Significant Differences In Support Research Articles

Pharmacists perceptions of providing colorectal cancer screening in community-based practice

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer in the United States. Kentucky pharmacists can be instrumental in the CRC early detection process through board-authorized protocols (BAPs): a regulatory approach managed by the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy that allows pharmacists to increase access to care while saving lives through early detection screening. Determining the barriers and successes of implementing CRC screening can improve access to education and care for patients. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ perceptions of implementing a colorectal screening for patients via protocol and identify pharmacists’ confidence and potential barriers such as cost, staff support, and patient need for colorectal screening in community pharmacy settings. MethodsA survey was sent electronically to a convenience sample of pharmacists throughout Kentucky. The survey collected demographics, opinions regarding implementation of the CRC screening protocol, pharmacists’ perceptions of knowledge, and the barriers and benefits associated with implementation of CRC services. ResultsA total of 207 responses were received and of those 151 were from community-based pharmacists; 34% of pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed to offer CRC screening. Overwhelmingly, 81.3% of pharmacists reported need for additional training. There were no statistically significant differences in support among demographic factors: practice setting (P = 0.937), gender (P = 0.973), age (P = 0.568), and years practicing (P = 0.870). In addition, the most common barriers reported were lack of reimbursement (97%), lack of willingness for patients to pay (98%), and time or workflow issues (97%). Most pharmacists stated that lack of trust in pharmacists was not a barrier (87%). ConclusionsOverall, 34% of pharmacists either agreed or strongly agreed to offer CRC screening via the board-approved protocol. However, overwhelmingly the pharmacists believe that there is a need for additional training and opportunities for additional training on BAPs have increased drastically in Kentucky. Barriers such as lack of reimbursement, willingness to pay, and time or workflow issues need to be overcome before implementation. Finding solutions to these barriers will increase pharmacist’s support.

Resident Support for the Federally Mandated Smoke-Free Rule in Public Housing: 2018-2022.

This study examines support for the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) mandatory smoke-free rule up to four years post-rule among smokers and non-smokers. A repeated cross-sectional design was used where District of Columbia public housing residents aged 18+ (n = 529) completed surveys during three time points: July 2018 (pre-rule), November 2018-March 2020 (post-rule), and September 2020-December 2022 (post-rule + COVID-19). Full support for the rule was indicated by agreeing that smoking should not be allowed in all indoor locations and within 25 feet of buildings. Descriptive statistics showed significant differences in support across time for smokers (5.3%, 30.7%, and 22.5%, respectively) and similar support across time for nonsmokers (48.2%, 52.2%, and 40.0%, respectively). In unstratified regression analysis, pre-rule support was lower than when the rule was in effect (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25, 0.90), and tobacco users were less likely to support the rule (aOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.50). Stratified logistic regression results showed that pre-rule support was lower among smokers compared to post-rule support (aOR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.59); support among nonsmokers did not vary by time. Findings overall indicate low support for the smoke-free rule up to 4 years post-implementation. Engaging residents with the rule and promoting health and well-being may further enhance policy effectiveness and acceptance.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN BAHASA INGGRIS MAHASISWA MENGGUNAKAN SELF-REGULATED LEARNING MELALUI DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN MODEL FLIPPED

This study examines the development of students' foreign language skills in learning English using the Flipped learning design which is designed with self-regulated learning strategies. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design. While the experimental group received learning strategies through a flipped classroom model designed with a self-regulated learning strategy, on the other hand the control class group received learning strategies that did not use the self-regulated learning strategy of the flipped learning class model. The results of the study show that the self-regulated learning strategy positively influences the development of foreign language skills in the flipped classroom model. A significant difference in support of groups working with the platform included self-learning strategies that excelled in speaking, reading, writing, and grammar test scores. However, based on the findings there is no significant difference in the results of the listening skill test. This Research also concludes that using strategies to help students be actively involved in activities outside and inside the classroom can contribute to improving their basic English skills.

