Significant Differences In Perceptions Research Articles

Perceptions of Online Learning Among Instructors: How to Maximize Instructors’ Competencies in Virtual and Blended Learning

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate instructors' perceptions of e-learning at the Public Authority For Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait. It sheds light on the effectiveness of Ms-Teams as a learning management tool used by instructors and students. The outcome of the study will help to introduce guidelines for enhancing the role of instructors in virtual and blended learning. . Theoretical framework: Information technology will change education if used properly by skilled teachers. Technology's rapid adoption and investment have changed education, and instructors are crucial to 21st-century learning standards and methods. Because AI, advanced technology, and automation will rule the future, the next generation of workers must be tech-savvy. This study will identify instructors' digital skills and provide recommendations and a road map to support advanced technological tools and new innovative learning strategies in human resource management. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research used both qualitative and quantitative methods. A focus group session was conducted to investigate further, and the results of the session helped shape a survey questionnaire that was distributed to 161 instructors at PAAET. The survey aimed to identify the challenges and opportunities presented by online learning. Findings: Instructors have a positive view of online learning and Ms Teams as a learning management. The study also found some obstacles to online learning platform implementation. These issues include poor helpdesk support, training, management motivation, and electronic educational resources. These obstacles must be overcome for PAAET to adopt a learning system that improves academic performance. No significant gender differences in instructors' perceptions are found. Originality/Value: This study should help education policymakers be more brave when investing in IT and human resources "Instructors" to create a better and more competitive teaching and learning environment. This study proposes an HRM-based framework to improve digital instructors and the educational process.

Study of Citizen Satisfaction in Rural Versus Urban Areas in Public Services: Perspective of a Multi-group Analysis

This study proposes a comparative analysis between urban and rural areas concerning the magnitude or intensity with which the constructs are related to expected quality-perceived quality-perceived value as influencing aspects in the level of satisfaction and citizen loyalty in three dimensions: Territorial planning and roads; provision of municipal services and environmental management. This research used the PLS software applying the ACSI model in the 5-hypothesis approach. A questionnaire was delivered to a sample population of 428 citizens in the rural area of Tenguel and 521 citizens in the urban area of Tarqui in the city of Guayaquil. The statistical result shows significant differences in citizen perception between urban and rural populations about the quality of public services, which determines satisfaction and loyalty in choosing the place of residence. Through a multi-group analysis, the main differences in the perception of the quality of services between rural citizens and urban citizens have been identified. These findings are essential for public policy design to improve the territory’s satisfaction, well-being, and people’s sense of belonging.

Mathematics Teachers' Perception Towards Educational Technology Integration: Mahendra Ratna Campus Tahachal

Integrating educational technology in mathematics education has emerged as a transformative force revolutionizing traditional teaching/ learning(T/L) practices. Understanding mathematics teachers' perceptions regarding technology integration is vital in fostering successful adoption and implementation in their T/L practice. Utilizing a structured questionnaire with Likert-scale items, the study gathered data on teachers' perceptions of technology's effectiveness and its impact on student learning outcomes. The findings revealed highly positive perceptions among mathematics teachers, with mean scores ranging from 3.73 to 4.33 and statistically significant p-values (p < 0.05). Moreover, the study found no significant differences in various perceptions based on gender, academic level, teaching experience, or level of teaching. The results emphasize the potential benefits of incorporating educational technology in mathematics education and provide valuable insights for stakeholders seeking to enhance mathematics learning experiences at Mahendra Ratna Campus and beyond.

Safety Risk of Nonmotorized Vehicles from the Perspective of Motorized Vehicle Drivers

