accountable for the neurodegenerative process. The identification of proteins differentially expressed revealed that resveratrol treatment can act on deregulated specific biological process and molecular function such as cellular redox balance and protein homeostasis. In particular, resveratrol was highly effective at restoring the heat-shock protein network and the protein degradation systems. Moreover, resveratrol treatment led to a significant increase in GSH level, reduction of GSSG/GSH ratio, and decrease of reduced free thiol content in patient cells compared to normal fibroblasts. Thus, our findings provide an experimental evidence of the beneficial effects by which resveratrol could contribute to preserve the cellular homeostasis in parkin-mutant fibroblasts.

The Effect of On‐Pump and Off‐Pump Bypass Operations on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Parameters

Objective The aim of the study is to determine the oxidative status in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery surgery and contribute to possible surgical choices in clinical practices in accordance with the information obtained as a result of this study. Methods 52 patients undergoing open heart surgery (26 patients in on-pump group and 26 patients in off-pump group) were included in the study. MDA, GPx, GSH, CAT, and SOD were investigated in blood samples. Results In the on-pump group, it was determined that there were a significant increase in MDA level in the peroperative period compared to the preoperative and postoperative periods and a significant increase in GSH level in the postoperative period than in the preoperative period. Additionally, while there was a significant decrease in CAT activity in the postoperative period than in the peroperative period, there was a statistically significant increase in SOD enzyme activity in the postoperative period compared to the preoperative and peroperative periods. A statistically significant increase was observed in SOD enzyme activity in the postoperative period in on-pump compared to off-pump group. Conclusion It is thought that this oxidative damage can be suppressed by administering a suitable antioxidant supplement in the preoperative and peroperative periods among patients undergoing the on-pump operation.

Effect of the transdermal low-level laser therapy on endothelial function

The effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the cardiovascular system is not fully established. Since the endothelium is an important endocrine element, establishing the mechanisms of LLLT action is an important issue.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of transdermal LLLT on endothelial function.In this study, healthy volunteers (n = 40, age = 20–40 years) were enrolled. N = 30 (14 female, 16 male, mean age 30 ± 5 years) constituted the laser-irradiated group (LG). The remaining 10 subjects (6 women, 4 men, mean age 28 ± 5 years) constituted the control group (CG). Participants were subjected to LLLT once a day for three consecutive days. Blood for biochemical assessments was drawn before the first irradiation and 24 h after the last session. In the LG, transdermal illumination of radial artery was conducted (a semiconductor laser λ = 808 nm, irradiation 50 mW, energy density 1.6 W/cm2 and a dose 20 J/day, a total dose of 60 J). Biochemical parameters (reflecting angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), angiostatin; antioxidative status: glutathione (GSH) and the nitric oxide metabolic pathway: symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and l-arginine) were assessed. In the LG, a significant increase in GSH levels and considerable decrease in angiostatin concentration following the LLLT were observed. No significant differences in levels of the VEGF, FGF, SDMA, ADMA were observed.LLLT modifies vascular endothelial function by increasing its antioxidant and angiogenic potential. We found no significant differences in levels of the nitric oxide pathway metabolites within 24 h following the LLLT irradiation.

Pharmacological evaluation of leaves of Jatropha curcas L. for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Antidiabetic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas leaves was evaluated using 25 rats equally divided into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as healthy control and group 2 as negative control. The study was conducted for the antidiabetic property evaluation after single injection of alloxan drug @ 100 mg/kg b.wt., i.p followed after 48 h by the treatment with the metformin (300 mg/kg) in group 3, hydroethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas leaves (JCE) (200 mg/kg) in group 4 and JCE (400 mg/kg) in group 5. Significant decrease was observed in haematological values of group 2. These values were significantly increased in groups 3 and 5. Total serum protein and albumin values were significantly reduced in group 2 as compared to group 1. But, significant increase was observed in group 3 and 5 in comparison to group 2. A significant increase in serum creatinine, urea, cholesterol, enzymes in group 2 and it significantly reduced in group 3 and group 5. Blood glucose level was significantly increased in group 2 as compared to group 1. Metformin and JCE treated groups had significantly reduced blood glucose level in comparison to group 2. In group 2, LPO level was significantly increased in RBC, liver and kidney but GSH levels were decreased significantly in RBCs, kidney and liver in comparison to group 1. LPO was significantly decreased in kidney and RBCs of group 3 and 5, but there was significant increase in GSH level in liver and RBCs of the group 3 in comparison to group 2.