Attitudes about Rehabilitation among Jail Correctional Officers

ABSTRACT There are few studies that focus on jail correctional officers’ views. We surveyed officers in thirteen Florida county jails and examine the impact of personal characteristics and officer attitudes on rehabilitation attitudes, as well as differences in rehabilitative attitudes across jails. Results indicate female, nonwhite, more religious, less conservative officers, and those more satisfied with their job were more likely to support rehabilitation, while those who preferred more social distance were less likely to. Results also reveal significant differences in support for rehabilitation between jails. This study confirms that findings regarding prison officers are consistent with those for jail officers.

Retrospective study on the efficiency of the diode laser in the non-surgical treatment of paradontopathy

Some studies have demonstrated that DL as an adjunct of SRP led to an improvement in some clinical parameters. Nevertheless, regarding gingival inflammation clinical parameters, some studies did not find positive results. Unlike SRP, conflicting results have been found in numerous clinical trials that evaluated the clinical efficacy of DL. Notably many studies that found significant differences in support of laser cohorts, there were questions regarding whether the results were clinically relevant, thus it was concluded that DL did not improve conventional treatment,especially regarding with long term results. The goal of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of using LD at 800-980 nm as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in the treatment of periodontitis. In this review, only studies concerning the LD at 800-980 nm were included. From the methodological point of view, this study was carried out as a review of the literature in its methods of research, analysis and synthesis. The field was narrowed to select only randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) conducted from 2010 to 2020. In total there were 84 articles, eight of which were included in the review because they met the inclusion criteria. The clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of the studies were compared. In four of the eight studies, the greatest benefits, in terms of clinical parameters, were obtained in patients treated with diode laser plus root planning and scaling (SRP) compared to the control group. The best results in favor of the use of the diode laser, in terms of immunological parameters, were found after 30 days.

A nativist divide? Anti‐immigration attitudes and diffuse support for democracy in Western Europe

AbstractEarlier research has shown a strong connection between anti‐immigration attitudes and political trust in Western Europe. In this research note, we examine if nativists’ low levels of specific political support translate into a more general scepticism about democracy as a system of government. Using comparative data from the European Social Survey (ESS) and the European Values Study (EVS), we investigate the relationship between nativist attitudes and several indicators of principled, or diffuse, support for democracy. The findings testify to a nativist divide in diffuse political support. We find a systematic and significant difference in support for democracy between strong nativists and other citizens. West European nativists are less likely than other citizens to view their country as democratic. They also tend to perceive living in a democracy as less important than people with a more positive outlook on immigrants. Moreover, and maybe more worrying, nativists express lower levels support for democracy in relation to non‐democratic regime alternatives, that is, they are less likely to be “principled” democrats. The found negative associations remain also after controlling for nativists’ levels of specific support, which indicates that there may be a more fundamental opposition between nativism and diffuse support for democracy than previously acknowledged. We believe that these findings have important implications for research trying to understand challenges to liberal democracy in a time when nativist parties have been successful in politicizing immigration and continue to score electoral victories all over Europe.

Effectiveness of exercise versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy plus exercise in the management of degenerative meniscal tears at 5-year follow-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There are no meta-analytical data in the long term for comparing surgery and exercise for meniscal tear. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of exercise versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) plus exercise for degenerative meniscal tears(DMT) in knee function at 5-year follow-up. A systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was performed. The studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials performed in patients aged ≥ 18years with DMT, that compared physical therapy to APM at 5-year follow-up, and reported at least one outcome measure of knee function/disability. Risk of bias was analyzed with the Cochrane RoB-2 tool and certainty of evidence with GRADE recommendations. A random effects model meta-analysis was performed. 3743 articles were identified and 4 met the criteria. Three had low risk of bias and one had some concerns. There were no significant between-group differences, in within-group changes from baseline to 5-year, on the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain (-2.28; 95% CI -5.41 to 0.84), symptoms (-0.24; 95% CI -4.13 to 3.64), activities of daily living (-2.16; 95% CI -6.16 to 1.83) and quality of life (-3.98; 95% CI -9.05 to 1.10). There was a significant difference in support of APM plus exercise for sport/recreation (-9.28; 95% CI -18.28 to -0.29). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis revealed a non-significant difference in sport/recreation (-5.05; 95% CI -12.04 to 1.94). There were no differences in other patient-reported outcome measures. Moderate certainty of evidence suggests that the addition of APM to an exercise program adds no benefits in knee function at 5-year follow-up.