Collisions with motorized vehicles (MVs) are one of the leading causes of nonmotorized vehicle (NMV) crashes in a heterogeneous traffic stream. As well as NMVs’ inherent vulnerability, MV drivers’ risk perceptions of NMVs may also influence MV–NMV crashes. However, until now, this subjective perception has been little explored in the literature. This study examines the potential impact of numerous factors associated with motorized road users’ perception of risk and the operational aspects of NMVs on MV–NMV crashes. An ordered probit model was developed using self-reported data from 1,560 Dhaka city motorists (motorcyclists, and car and bus drivers). Findings revealed that motorists have a higher probability of becoming aggressive, deem NMV drivers’ behavior to be risky, and have low positive attitudes toward such vehicles when they have a stronger MV–NMV crash history. The results also suggest that bus drivers have fewer crashes with NMVs, although they feel these vehicles are structurally unsafe. In addition, age, education, and perceptions of lane separation, movement, stops, and users’ trip frequency were significant in predicting crash frequency. Further, older and illiterate drivers were more likely to be involved in collisions with NMVs. Because of the bias of self-reported data, analysis of variance tests were conducted, and the results demonstrated a significant difference in risk perceptions between motorcyclists, car drivers, and bus drivers. Risk perceptions of NMVs were the highest among motorcyclists. The findings of this study are expected to aid policymakers in improving motorists’ perceptions of NMVs and in increasing the latter’s safety in developing nations with heterogenous traffic systems.

Difference in Group Perceptions Related to Motivation for Participating in Blood Donation and Selecting VNRD

This study compared and analyzed the differences in perception related to the motivation for blood donation participation and VNRD (Voluntary Non-Remunerated Blood Donation) selection according to the blood donor's occupation type and blood donation frequency. Based on prior research investigating perceptions related to donation, a questionnaire was developed. And t-tests and ANOVA were conducted to analyze differences between considered groups. Results showed that significant differences in blood donation motivation and VNRD selection perception between public official and the general public. Blood donation frequency also influenced the motivation for selecting VNRD. Differences in blood donation motivation were found between groups choosing souvenirs and VNRD. These results provide crucial insights for establishing strategies to activate the VNRD and planning blood donation campaigns and programs. In particular, differentiated approach strategies considering various occupational types and blood donation experiences are needed to increase awareness and demand for the VNRD.

A QUALITATIVE STUDY ABOUT FALSE PERCEPTION STUDENTS TOWARDS THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EQUIPMENT IN RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Introduction-Magnetic resonance imaging has been called the most important development in medical diagnosis since the discovery of the x-ray 100 years ago. It became the most important tools of modern radiology Purpose-The aim of the study is to find out the students false perception towards the magnetic resonance imaging equipment in radiology department. Methodology- A prospective study was conducted by making objective type questionnaire and filled it by the students of paramedical college. Result-At the end of study, following results were observed the studys result revealed several key themes regarding false perceptions of MRI equipment among students.23.04% students expressed fear of radiation exposure. 19.82% students held misconceptions about the potential danger of MRI scan. These misconceptions may arise from a lack of understanding and underlying principles of MR technology.18.43% students think that MRI generates images of the body by emitting sound waves and measuring their echoes. The most common false believe that MRI is only used for bone scan (28.57%). 20.74% students think that MRI can cause cancer.29.49% students have no idea about noise during the MRI scan.38.80% students are not aware about the prohibited items to the MRI room. Conclusion- Comparing courses wise MRI safety knowledge in subjects by using chi-square test It is found statistically significant with p – Value 0.00623, It means course wise MRI safety knowledge were change.Comparing to the others course medical lab technology (MLT) students have better knowledge about MRI equipment.The study did not find any significant differences in false perception of MRI equipment based on age or gender among the students. It implies that age and gender may not be significant factors in shaping these perceptions within this particular group.

Perception of Science Teacher Candidates Toward Creative Thinking Ability

This study aims to explore the perceptions of prospective science teacher students regarding creative thinking abilities. This study is an exploratory research with research subjects as many as 14 biology education students. The research instrument used is a closed questionnaire which has been developed referring to indicators of creative thinking abilities, namely fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. The questionnaire has answers using a Likert scale that has been validated by experts and declared valid. This research data was analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the Anova test. The results of this research are (1) biology education students have an average perception score regarding creative thinking abilities, namely the Fluency indicator is 2.52 in the Tall category, Flexibility is 2.61 in the Tall category, Originality is 2.63 in the Tall category, and Elaboration of 2.67 in the Tall category; (2) there is no significant difference in students' perceptions of creative thinking abilities on the indicators of fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration, as evidenced by the results of the Anova test with a significance value of 0.719>0.05.