Influence of Dietary Capsaicin on Redox Status in Red Blood Cells During Human Aging.

Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a major pungent compound found in hot peppers of the plant genus Capsicum. In vitro effects of dietary capsaicin on redox status in red blood cells during human aging have been explored. Total antioxidant potential of capsaicin was evaluated using Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. GSH was measured as per standard protocol. The in vitro effect of capsaicin was evaluated by incubation of the cells in the assay medium with 10(-5)M capsaicin (final concentration) for 60 min at 37°C. Treatment with capsaicin (10(-5)M) caused a significant (p < 0.01) increase in GSH level in all age groups. Reduced glutathione (GSH) / Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio measures the redox status of the red blood cell. Significant increase in GSH level due to capsaicin, shift the GSH/GSSG ratio, thus alters the redox status of the cell. The results conclusively prove the efficacy of the antioxidant property of capsaicin and its role in modulating the redox status of red blood cells. This evidence suggests that dietary factors that act as antioxidants to increase GSH level may contribute to a protective effect against age related diseases. This antioxidant effect may, in part, explain the high consumption of capsicum in certain regions of the world.

Evaluation of antiparkinsonian activity of Elaeocarpus ganitrus on Haloperidol induced Parkinson's disease in mice

Background: Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Family: Elaeocarpaceae), has been used for the treatment of depression, convulsions and asthma. The existing literature is lacking in studies showing anti-parkinson effect of E. ganitrus. There is increased concern about the side-effects of conventional medicine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Hence E. ganitrus having anti-oxidative property may be a safer alternative. Methods: To evaluate the anti-parkinson effect of E. ganitrus , rota rod and catalepsy bar tests were used. Assessment of oxidative stress was done by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the striatal region of the brain. One-way ANOVA was used to detect statistical significance, followed by post-hoc Tukey test. Results: E. ganitrus (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) pretreated groups significantly increased the retention time in rota rod test (p<0.001) and significantly decreased the latency period in catalepsy bar test (p<0.001), when compared with haloperidol treated group alone. E. ganitrus (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) pretreated groups showed significant anti-oxidative effect by causing a decrease in brain MDA levels (p<0.001) and a significant increase in GSH levels (p<0.001). Conclusions: Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of PD. The results of this study conclusively show that E. ganitrus has anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective activity in haloperidol experimental model of PD.

Influence of ezetimibe on selected parameters of oxidative stress in rat liver subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.

IntroductionIschemia/reperfusion (I/R) is considered to be one of the main causes of liver damage after transplantation. The authors evaluated the effect of ezetimibe on selected oxidative stress parameters in ischemic/reperfused (I/R) rat liver.Material and methodsRats were administered ezetimibe (5 mg/kg) (groups E and E-I/R) or saline solution (groups C and C-I/R) intragastrically for 21 days. Livers of animals in groups C-I/R and E-I/R were subjected to 60 min of partial ischemia (left lateral and median lobes) followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Alanine and asparagine aminotransferase (ALT, AST) activity was determined in blood before I/R and during reperfusion (at 15 and 240 min). After the reperfusion period, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in liver homogenates using colorimetric methods.ResultsEzetimibe caused a significant increase in GSH level in groups subjected to I/R (E-I/R (99.91 ±9.01) vs. C-I/R (90.51 ±8.87), p < 0.05). Additionally, under I/R the decrease of GPx activity in the drug-treated group was lower compared to the non-treated group (E-I/R (3.88 ±1.11) vs. E (5.31 ±1.83), p = 0.076). Neither ezetimibe nor I/R affected SOD or MDA levels. I/R produced a significant increase in aminotransferase levels (ALT240-0: C-I/R (42.23 ±43.56) vs. C (9.75 ±11.09), and E-I/R (39.85 ±26.53) vs. E (4.38 ±1.36), p < 0.05 in both cases; AST 240-0: E-I/R (53.87 ±17.23) vs. E (24.10 ±9.66), p < 0.05) but no effect of ezetimibe on those enzymes was found.ConclusionsEzetimibe demonstrates antioxidant properties in rat livers subjected to I/R. However, neither a hepatoprotective nor a hepatotoxic effect of ezetimibe was demonstrated, regardless of I/R.

