Significant Hypoproteinemia Research Articles

POTENTIAL PERFECTION EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST CISPLATIN SIDE EFFECTS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INDUCED IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY ALBINO RATS: HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have various applications such as their use in the medical field. As they have been reported to show antimicrobial and anti-tumor effects. The main purpose of the current study was to explore the anti-cancer effects of AgNPs administration alone or in a combination with cisplatin (CP) against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Seventy-five rats (Sprague Dawley albino rats) were used in the present study. Rats were assigned to 5 groups. Group 1 served as normal control. Group 2 was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose (200 ml/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), then one week later carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected IP (0.2 ml/kg) two times weekly for 14 successive weeks for the induction of HCC. Group 3 was treated with AgNPs (4 mg/kg) daily. Group 4 was treated with CP (6 mg/kg) once a week. Group 5 was treated with a combination of AgNPs (4 mg/kg/daily) and CP (2.5 mg/kg/weekly). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated for 3 successive weeks after induction of HCC. Hematological, biochemical, antioxidant activities, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic genes were evaluated in the current study. Hematological results denoted normocytic normochromic anemia in all examined groups except group 2 which showed macrocytic hypochromic anemia, with thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis in all groups. Significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypoglobulinemia were detected in all groups, with no significant changes (P < 0.05) in globulin in group 5. Significantly decreases in GSH and SOD were recorded in all groups. While the serum AST, ALT activities, and levels of total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, IL-6, TNF-α, AFP, VEGF, BAX, and caspase-3 were markedly elevated. The results revealed a remarkable improvement in group 4 than groups 3, and 5. The obtained results were supported by immunohistochemical and histopathological investigations of the liver tissue.

Вроджений нефротичний синдром у практиці лікаря-неонатолога (клінічний випадок)

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is an inherited disease that is caused by gene mutations and is inherited by an autosomal-recessive mechanism. In most cases, it is associated with genetically mediated defects in the components of the glomerular filtration barrier, especially nephrine and podocytes, with a typical histological picture of diffuse mesenteric sclerosis or focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis. According to genetic research, the primary CNS caused by gene mutations in one of the five genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, LAMB2, PLCE1) or chromosomal abnormalities. Secondary CNS is combined with other diseases of systemic or renal origin. The onset of the disease manifestation is possible in the antenatal period or during the first three months of life. CNS is manifested by significant hypoproteinemia, proteinuria and diffuse edema. Treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome is mainly symptomatic therapy, such as: control of edema, azotemia, thyroid function, prevention and treatment of secondary complications (infections and thrombosis). Molecular genetic testing is the «gold» standard for genotyping of this disease. The course of СNS is unfavorable due to the rapid development of end3stage chronic renal failure. The purpose of article is to expand the knowledge of pediatricians and neonatologists about the clinical, laboratory, instrumental and pathomorphological features of Finnish type of СNS in the neonatal age. Clinical case. The article presents clinical, laboratory, instrumental, pathomorphological and molecular-genetic features of the Finnish type of CNS with the manifestation in the early neonatal period. Conclusions. The example of this case shows the necessity of a comprehensive approach at the examination of children suffered from CNS to verify the type of disease, determine the prognosis and treatment tactics. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: congenital nephrotic syndrome, newborn, molecular genetic testing.

Sub-acute injection toxicity of Florfenicol VS 30

This study is aimed at identifying organs and/or target organs systems that are most sensitive to the toxic effect of the drug under study, as well as determining the level of cumulation and reversibility of pathological changes in the animal body influenced by the pharmacological substance. During a 14-day sub-acute (intramuscular injection) experiment on outbred rats, it has been found that doses of 2.260 mg/kg (1/5 of LD50=1.1300 mg/kg) and 1130 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50=1.1300 mg/kg) were toxic and the dose of 565 mg/ kg was threshold (1/20 of LD50=1.1300 mg/kg). The investigated product Florfenicol VS 30 (developed by VETSFERA, Russia) in the tested doses caused a significant decrease in the body weight and significant changes in hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Integral indices in test groups were characterized by severe depression, decreased food activity, weakened skeletal muscle tone, and poor skin turgor. Gastrointestinal disorders were observed during all weight recording periods, while animals were injected with toxic doses. By day 14 of the experiment, the drug at a dose of 565 mg/kg (tolerable level) caused no changes in the behavior of experimental rats or their functional states. The disturbed hemopoiesis and significant hypoproteinemia revealed were reversible.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate plasticizer triggers hepatic, brain, and cardiac injury in rats: Mitigating effect of Peganum harmala oil