Comparative analysis of psychological well-being and emotional education in graduate students

Background: The growing importance of emotional intelligence in academic and professional contexts has generated a need to explore its linkage with psychological well-being. Furthermore, understanding how various demographic and academic factors can influence students' emotional perception and management is crucial for optimizing educational and intervention strategies. In this context, the primary purpose of this study was to analyze the existing relationship between emotional education and psychological well-being in graduate students. Methods: The objective was to conduct a comparative analysis of perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) in different study programs offered at a specific university. The methodology, framed within a positivist paradigm, was based on a quantitative approach and examines the responses of 1,522 university students using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24). Results: This tool, which is divided into three dimensions (emotional attention, emotional clarity, and emotional repair), was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and ANOVA tests to determine demographic and academic influences on the scores. The findings indicate deficiencies in the areas of Emotional Attention and Emotional Repair, contrasting with a marked prevalence in Emotional Clarity. Variables such as sex, age, and field of study demonstrated an influence on the dimensions of PEI. Notably, significant differences in emotional perception were found between sex and academic fields. Conclusions: Specifically, training directed towards empathy proved to be a prominent factor in the perception of emotional competencies. This study highlights the influence of demographic and academic variables on emotional competencies, underscoring the need to adapt strategies in education and therapy.

Comparison of New Career Approach Attitudes and Subjective Career Success Perceptions in terms of Demographic Variables

This study examines the impact of shifts in the structure of employment and traditional career models on perceptions of boundaryless, protean, and subjective career success among employees of private employment agencies. As private employment agencies represent a relatively new phenomenon in the modern labor market, this research aims to examine these concepts quantitatively. This research investigates the relationship between demographic characteristics and perceptions of boundaryless, protean and subjective career success among employees of private employment agencies. 
 The sample for this study consisted of 895 employees affiliated with private employment agencies in Istanbul. Research hypotheses were examined using exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-tests, and ANOVA. The results of this study revealed statistically significant differences in perceptions of boundaryless career attitude and subjective career success as a function of gender, age, education, marital status, and income level. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in perceptions of protean career attitudes across any demographic variable. Furthermore, the findings of this study have the potential to inform human resources, recruitment, and career planning practices.

Why Culture and Context Matters: Examining Differences in Mental Health Stigma and Social Distance Between Latino Individuals in the United States and Mexico.

This study examines the influence of cultural context on social distance and perceptions of stigma towards mental health conditions among Latino populations in Houston, TX, USA and Mexico City, Mexico. We employed a community-based experimental vignette survey to assess perceptions towards individuals experiencing symptoms of alcohol misuse, depression, and psychosis. Participants (n = 513) from Houston and Mexico City were asked about their willingness to accept community members experiencing mental health symptoms in various social roles, their perceptions of stigma related to these symptoms, anticipated danger, possible positive outcomes, and the community member's ability to change. Findings demonstrate significant differences in stigma perceptions between Latino respondents in the US and in Mexico. Houston participants reported lower public stigma and perceived dangerousness of someone with mental health concerns compared to respondents in Mexico City. Furthermore, the cultural context may influence the association between various dimensions of stigma, with some inverse relationships occurring based on location of data collection. Findings illuminate the complex interplay between cultural context, mental health symptoms, and stigma, and underscores the need for culturally nuanced interventions to reduce mental health stigma and promote service utilization in Latino communities.

Vowel perception in multilingual speakers: ERP evidence from Polish, English and Norwegian.

Research on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) in monolingual and bilingual speakers has shown significant differences in L1 versus L2 phonemic perception. In this study, we examined whether the MMN response is sensitive to the differences between L1, L2 and L3/Ln. We compared bioelectrical brain activity in response to changes in pairs of vowels produced in three different languages. Specifically, multilingual participants listened to selected vowel contrasts in their L1 Polish, L2 English and L3/Ln Norwegian presented within the passive-oddball paradigm. Results revealed that the MMN was modulated by language: we observed significant differences between L2 English and L3/Ln Norwegian as well as between L1 Polish and L3/Ln Norwegian. For L3/Ln Norwegian, the MMN response had a lower amplitude when compared with L2 English and L1 Polish. Such findings suggest that foreign language status (i.e., L2 vs. L3/Ln) modulates early auditory processing.