The in vitro effects of Trolox on methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity

Methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental toxicant primarily found in fish and seafood poses a dilemma to both consumers and regulatory authorities given the nutritional benefits of fish consumption vs. possible adverse neurological damage caused by MeHg. The present study addresses whether supplementation with 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), alters the neuro-oxidative effects of MeHg in C6-glioma and B35-neuronal cell lines. As indicators of cytotoxicity, reduced glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial activity (MTT) were measured. The cellular mercury (Hg) content was measured with high resolution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS). The amount of MeHg-induced ROS was significantly reduced ( p < 0.05) after treatment with 50 μM Trolox in C6 glial cell line. However, treatment with Trolox did not induce any significant increase in GSH levels or MTT activity in either of the cell lines. In addition, treatment with Trolox did not induce any significant changes in intracellular MeHg levels. The MeHg and Trolox treated C6 glial cell line differed significantly ( p < 0.05) from the B35 cell line for MTT, ROS and GSH activity. These findings provide experimental evidence that preincubation with Trolox prevents MeHg-induced ROS generation in C6 glial cell line by quenching of free radicals and not by changes in intracellular GSH or MeHg content.

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Increased Expression of Glutathione by Estradiol, Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha, and Interleukin 1‐Beta in Endometrial Stromal Cells

Problem The intracellular antioxidant system, based on glutathione (GSH), plays a key role in endometrial detoxification reactions and has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis endometriosis. This study was designed to evaluate whether estradiol (E2) and proinflammatory cytokines have any effects on expression of glutathione in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs).Method of study Glutathione levels were measured utilizing high‐performance liquid chromatography following in vitro culture and treatment of ESCs with estradiol, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β).Results The GSH level in E2 (10−8 m) treatment group was significantly higher than in the control group at 48 h (P &lt; 0.05). In vitro treatment of ESCs with TNF‐α 10 ng/mL as well as E2 (10−8 m) plus TNF‐α 10 ng/mL for 48 hr also led to a significant increase in GSH level (P &lt; 0.05; P &lt; 0.05, respectively). Both IL‐1β 10 ng/mL and E2 (10−8 m) plus IL‐1β 10 ng/mL for 48 hr increased GSH level significantly (P &lt; 0.05; P &lt; 0.05, respectively) as well.Conclusions These findings might suggest that increased production of estradiol and proinflammatory cytokines in the peritoneal cavity possibly leads to the establishment of endometriosis through increased level of GSH.