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) is a widely used plasticizer and prevalent environmental contaminant. In this study, DEHA concentrations in the milk, cheese, and butter samples wrapped with food-grade commercial polyethylene films and stored at 4 °C for 30 days were detected using gas chromatographic analysis. Also, the effects of exposure to a high dose of DEHA for a long duration on the liver, brain, and heart of Wistar rats were assessed. Besides, the possible beneficial effect of Peganum harmala oil (PGO), in relieving DEHA induced adverse effects was explored. For this purpose, four groups (8 rats/group) were orally given physiological saline, PGO (320 mg/kg bwt), DEHA (2000 mg/kg bwt), or PGO + DEHA for 60 days. The results revealed that the DEHA concentrations in the tested dairy products were ordered as follows: (butter > cheese > milk). Notably, the detected levels in butter were higher than the specific migration limit in foods. DEHA induced a significant increase in the serum levels of glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, acetylcholine esterase, creatine kinase–myocardium bound, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. But, significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, and hypocholesterolemia were evident following DEHA exposure. A significant reduction in the serum level of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor was recorded. Besides, a significant downregulation in hepatic CYP2E1, brain glial fibrillary acidic protein, and cardiac troponin I gene expression was noticed. Moreover, DEHA exposure induced a significant decrease in Bcl-2 immunolabeling, but Caspase-3 immunoexpression was increased. On the contrary, PGO significantly recused DEHA injurious impacts. Therefore, PGO could represent a promising agent for preventing DEHA-induced hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity.

Hematological, Biochemical and Immunological Studies on Brucellosis in Cows and Ewes in Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates, Egypt

Brucellosis is an important disease of public health significance that leads to severe losses. The current study was carried out to identify the recovered Brucella species , and its prevalence in cows and ewes in Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates during May 2018 to March 2019, with the hemato-biochemical analyses in the positive cases. In the current study, B. melitensis biovar 3 was identified with a total prevalence of 8.75% and 6.98% in cows and ewes, respectively. Hematological results denoted a normocytic normochromic anemia in infected cows and ewes at the 2nd and 4th weeks after abortion group (GP) 2 and GP.3, respectively, with leucocytosis especially in GP.3. Significant hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were detected in infected cows at the 2nd week after abortion, with non-significant changes at 4th week after abortion. While Brucellosis-infected ewes showed a significant (P < 0.05) hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia at both 2nd and 4th weeks post abortion. The serum AST, ALT, ALP and LDH activities and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were markedly elevated (P < 0.05) in both infected cow and ewes with markedly lowered serum urea level. Whereas serum glucose level was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in infected cows (GPs 2 and 3), as well as, infected ewes of GP. 2, with non-significant changes in infected ewes of GP3. The serum creatinine level showed non-significant changes in all infected cows and ewes. Serum immunoglobulin M was significantly increased in both infected cows and ewes of GPs 2 and 3, while immunoglobulin G was significantly elevated in both infected cow and ewes of GP3. Moreover, phagocytic percent and index showed a significant decrease in both infected cows and ewes (GPs2 and 3). Thus, evaluations of hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters together with specific diagnostic tests are necessary to obtain more reliable results for the diagnosis of Brucellosis in cows and ewes.

Altered blood procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and leucocytes count in association with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis

Canine parvovirus enteritis is a highly contagious viral disease which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in young puppies. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of procalcitonin as an inflammatory biomarker as compared with C-reactive protein and total leucocyte count in canine parvovirus enteritis. This study was carried out on 41 dogs constituting 14 apparently healthy dogs used as a control and 27 dogs affected with canine parvovirus enteritis. Inflammatory biomarkers analysis showed a significant increase in C-reactive protein, a significant decrease in leucocytes counts, and an insignificant increase in procalcitonin level. Hematological profile showed a significant decrease in red blood cells count, hemoglobin content, packed cell volume %, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and an insignificant increase in the mean corpuscular volume, and significant leucopenia, associated with neutropenia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis in addition to significant hypoproteinemia in canine parvovirus enteritis. Analysis of C-reactive protein concentration is found to be more effective than leucocytes count and procalcitonin concentration as an inflammatory biomarker in canine parvovirus enteritis.