Assessing the risk perception of COVID-19 among non-infected people attending emergency departments of selected hospitals in western Iran

Objective: It is important to know people’s perceptions of the risks related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for controlling the pandemic. This study aims to assess the risk perception of COVID-19 among non-infected people referred to emergency departments (ED) of hospitals in Khorramabad, Iran during the pandemic and its related demographic factors.
 Methods: This is descriptive/analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 380 adults referred to the ED of four hospitals (Shohadaye Ashayer, Shahid Rahimi, Asali, and Shahid Madani) in Khorramabad city in 2021 who were not infected by COVID-19. For data collection, the risk perception of COVID-19 questionnaire was used. Data were described using mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Chi-squared test was used in SPSS v.22 software to find the related demographic factors.
 Results: It was found that 5 people (1.3%) had a moderate perception, 206 (54.2%) had good perception, and 169 (44.5%) had high perception. No one had poor risk perception. According to them, “own knowledge and experience” was the most effective factor in preventing COVID-19 followed by “the advice of experts in the media” and “the advice of friends and family”. Chi-squared test results showed a significant difference in risk perception among people in terms of age (P=0.002) and marital status (P=0.001); the age group <25 years and single people had lower risk perceptions.
 Conclusion: The risk perception of COVID-19 in people referred to the EDs in western Iran is at good level but is not high. It is necessary to improve their risk perception by education and increasing awareness on social media.

Instructional Design in Modern Environments

This study highlights the most pertinent m-learning content quality features that should be considered by designers from the point of view of experts to determine students' perceptions about suggested quality features and to measure any statistically significant differences in students' perceptions due to their gender and technological skills. An exploratory sequential mixed research method was employed. A group of 20 experts in m-learning answered an open-ended question for the qualitative part, and a questionnaire with 31 items was answered by a purposeful sample of 200 students out of the entire population of 312 from seven Jordanian universities. The results revealed a list of content quality features. The overall perception of students was high with a mean of 4.15 and no statistically significant differences in students' perceptions due to their gender and technological skills. The study recommended studying the effectiveness of m-learning content features in Jordanian higher education institutions.

The Use of Open Educational Resources (OERs) among Mathematics Teachers in Public Secondary Schools

This study investigated the utilization of Open Educational Resources (OERs) among mathematics teachers in selected public secondary schools in Zambales, Philippines for the school year 2022-2023. A survey was conducted with 75 Junior High School Mathematics teachers to assess OERs usage frequency and extent, identify challenges, examine perceptions of OER's effect on mathematics teaching practices, and propose a development plan for promoting OER utilization. Findings revealed that the typical teacher-respondent was a 33-year-old female with a bachelor's degree, supplemented by master's units, and eight years of teaching experience. They held the position of Teacher III and were familiar with OERs. Respondents sometimes used OERs in their math teaching strategies and disagreed with challenges related to OERs use. They agreed that integrating OERs into mathematics teaching had positive effects. The study observed no significant differences in challenges faced by mathematics teachers when grouped by age, sex, highest educational attainment, years of teaching experience, and teaching position. However, significant differences emerged when grouped by OER knowledge. Likewise, there were no significant differences in perceptions of OER effects when respondents were grouped by profile variables. Furthermore, no significant relationships were found between challenges and OER utilization or between perceptions of OER effects and OER utilization among respondents.

SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI, KINERJA NON-KEUANGAN DAN KINERJA KEUANGAN DI PERUSAHAAN KECIL: PENELITIAN EMPIRIS BERDASARKAN GENDER