Customer support for nudge strategies to promote fruit and vegetable intake in a university food service

BackgroundDiverse nudges, also known as choice architectural techniques, have been found to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) selection in both lab and field studies. Such strategies are unlikely to be adopted in mass eating settings without clear evidence of customer support; confirmation in specific contexts is needed. Inspired by the Taxonomy of Choice Architecture, we assessed support for eight types of nudging to increase the choice of FV-rich foods in a university food service. We also explored whether and to what extent nudge support was associated with perceived effectiveness and intrusiveness.MethodsAn online survey was conducted with students who used on-campus cafeterias. Multiple recruitment methods were used. Participants were given 20 specific scenarios for increasing FV selection and asked about their personal support for each nudge, as well as perceived intrusiveness and effectiveness. General beliefs about healthy eating and nudging were also measured. Results were assessed by repeated measures ANOVA for the 8 nudge types.ResultsAll nudge scenarios achieved overall favourable ratings, with significant differences among different types of nudging by the 298 respondents. Changing range of options (type B3) and changing option-related consequences (type B4) received the highest support, followed by changing option-related effort (type B2) and making information visible (type A2). Translating information (type A1), changing defaults (type B1) and providing reminders or facilitating commitment (type C) were less popular types of nudging. Providing social reference points (type A3) was least supported. Support for nudge types was positively associated with the belief that food services have a role in promoting healthy eating, perceived importance of FV intake, trustworthiness of the choice architect and female gender. Lastly, support for all types of nudges was positively predicted by perceived effectiveness of each nudge and negatively predicted by perceived intrusiveness above and beyond the contribution of general beliefs about healthy eating and nudging.ConclusionsFindings from the current study indicate significant differences in support for nudge techniques intended to increase FV selection among university cafeteria users. These findings offer practical implications for food service operators as well as public health researchers.

Survey Results on Using Nudges for Choice of Green-Energy Supplier

One of the most important climate change mitigation strategies is to exploit the potential of individual behavioral changes in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the insights of behavioral economics are proving helpful in this regard. This contributes to improving traditional instruments, developing new ones related to choice architecture (nudges), and combining them within behavioral decarbonization intervention strategies. It is important, in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency, whether the instruments of such interventions are supported by citizens. This paper presents the results of a survey of Polish respondents’ (n = 1064) reactions to hypothetical nudges regarding the choice of a “green energy” supplier. The main research questions of the study are: how much civic support do these behavioral intervention tools have, and what is the importance of selected factors for their acceptance? The aim of the study is to present nudges as one of the strategies of pro-environmental behavioral change and to analyze selected factors of acceptance of these instruments by the Polish society. There are two main conclusions of the research: (1) Poles’ support for the green nudges analyzed is comparatively high, like in other European countries; (2) statistically significant differences in support for one of them are age and individual political party preferences.

Gender Bias in Judging Frailty and Fitness for Lung Surgery

BackgroundDisparities in surgical care for lung cancer have been well documented, and unconscious bias may be a source of inequity. We assessed whether gender biases exist when nonclinical decision makers render decisions about major lung surgery. MethodsAmazon Mechanical Turk workers, remotely located "crowdworkers" readily available for hire to perform discrete on-demand tasks on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform, were each shown 4 videos of different standardized patients (SPs) in a clinic setting, 1 video in each energy level (vigorous or frail) and race category (White or Black), randomized to male or female. Workers scored video characteristics and whether they would support the SP’s decision to undergo a major lung operation. ResultsA total of 855 workers were recruited. The frail White male SP was more likely to have support to undergo lung surgery than the frail White female SP, while the frail Black male SP was much less likely to have support to undergo lung surgery than the frail Black female SP. There were no significant differences in support for surgery between the vigorous male and female SPs and ratings by male and female workers in their recommendations. ConclusionsBiases related to patient gender exist in the general population and affect views on surgery, particularly in the setting of frailty. Understanding such differences may aid in educational efforts directed at reducing gender-based biases in treatment recommendations.