A Comparative Evaluation of Different Treatment Regimens in Endotoxemic Buffalo Calves—A Physio-Pathological Perspective

Fifteen apparently healthy male buffalo calves aged between 6 months to one year with body weight range of 70 - 140 Kg divided into 3 groups of 5 buffalo calves each were used in the present investigation. Endotoxic shock was produced by IV infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin @ 5 μg/kg BW/hr for 3 hours followed by administration of three different treatment regimens comprising of intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution(HSS) @ 4 ml/Kg bw, flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 mg/Kg bw and blood @ 20 ml/Kg bw to group-I, HSS, Dextran-40 and Flunixin meglumine to group-II and HSS, Dextran-40, whole blood and Flunixin meglumine to group-III with the objectives to study the major physio-pathological changes during induced endotoxemia in buffalo calves and to compare the effects of different treatment options to find out the best treatment option out of the three combinations. All the animals were further observed up to day 2 or death whichever was earlier. Endotoxin infusion to all the animals caused symptoms of restlessness, respiratory distress, snoring, diarrhoea, profuse salivation along with the significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. The treatment with HSS, flunixin meglumine and blood infused as one time infusion to these endotoxemic buffalo calves not only alleviated the above mentioned symptoms but also significantly raised the circulating albumin level at 5.5 hrs and day 2 and Fibrinogen level at day 2 of observation. A significant hypocalcaemia was observed at 4.5 hours along with an increase in Alkaline Phosphatase at 3.5, 4.5 and 6.5 hrs. All the endotoxemic buffalo calves which died were subjected to post mortem and histopathological studies. Epicardial and endocardial haemorrhages, haemorrhages on intestinal mucosa, congestion, haemorrhages, emphysema and fibrinous thrombi in microvasculature of lungs were salient histopathological findings. On comparison with observations of the other treatment regimens tried, it was found that the IV infusion of the combination of HSS, Flunixin meglumine, Dextran-40 and blood was found to be the most effective leading to full recovery of 3 out of 5 buffalo calves of group-III where as only 1 out of 5 animals recovered in group-II. None of the group-I animals recovered and all of these succumbed to shock after day-2.

Disruption of estrus and conception in the acute phase of Fasciola gigantica infections in Yankasa ewes

The effect of the hepatic migratory phase of Fasciola gigantica infections on estrus response to synchronization, conception rates, serum enzyme and biochemical changes in Yankasa ewes was investigated. Twelve adult Yankasa ewes were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 6 animals each. The ewes in Group 1 were each infected with 1,200 metacercaria of F. gigantica each while Group 2 served as non infected controls for the study. The ewes in both groups were then synchronized for estrus at 7 weeks post infection (WPI), and intact rams were introduced for heat detection and breeding. Pregnancy was confirmed by progesterone levels and non-return to estrus 21 days post breeding. Estrus response was 66.6 and 100% in infected and controls, respectively, but all infected animals returned to estrus by 42 days post breeding, indicating conception failure or an early embryonic death. Pathophysiological signs included anorexia, progressive anemia, emaciation and significant hypoproteinemia. Hepatic dysfunction was indicated by the significant increases in liver enzymes; aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels in infected ewes and at post mortem hepatic fibrosis of the liver with intra-hepatic hemorrhage was observed. It is concluded that fasciolosis has an adverse effect on conception and establishment of the fetus in the acute migratory phase. Key words: Fasciola gigantica, estrus, conception, ewes, productivity, Nigeria.

Simultaneous occurrence of gastric antral vascular ectasia and protein-losing enteropathy in chronic graft-versus-host disease

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) leading to upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a heterogeneous disorder that is not commonly recognized in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is noted as another gastrointestinal complication in the context of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after HSCT. The possibility of a relationship between these two distinct gastrointestinal disorders, however, remains obscure. A 6-year-old boy with acute myelogenous leukemia developed severe hematemesis 4months after myeloablative HSCT from a human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donor. The diagnosis of GAVE was made by upper endoscopy and histological examination. The patient simultaneously developed frequent diarrhea and significant hypoproteinemia, consistent with a diagnosis of PLE. This co-occurrence of GAVE and PLE against a background of chronic GVHD was successfully treated with cyclosporin A and prednisolone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GAVE concurrent with PLE following HSCT. The possible association of GAVE and PLE in chronic GVHD is discussed.

Physio-pathology of induced endotoxaemia in bovine and its treatment regimen

Endotoxic shock was induced in five apparently healthy male buffalo calves by i.v infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin at 5microgram/kilogram (μg/Kg) body weight/hour (BW/hr) for 3 hours. Endotoxin infusion caused clinical signs of restlessness, respiratory distress, snoring, diarrhoea, profuse salivation along with the significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypokalemia in all the animals. The animals were observed up to day 4 or death, whichever was earlier. The treatment with one time intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution @ 4milliliter/Kilogram body weight (ml/Kg?BW), dextran-40 @ 10 ml/Kg?BW, flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 milligram/Kg?BW (mg/Kg?BW) and blood @ 20 ml/Kg?BW to these animals alleviated the clinical signs and significantly raised the circulating glucose level at 4.5 and 5.5 hrs. The treatment led to survival of three of the five endotoxemic buffalo calves. The significant hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia and hypoglobulinemia continued even after treatment. Gross and histopathologic findings of congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis in vital organs viz., lungs, liver, kidneys, brain and intestines were suggestive of endotoxin induced hypoxia and multi-organ failure. Additionally, emphysema and fibrinous thrombi in microvasculature of lungs were salient histopathological findings indicating terminal respiratory failure in the remaining two dead endotoxemic buffalo calves. From clinical signs, plasma chemistry and pathological lesions, it was concluded that endotoxemia led to a disruption of critical life processes, but a timely and effective treatment could counter these deleterious effects and save precious lives.