Curcumin Nutrition for the Prevention of Mesenteric Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury: An Experimental Rodent Model

Background Curcumin is an anti-oxidant molecule known to be a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). It has been shown to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several organ systems. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of curcumin on the prevention of superior mesenteric artery I/R injury in rats. Methods Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to 3 groups: group I, sham operated ( n = 10); group II, I/R injury only ( n = 10); group III, curcumin-treated I/R cohort ( n = 10). Group I animals underwent laparotomy without I/R injury. After group II animals underwent laparotomy, 60 minutes of superior mesenteric artery ligation were followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. In the curcumin group, 15 days before I/R, curcumin (40 mg/kg) was administered by gastric gavage. All animals were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion. Intestinal tissue samples were obtained to investigate intestinal mucosal injury; in addition we estimated levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Results There were statistically significant decreases in GSH levels, along with an increase in intestinal mucosal injury scores, MPO activity, MDA levels, NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in group I when compared with groups II and III ( P = .01). Curcumin treatment in group III produced a significant increase in GSH levels, as well as a decrease in intestinal mucosal injury scores, MPO activity, MDA, and NO levels when compared with group II ( P < .05). Conclusion This study showed that curcumin treatment significantly attenuated reperfusion injury in a superior mesenteric artery I/R model in rats.

Chemoprotective Effect of a Nuclear Factor‐κB Inhibitor, Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate, Against Cisplatin‐Induced Testicular Damage in Rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor (NF-kappaB) expression and the potential chemoprotective effects of an NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), against cisplatin-induced testicular damage in rats. Rats were divided into 4 equal groups: group 1, control; group 2, injected with cisplatin (CIS) for 5 days (7 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally [IP]); group 3, injected with PDTC alone; group 4, injected with CIS plus PDTC (100 mg/kg IP). Body and testicular weights, plasma testosterone levels, and histopathologic structure of the testicular tissue were determined. The iNOS and NF-kappaB activity were evaluated immunohistochemically by staining p65 to define NF-kappaB activity. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were assessed in testicular tissue. Body and testicular weights, plasma testosterone levels, activity of GSH-Px, and GSH levels were all significantly decreased, whereas the levels of MDA and NO were significantly increased in rats of the CIS group. PDTC treatment increased plasma testosterone levels. A significant increase in GSH levels and GSH-Px activity and a decrease in MDA and NO levels in testicular tissue were observed in the CIS + PDTC group. Immunohistochemically, there was a marked staining for iNOS and NF-kappaB/p65 expression in rats injected with CIS compared with the control (P < .001). CIS caused irregular seminiferous tubules, reduction of seminiferous epithelial layers, significant arrest of maturation, and perivascular fibrosis. Moreover, PDTC administration to CIS-treated rats significantly prevented these histopathologic chances, as well. CIS induces iNOS expression through activation of NF-kappaB/p65, and CIS-induced testicular toxicity may be prevented by PDTC, which is a selective NF-kappaB inhibitor.

Methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations – protection by vitamin E

The present study was planned to evaluate the role of vitamin E, if any, in attenuating the methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood of male wistar rats. Animals, in the weight range of 130–150 g, were administered methomyl orally in drinking water at a sub-acute dose level of 4 mg/kg body weight on alternate days for a duration of one month, vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally to normal or methomyl treated rats on alternate days as a pretreatment for a week at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight and subsequently for a further period of one month. Methomyl treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes. On the contrary, reduced Glutathione levels (GSH) and the activities of catalase, Glutathione- S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were found to be significantly decreased. Methomyl treatment caused a significant increase in total leukocyte counts (TLC), platelet, neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Scanning Electron Micrographs showed significant morphological changes, which included spherocytosis and poikilocytosis. However, vitamin E supplementation to methomyl treated rats significantly decreased the raised levels of LPO whereas it caused a significant increase in GSH levels. Also, vitamin E supplementation could significantly elevate the activities of catalase GSHPx, GST and resulted in the normalization of SOD activity. Vitamin E supplementation also proved to be effective in significantly decreasing the already raised values of TLC and lymphocytes counts and almost normalized the platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes counts. Further, vitamin E supplementation improved the morphology of the red blood cells. The study, therefore, concludes that vitamin E can effectively mitigate most of the adverse effects induced by methomyl in rat blood.