Kentucky pharmacists’ perceptions regarding provision of hormonal contraception

BackgroundAlthough Kentucky pharmacists recently gained authority to provide protocol-driven care for 13 conditions, provision of prescription hormonal contraception (HC) services is not currently authorized. A board-approved protocol allowing for provision of nonprescription over-the-counter (OTC) emergency contraception (EC) was recently approved by the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy but has yet to be implemented. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were (1) to assess Kentucky pharmacists’ interest in providing prescription HC and OTC EC services via protocol and (2) to identify perceived benefits/barriers regarding provision of prescription HC. MethodsAn online questionnaire was disseminated electronically to a convenience sample of Kentucky pharmacists. The questionnaire collected (1) demographic information, (2) opinions regarding provision of prescription HC and OTC EC, and (3) perceived benefits and barriers regarding provision of prescription HC. For analysis, responses were limited to pharmacists in community-based practice. McNemar’s test was used to identify statistically significant differences in support by dosage form. In addition, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine associations between demographic factors and support for pharmacist provision of prescription HC. ResultsWe received 151 responses from community-based pharmacists. Support for provision of prescription HC was highest for oral (61%) and transdermal (54%) forms. We found no statistically significant differences in support among demographic factors other than number of years in practice, with more recent graduates being at higher odds of support. In addition, time, reimbursement, training, and belief in the need for pelvic exams were the most commonly cited barriers to implementation. With regard to OTC EC provision, pharmacists were largely supportive (62%) and confident in their abilities. ConclusionsCommunity-based pharmacists in Kentucky are supportive of provision of oral, vaginal, and transdermal prescription HC as well as OTC EC via protocol. Barriers, including time, reimbursement, training, and belief in the need for pelvic exams, should be addressed to increase support for prescription HC provision.

The Utilization Level of Teachers From Courses of Profession of Teaching

This study aims to explain the utilization level of teachers from Courses of Profession of Teaching In the research, quantitive method was used. The research population consists of 1313 Turkish, Primary Mathemathic, Science and Technology, Classroom and Preschool teachers working in primary, secondary and high schools in center of Usak province in 2019-2020 academic years. The sample of the study consists of 350 teachers working in the center of Usak. ‘Eveluation Questionnaire Of Courses of Profession of Teaching which was originally developed by Kahramanoglu (2010) to determine the utilization level of teachers from CPT was used. As a result of the study, it was found that the gender variable had a significant difference in support of women and the branch variable had a significant difference in support of preschool teachers in the utilization level of teachers from CPT.It was concluded that teachers' opinions about utilization level of teachers from CPT did not make a significant difference in terms of seniortiy, the university which was graduated and the type of getting pegagogical formation.

Support for Transgender Military Service from Active Duty United States Military Personnel.

Most transgender individuals are banned from serving in and joining the U.S. military. Historically, exclusions and limits have been placed on women, people of color, and sexual minority people seeking to serve and advance within the U.S. military. However, both history and prior research demonstrate that diversity contributes to social and institutional advancement within both U.S. and international militaries. We used an adapted respondent-driven sampling (RDS) approach to recruit transgender and cisgender heterosexual and LGB active duty military members in a first-of-its-kind study funded by the Department of Defense. We recruited 540 active duty service members serving one of the four major branches of the U.S. military between August 2017 and March 2018. We examined data from 486 heterosexual cisgender and LGB cisgender service members to understand their support for transgender people serving in the U.S. military. Findings indicate broad support for transgender military service across all four branches of the military and military ranks, with some statistically significant differences in support emerging by gender, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity. Results suggest that the ban, in part, based on a belief that transgender service members degrade unit readiness, contradicts our findings of broad support for transgender service among active duty service members. Policies limiting transgender service in the U.S. military should be lifted given these data.

Latent Classes of Principals' Transformational Leadership and the Organizational Climate of Kindergartens.