AIS is a mandatory tool for managers to have a competitive advantage amidst rapid technological advances. Business competition is conducted based on financial as well as non-financial performance indicators. The research objective was to examine gender differences in the use of AIS and non-financial and financial performance measures by SMEs for better performance. AIS requirement, AIS capacity, and non-financial and financial performance are measured using a questionnaire. AIS alignment is measured by multiplying the AIS requirement items by the AIS capacity. The hypothesis was tested using multiple linear regression to determine the effect of AIS requirement and AIS capacity on AIS alignment and the effect of AIS alignment on SME financial and non-financial performance. Different tests are used to examine differences in AIS alignment based on gender and differences in financial and non-financial performance based on gender. AIS requirement and AIS capacities have a significant influence on AIS alignment. AIS alignment does not have a significant impact on SME non-financial performance or financial performance. Women have a more positive perception of the non-financial and financial performance of SMEs than men. There is no significant difference in perception between men and women regarding AIS alignment. Research suggestions include getting a larger and more representative sample of small companies. The research is expected to provide guidance for SMEs in choosing an appropriate AIS to face a competitive business environment and serve as a basis for further research

Improving food security of farming households in Nigeria: Does broiler outgrowers' program make any difference?

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of outgrowers' programs on the food security of smallholder poultry farming households in Osun State. Using multi-stage sampling technique, a structured questionnaire was designed to collect information from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of outgrowers' programs in the study area. Descriptive statistics, food security index, and Heckman's selection model were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that outgrowers and non-outgrowers were on the average, 49 and 45 years old, with about 12 and 8 years of experience in poultry farming, respectively. The Poultry Farmers' Association was represented by 97% of outgrowers and 47% of non-outgrowers. There were four major broiler outgrowers' programs existing in the area. The Anchor-Borrower Outgrowers' program and Osun Broiler Outgrowers' program adopted a fixed contract model, whereas, the Dayntee Farm and GS Farm outgrowers' programs employed a semi-fixed contract model. The incidence of food insecurity was 18% for outgrowers and 35% for non-outgrowers, with food insecurity depth and severity being 0.025 and 0.033 for outgrowers and 0.134 and 0.52 for non-outgrowers, respectively. The study found a significant difference in outgrowers' perceptions of food insecurity as well as their coping strategies. The major perceived indicators of food insecurity were inadequate resource endowment (MD = 0.758, p<0.01) and consumption of low-cost food (MD = 0.0658, p<0.01). Food acquisition on credit (WMS = 1.700), meals adjustment (WMS = 1.425), and cooking methods' modification (WMS = 1.875) strategies were adopted to cope with food insecurity. Participation in the outgrowers' program was influenced by membership of Poultry Farmers' Association, credit access and flock sizes and the significant predictors of food security among the poultry farming households were outgrowers' participation, household size, gender, marital status and credit access. It was therefore inferred that outgrowers were considerably more food secure than the non-outgrowers, encouraging the need to scale up the program in the poultry industry. Introduction of flexible regulations and reproductive education would make the program more rewarding to the poultry farming households.

Differences in Brand Image Perceptions of Beras Kami and Mentik Wangi Rice among Bulog Kancab Semarang Customers

This research aims to determine consumer perceptions of the brand image of Beras Kita and Beras Mentik Wangi, especially customers of the Perum Bulog Semarang Branch Office. The research method used in this research is observation and questionnaires distributed to consumers. Observations were carried out during the internship activities, namely when participating in the bazaar and questionnaires were distributed to customers where the sample taken was 65 respondents. The six indicators used in this questionnaire are awareness, quality, CSR, social image, geographical origin, and uniqueness. The results of this research show that there is a significant difference in perception between Beras Kita and Beras Mentik Wangi where consumers have the perception that Beras Mentik Wangi has a better brand image than Beras Kita. Improvements are needed to increase consumer perceptions of Beras Kita so that in the future customers will judge that Beras Kita has a positive brand image. The results of this research show that there is a significant difference in perception between Beras Kita and Beras Mentik Wangi where consumers have the perception that Beras Mentik Wangi has a better brand image than Beras Kita. Improvements are needed to increase consumer perceptions of Beras Kita so that in the future customers will judge that Beras Kita has a positive brand image. The results of this research show that there is a significant difference in perception between Beras Kita and Beras Mentik Wangi where consumers have the perception that Beras Mentik Wangi has a better brand image than Beras Kita. Improvements are needed to increase consumer perceptions of Beras Kita so that in the future customers will judge that Beras Kita has a positive brand image.