Hereditary nephrotic syndrome with progression to renal failure in a mouse model (ICGN strain): clinical study.

The clinical course of murine hereditary nephrotic syndrome (ICGN strain) was determined by examining 201 animals under different conditions. In the early stage, significant hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia developed (p < 0.001) in parallel with a progressive rise in urinary protein concentration (p < 0.001). In the middle stage, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and beta-lipoprotein markedly increased (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia developed as in human nephrotic patients. Systemic edema appeared in 8 of 24 animals. In the terminal stage, both BUN and creatinine values greatly increased (p < 0.001), indicating rapid deterioration of renal function. The present study suggests that ICGN mice could be a useful model to study the pathophysiology of human nephrotic syndrome and its progression to renal failure.

NEPHROTOXIC SERUM RENAL DISEASE IN THE TAIWAN MONKEY.

Abstract Experimental renal disease was produced in 5 Taiwan monkeys (Macaca cyclopsis) by the intravenous injection of anti-monkey-kidney serum obtained from rabbits. All developed proteinuria and statistically significant hypoproteinemia. Four monkeys revealed statistically significant reduction of the albumin fraction. Two monkeys had generalised edema, and 3 showed statistically significant hypercholesterolemia. These clinical abnormalities were associated with histopathologic renal lesions which closely simulated those of the nephrotic syndrome as observed in children. In 7 other monkeys receiving rabbit anti-monkey-kidney serum, the disease appeared to be intensified by the administration of ACTH or prednisolone before or during heteronephrotoxic serum injections. Obvious generalized edema associated with ascites and hydrothorax was observed in all animals. In addition to the foregoing changes, statistically significant increase in values of non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen in the blood was observed in 6 of the 7 monkeys. Evident gross hematuria was noted in 2 young monkeys. Significantly increased serum α 2 -globulin fraction was observed in 4 monkeys. More prominent hypercholesterolemia was noted in 5. Attempts to produce experimental renal disease by the intravenous injection of anti-monkey-kidney serum obtained from ducks failed in Taiwan monkeys, and ACTH and prednisolone had no significant effect on the clinical and histologic response.

Paper electrophoresis of serum proteins in thyroidectomized rats.

Changes in protein levels after thyroidectomy or in hypothyroidism have been reported by several authors. For these studies, different procedures have been used, such as: salting out, free electrophoresis (Levin & Leathem, 1942; Moore, Levin & Smelser, 1945; Lewis & McCullagh, 1944) and zone electrophoresis (Lamberg & Gräsbeck, 1955; Boas, 1955). In a previous report from this laboratory, a significant hypoproteinemia was observed in thyroidectomized rats compared with normal controls (Abreu et al., 1956). This was also found in thyroidectomized dogs (Podhraszky, 1942 a, b). In the previous experiments (Abreu et al., 1956), total serum protein-bound carbohydrates (determined as galactose-mannose) was lowered in the operated animals, this being interpreted as a consequence of the hypoproteinemia. On the other hand, Boas (1955), reported increased plasma hexosamine concentrations after thyroidectomy and these changes were explained as being due to an increase in the amino sugar content of the β- and γ-globulin fractions.

METABOLIC STUDIES ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT

Recent investigations here and elsewhere have demonstrated that a pronounced negative nitrogen balance occurs in patients after intra-abdominal operation. 1 In most instances this nitrogen loss does not seriously affect the concentration of protein in the serum, but in patients with gastrointestinal cancer the development of significant hypoproteinemia is an almost uniform finding. 2 The gravity of postoperative hypoproteinemiais widely recognized, and any measures which would successfully prevent its occurrence should prove most useful. The development of postoperative hypoproteinemia in the patients with gastrointestinal cancer apparently is the result of numerous factors. Among these are that ( a ) frequently the patient is already hypoproteinemic when he comes to surgery, a fact which strongly suggests that his protein stores are depleted; 3 ( b ) the functional capacity of his liver is very much impaired 4 and therefore the fabrication of plasma albumin by this organ is likely to be limited; 5 ( c