BackgroundOrganizational climate refers to an individual’s perception and experience of the climate of the work environment, and it is the most important environmental variable that affects individuals’ work performance. This study aims to classify characteristics of transformational leadership among kindergarten principals and examine their relationship to organizational climate.MethodsConvenience sampling yielded 498 kindergarten principals who completed the “Questionnaire on the Principal’s Transformational Leadership Behavior” and “Questionnaire on Organizational Climate.” Ethics approval was obtained from the Academic Ethics Committee of the College of Psychology of Northeast Normal University prior to starting the study.ResultsThree latent classes were identified, including the high-level (68.8%), care-virtues (35.7%), and virtues groups (5.3%). There were significant differences in support, directive, restrictive, colleague, intimate, and disengaged behavior scores between groups. In terms of support, colleague, and intimate behavior, the high-level group had the highest scores, followed by the care-virtues group and virtues group, respectively. Regarding restrictive and disengaged behaviors, the highest scores were received by the virtues group, followed by the care-virtues and high-level group, respectively.ConclusionThe study suggested that principals’ transformational leadership could be classified into three latent classes that are related to organizational climate.

Analysis of Primary School Students’ Critical Thinking Skills through Various Variables

"Bu araştırmada öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme becerilerinin analiz, çıkarım ve değerlendirme alt boyutlarının cinsiyet, kreşe gitme durumu, kardeş sayısı, kardeş sırası ve sınıf ortamı değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nicel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldı çalışma tarama modelindedir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2016-2017 eğitim öğretim yılında Gaziantep’te eğitim vermekte olan 12 ilkokulun dördüncü sınıfında öğrenim gören 617 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Doğanay ve Sarı (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Düşünme Dostu Sınıf Ölçeği ile Demir (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Eleştirel Düşünme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde t –testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda; eleştirel düşünme becerisinin analiz alt boyutunda cinsiyete göre kız öğrenciler lehine, kreşe gitme durumuna göre ise kreşe gidenler lehine anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kardeş sırası incelendiğinde, sıralamada sonda olan kardeşler lehine farkın arttığı belirlenmiştir. Eleştirel düşünme becerisinin çıkarım alt boyutunda ise kreşe gidenler ve kardeş sayısı çok olanlar lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Eleştirel düşünmenin değerlendirme alt boyutunda ise kreşe gidenler lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca sınıf ortamının düşünmeyi engelleyici öğrenci davranışları bileşeni ile eleştirel düşünme becerisi arasındaki olumsuz yöndeki ilişkinin, sınıf ortamının diğer bileşenleri olan düşünmeyi destekleyici öğretmen ve öğrenci davranışları ile eleştirel düşünme arasındaki olumlu ilişkiden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Are young Canadians supportive of proposed nutrition policies and regulations? An overview of policy support and the impact of socio-demographic factors on public opinion.

Many countries, including Canada, are considering nutrition policies that seek to improve dietary behaviour and related health outcomes. The current study examined support for policy measures among youth and young adults in Canada. Participants aged 16-30years were recruited for online surveys using in-person intercept sampling in five Canadian cities as part of the Canada Food Study conducted in October-December, 2016 (n = 2729). Items included support for 21 specific policies in seven key areas: menu labelling, food package symbols and warnings, school policies, taxation and subsidies, zoning restrictions, marketing bans, and food formulation. Linear regression models examined support by age, sex, city, race/ethnicity, parental status, body mass index (BMI), and health literacy. Very high levels of support were observed for menu labelling in restaurants and schools, as well as food package symbols and warnings. Taxation, zoning restrictions (e.g., fast food and convenience stores near schools), and bans on marketing to children received relatively lower levels of support. In general, policy support increased with age for all 21 policies (p < 0.01) and greater health literacy for 4 policies (p < 0.05). Males were less supportive than females for 5 policies (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in support for specific race/ethnicity groups for 4 policies (p < 0.05). Support for menu labelling policies increased with BMI (p < 0.05). Overall, youth and young adults in Canada reported high levels of support for menu labelling, food package symbols/warnings, and school policies. Levels of support were generally consistent across socio-demographic subgroups, with some exceptions.

Support for Offering Sexual Health Services Through School-Based Health Clinics.