한국과 중국 부모의 자녀가치 인식과 유아 발달기대 비교연구

Objectives The purpose of this study was to find out whether there is a difference between Korean and Chinese parents' perceptions of their children's value and their children's developmental expectations during early childhood in Korea and China.&#x0D; Methods The purposes of a questionnaire survey was conducted with parents of 3-5 year olds in Korean and Chinese early childhood education institutions. Frequency analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Scheffé's validation were conducted on the basis of the response data of 344 Korean parents and 535 Chinese parents, totaling 879 respondents.&#x0D; Results First, there is a significant difference between Korean and Chinese parents in the level of child value perception in terms of instrumental value and affordable value, with Chinese parents having a slightly higher perception of instrumental value and Korean parents having a higher perception of affordable value. Second, among the variables of Korean and Chinese parents' demographic backgrounds, significant differences in child value perceptions emerged in terms of parents' gender, age, and education level. Third, Korean and Chinese parents showed significant differences in the level of expectations for early childhood development in all domains except social norms. Korean parents showed the highest developmental expectations in academic ability, and Chinese parents showed the highest level of language assertiveness. Fourth, there was a significant difference between Korean and Chinese parents' socio-demographic factors in the level of expectations for early childhood development with respect to parents' gender, age, and education level. However, Korean and Chinese parents did not show any meaningful differences in the gender of their children.&#x0D; Conclusions The changes and differences in perceptions of young parents in modern Korean and Chinese societies regarding the value of their children and the level of expectations for their development. In addition, we will gain insights into the relationship between parents and children in the two countries, in order to understand the social problems related to low birth rate and early childhood development from an international perspective, and to provide basic information that will help us to find out the significance of improvement programs.

The effect of seasonality and weather conditions on human perception of the urban–rural transitional landscape

Landscape perception research into the impact of seasonally changing landscape characteristics with the simultaneous influence of the weather are rare. Therefore, eye-tracking metrics were calculated (fixation and saccades) for the whole tested landscape, while its areas of interest (AOIs) were established based on clustering methods. Moreover, the gaze pattern was analysed using the Voronoi cells method. To identify significant differences in landscape perception according to various weather and seasonality, nonparametric tests were applied. The significant influence of weather/seasonality and their synergistic influence is noticed. The results indicate a rather complex influence of the types of weather in warmer and cooler seasons. Regardless of the weather type, seasonal changes cause greater visual span and shorter fixations in the warmer season. The fixations and saccades are shorter in the warmer season in two AOI’s during positive weather, but are longer in negative weather during the colder season in most AOI’s. The main reasons for the influence of weather and seasonality on the visual perception include seasonal changes in the landscape, resulting in the appearance of the landscape from more urban to natural and vice versa (phenological changes) as well as lighting changes (due to seasonality and type of weather).

PATIENT PERCEPTIONS OF SERVICE QUALITY IN THE DENTAL POLYCLINIC OF SUNAN KALIJAGA REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL DEMAK: A STUDY ON BPJS AND NON-BPJS PATIENTS

Background: The Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) is an initiative by the government to improve the quality of healthcare services. However, in reality, the services provided to BPJS patients have not yet reached optimal standards. The objective of this research is to identify patients' perceptions regarding the quality of services between BPJS and non-BPJS patients in the dental clinic of Sunan Kalijaga Regional General Hospital (RSUD) in Demak.Method: This research was conducted at the Dental Clinic of Sunan Kalijaga Regional General Hospital (RSUD) in Demak in the year 2020, using an observational analytical approach based on a cross-sectional design. The sample was selected using the slovin technique, with a total of 78 respondents divided into two groups, namely 39 respondents who were BPJS participants and 39 other respondents who were not BPJS participants.Result: The research results showed differences in SERVQUAL service quality scores between patients who were participants of BPJS and those who were not BPJS participants. Based on the analysis of both groups across the dimensions, reliability had gap scores of -0.7 and -0.9, tangible evidence had gap scores of -0.5 and -0.6, responsiveness had gap scores of -0.9 and -1, assurance had gap scores of -0.4 and -0.4, and empathy had gap scores of -0.4 and -1.1. These scores obtained a significance value (p&lt;0.05),Conclusion: There were significant differences in patient perceptions between the quality of patient services for BPJS participants and non-BPJS patients.