Metformin Protects the Brain Against the Oxidative Imbalance Promoted by Type 2 Diabetes

We aimed to investigate whether metformin protects the brain against the oxidative imbalance promoted by type 2 diabetes. This study analyzed the effect of metformin on oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl groups), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels, non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses [reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione and vitamin E] and enzymatic antioxidant defenses [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)] in brain homogenates of diabetic GK rats, a model of type 2 diabetes. For this purpose we compared brain homogenates obtained from untreated GK rats versus GK rats treated with metformin during a period of 4 weeks. Brain homogenates obtained from Wistar rats were used as control. The MDA levels, GPx and GRed activities are significantly higher in untreated GK rats, while TBARS levels, carbonyl groups, glutathione content and vitamin E levels remain statistically unchanged when compared with control rats. In contrast, MnSOD activity and the levels of H(2)O(2) are significantly decreased in untreated GK rats when compared with control animals. However, metformin treatment normalized the majority of the parameters altered by diabetes. We observed that metformin, besides its antihyperglycemic action, induces a significant decrease in TBARS and MDA levels, GPx and GRed activities and a significant increase in GSH levels and MnSOD activity. These results indicate that metformin protects against diabetes-associated oxidative stress suggesting that metformin could be an effective neuroprotective agent.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents 60 minutes of warm mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Background Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a low-molecular-weight thiol antioxidant and potent inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. It has been shown to attenuate harmful effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in many organs. In recent animal studies, destructive effects of reperfusion injury has been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether PDTC prevents harmful effects of superior mesenteric I/R injury in rats. Methods Wistar-albino rats were randomly allocated into the following 4 groups: (1) sham-operated group—these animals underwent laparotomy without I/R injury (group I, n = 12); (2) sham+PDTC group—identical to sham-operated rats except for the administration of PDTC (100 mg/kg intravenous bolus) 30 minutes prior to the commencement of the experimental period (group II, n = 12); (3) I/R group—these animals underwent laparotomy and 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion (group III, n = 12); (4) PDTC-treated group (100 mg/kg, intravenously, before the I/R, group IV, n = 12). All animals were killed, and intestinal tissue samples were obtained for investigation of intestinal mucosal injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, and intestinal edema. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in GSH levels, along with an increase in intestinal mucosal injury scores, MPO activity, MDA levels, and intestinal tissue wet-to-dry weight ratios in group III when compared to groups I, II, and IV ( P < .05). However, PDTC treatment led to a statistically significant increase in GSH levels, along with a decrease in intestinal mucosal injury scores, MPO activity, MDA levels, and intestinal tissue wet-to-dry weight ratios in group IV ( P < .05). Conclusions This study showed that PDTC treatment significantly prevented the reperfusion injury caused by superior mesenteric I/R. Further clinical studies are needed to clarify whether PDTC may be a useful therapeutic agent to use in particular operations where the reperfusion injury occurs.

EFFCT OF ZINGIBEN OFFICINALE PLANT AND H2O2 ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL , HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN LOCAL MALE RABBITS

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Zingiben Officinale against the H2O2 induced oxidative stress in local male rabbits 5 – 6 months old . Rabbits were divided into 4 groups 4 rabbits each . Zingiben officinale was used as capsules at a dose of 1000 mg / kg. B. wt . The rabbits were treated dialy for 28 days . Oxidative stress was determined through measuring the levels of glutathione GSH and malondialdehyde MDA in liver tissue and of ALT and AST enzymes levels . H2O2 treatment showed significant decrease in liver tissue MDA and a significant increase liver tissue GSH serum AST and ALT were significantly increase also the above changes indicate the ability of H2O2 (1 %) in the induction of oxidative stress in local male rabbits .The treatment with zingiben officinale showed the following results significant decrease in ALT and AST serum levels , also significant decrease in liver tissue MDA and significant increase in GSH level , significant decrease in liver fat % These results indicate the protective effect of ZingibenOfficinal against oxidative stress .

Effect of increase in Antioxidants Supplementation on Kidney Tissue of Mice Subjected to Fractionated Dose of γ-Irradiation.