Numerous studies document support for sexuality education in the schools. However, there is a dearth of research assessing support for sexual health services offered through school-based health clinics (SBHCs). The purpose of this study was to assess voter support for offering 3 sexual health services (STI/HIV testing, STI/HIV treatment, condom distribution) through SBHCs. The survey was developed after review of existing surveys on support for sexuality education and sexual health services. The university's Public Opinion Research Laboratory used random-digit-dialing to administer the survey to participants (N = 311) including residential and cell phone numbers. Most participants were supportive of offering sexual health services at both middle schools (MS) and high schools (HS): testing for STIs/HIV (61% MS, 76% HS), treatment for STIs/HIV (60% MS, 75% HS), and provision of condoms (44% MS, 63% HS). Analyses showed significant differences in support for sexual health services by a few demographic variables, opinions about sexuality education, and the percentage of students perceived to have had sexual intercourse. Results document support for offering sexual health services through SBHCs. These findings may benefit other communities looking to implement similar clinics. Such services have great potential for positively impacting the sexual health of youth.

Public support in the United States for elective oocyte cryopreservation

To determine whether public support for oocyte cryopreservation (OC) exists and if support varies by demographic factors. Cross-sectional electronic survey. Not applicable. A nationally representative sample based on age, sex, and race of 1,064 people in the United States recruited by the company SurveyMonkey. Completion of an online questionnaire. Supporters of OC for various indications were compared with participants who were neutral or in opposition by means of log binomial regression to calculate risk ratios. Statistical models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, including sex, race, age, income, sexual orientation, education, marital status, state political party affiliation, and history of being a parent. OC for cancer patients was the indication most supported (89%), followed by delayed childbearing for career advancement (72%), current lack of a partner (63%), and insufficient funds for child rearing (58%). Despite considerable support for OC, only 37% agreed employers should fund egg freezing for employees. Older age was associated with lower support for all indications of OC. Younger age, single status, never being a parent, identifying as a sexual minority, and atheist/agnostic religion were associated with the survey taker personally considering OC. Compared with women, men demonstrated lower support for women undergoing OC for "lack of a male partner," and for future use of cryopreserved oocytes without being married. In a nationally representative sample, the majority of respondents support elective OC. The indication for OC was associated with significant differences in support.

Perception and Attitudes

In the United States, 76.9% of women initiate breastfeeding but only 36.0% breastfeed exclusively for 3 months. Lack of support for public breastfeeding may prevent women from breastfeeding in public, which could contribute to low rates of breastfeeding exclusivity and continuation, despite high rates of breastfeeding initiation. This study aimed to determine whether residents of New York City, New York, were supportive of and comfortable with public breastfeeding. A population-based public opinion telephone survey of non-institutionalized New York City residents 18 years and older was conducted by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Overall, 50.4% of respondents were not supportive of public breastfeeding. In the multivariable analysis, there was significant variation in support by race/ethnicity, age, and education. There were no significant differences in support by sex, receipt of food stamps, nativity, or the presence of children younger than 12 years in the home. One-third (33.2%) of respondents were uncomfortable with women breastfeeding near them in public. There was significant variation by education in the multivariable analysis. Lack of comfort was highest among those with a high school education or less (39.9%) and some college (33.8%). New York City residents are conflicted about whether breastfeeding is a private act or one that can be done in public. For women who want to continue with their intention to breastfeed exclusively, the negative opinion of other residents may cause them to breastfeed only in private, thereby limiting the opportunity to breastfeed for the recommended time.

Information, Partisanship, and Public Support for Health Insurance Requirements in the United States

We ask whether including information about the level of government and policy actor involved affects public opinion on health insurance requirements. To answer this question, we examine data from a question wording experiment embedded in a nationally representative telephone survey (n=906) that randomized whether a health insurance requirement was presented as a federal or state requirement and as being signed by a specific leader (President Barack Obama for the federal requirement or former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney for the state requirement). For the sample as a whole we found no statistically significant differences in support across the different versions, suggesting that the state/federal distinction may be unimportant to citizens. We also found that associating Obama with the federal requirement moved opinion among Democrats whereas ass