Introduction: Although there is little doubt that antioxidants are a necessary component for good health, no one knows if supplements should be taken and, if so, how much. Materials and methods: To investigate the increase in antioxidants supplementation, a group of mice feeding on a diet containing 20% soybean was used as control group. The control group treated with 5% Nigella sativa and Antox drug (3 mg/mouse/day) either alone or in combination for 15 days. Another control group was treated with the same antioxidants and subjected to 1 Gy of γ- irradiation x 5 times day after day. In kidney tissue the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated. Also, the histopathological changes were recorded. Results: 5% Nigella sativa revealed a little decrease in MDA level and a highly significant decrease in GSH in kidney tissue while the exposure to fractionated dose of γ- irradiation predicted a highly significant decrease in MDA and a highly significant increase in GSH level. Gastric intubations of Antox drug showed a highly significant increase in MDA and GSH levels in kidney tissue either alone or in addition to fractionated radiation exposure. Combined treatments of Nigella sativa and Antox drug showed a highly significant decrease in MDA level and a highly significant increase in GSH level in kidney tissue in comparison to the control group. Histopathological changes showed that treatment with 5% Nigella sativa and Antox drug either alone or in combination revealed toxic effect on kidney tissue. However, their treatments prior to radiation exposure showed ameliorating effect. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that we under oxidative stress.

Effect of increase in Antioxidants Supplementation on Kidney Tissue of Mice Subjected to Fractionated Dose of γ-Irradiation.

Introduction: Although there is little doubt that antioxidants are a necessary component for good health, no one knows if supplements should be taken and, if so, how much. Materials and methods: To investigate the increase in antioxidants supplementation, a group of mice feeding on a diet containing 20% soybean was used as control group. The control group treated with 5% Nigella sativa and Antox drug (3 mg/mouse/day) either alone or in combination for 15 days. Another control group was treated with the same antioxidants and subjected to 1 Gy of γ- irradiation x 5 times day after day. In kidney tissue the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated. Also, the histopathological changes were recorded. Results: 5% Nigella sativa revealed a little decrease in MDA level and a highly significant decrease in GSH in kidney tissue while the exposure to fractionated dose of γ- irradiation predicted a highly significant decrease in MDA and a highly significant increase in GSH level. Gastric intubations of Antox drug showed a highly significant increase in MDA and GSH levels in kidney tissue either alone or in addition to fractionated radiation exposure. Combined treatments of Nigella sativa and Antox drug showed a highly significant decrease in MDA level and a highly significant increase in GSH level in kidney tissue in comparison to the control group. Histopathological changes showed that treatment with 5% Nigella sativa and Antox drug either alone or in combination revealed toxic effect on kidney tissue. However, their treatments prior to radiation exposure showed ameliorating effect. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that we under oxidative stress.

The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol® on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) belongs to the neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impulsivity, distractibility and hyperactivity. In the pathogenesis of ADHD genetic and non-genetic factors play an important role. It is assumed that one of non-genetic factors should be oxidative stress. Pycnogenol®, an extract from the pine bark, consists of bioflavonoids, catechins, procyanidins and phenolic acids. Pycnogenol® acts as powerful antioxidant, chelating agent; it stimulates the activities of some enzymes, like SOD, eNOS, and exhibits other biological activities.Aim: The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to investigate the influence of administered Pycnogenol® or placebo on the level of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in children suffering from ADHD and on total antioxidant status (TAS). This is the first investigation of the redox glutathione state in relation to ADHD.Results: One month of Pycnogenol® administration (1 mg/kg body weight/day) caused a significant decrease in GSSG and a highly significant increase in GSH levels as well as improvement of GSH/GSSG ratio in comparison to a group of patients taking a placebo. TAS in children with ADHD was decreased in comparison with reference values. Pycnogenol® administration normalizes TAS of ADHD children.