Significant Changes Research Articles

The Impact of Perspective Taking Training in Student Teachers on Unintended Empathy Components

Empathy training focuses mainly on improving perspective taking (PT) skills, but rarely considers possible changes in other, affective empathy components. In this study, we aimed to examine for unintended changes in the other empathy components emotional concern, personal distress, and fantasy, some of which were not specifically intended. We used a trait (Saarbrücken Personality Questionnaire for Measuring Empathy) and a state (Jefferson Scale for Empathy - Teacher Version) questionnaire respectively. On the trait measures, only the PT score improved, as it was intended by the training. No significant change in the affective factors occurred. Thus, the training showed no undesirable side effects. Looking at the Jefferson Scale factors related to pedagogical situations, significant changes occurred in the areas of perspective taking, emotional understanding of students, pedagogy more important than empathy, and student-centeredness. Since these are only pedagogically relevant changes in attitudes, this is consistent with the goal of the empathy training. Unwanted side effects were not observed here either.

The influence of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia on the structure and immune processes of the spleen in young rats

Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is an intermediate product of methionine metabolism. Entering the body with products of animal origin, methionine undergoes a number of biochemical transformations. Hyperhomocysteinemia has a negative effect on the body, causing damage to all organs and systems and leading to disruption of homeostasis. The study aims to study the characteristics of changes in the structure and immune processes of the spleen of young rats with chronic hyperhomocysteinemia. Experiments were performed on 22 white male rats. The animals were divided into control and experimental groups (11 individuals in each group) during the experiment. Chronic hyperhomocysteinemia was achieved by administering D, L-thiolactone homocysteine hydrochloride to experimental group animals at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight intragastrically in a 1 % starch gel solution once a day for eight weeks. After the end of the experimental simulation of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia, the animals were removed from the experiment by anaesthetising by decapitation and using thiopental anaesthesia. Histological preparations were studied using an SEO SСAN light microscope. Experimental modelling of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia in young rats was not accompanied by significant morphological changes in the stroma and red pulp of the spleen. T-cell periarterial sheaths and B-cell nodules in animals from the experimental group underwent changes. B-cell proliferation leads to growth within the white pulp, expansion of the marginal zones, which become more blurred and infiltration of these cells into the red pulp. Evaluation of the red pulp in the spleen of young rats from the experimental group showed a particular expansion in the venous sinuses, which may be a sign of reaction to the influence of homocysteine and slight swelling of these vessels. The number of T-cells in young animals in the periarterial cuffs is slightly reduced, which can be explained by the increasing activity of macrophages. However, T-cells also infiltrated the red pulp. Such penetration of white blood cells into the red pulp is accompanied by the expansion and “washing out” of the marginal zones of lymph nodes. Thus, the increased homocysteine level significantly potentiated proliferation and partially inhibited apoptosis in T-lymphocytes but did not directly affect dormant T-cells.

Lack of effects of eight-week left dorsolateral prefrontal theta burst stimulation on white matter macro/microstructure and connection in autism.

Whether brain stimulation could modulate brain structure in autism remains unknown. This study explored the impact of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on white matter macro/microstructure in intellectually able children and emerging adults with autism. Sixty autistic participants were randomized (30 active) and received active or sham cTBS for eight weeks twice per week, 16 total sessions using a double-blind (participant-, rater-, analyst-blinded) design. All participants received high-angular resolution diffusion MR imaging at baseline and week 8. Twenty-eight participants in the active group and twenty-seven in the sham group with good imaging quality entered the final analysis. With longitudinal fixel-based analysis and network-based statistics, we found no significant difference between the active and sham groups in changes of white matter macro/microstructure and connections following cTBS. In addition, we found no association between baseline white matter macro/microstructure and autistic symptom changes from baseline to week 8 in the active group. In conclusion, we did not find a significant impact of left DLPFC cTBS on white matter macro/microstructure and connections in children and emerging adults with autism. These findings need to be interpreted in the context that the current intellectually able cohort in a single university hospital site limits the generalizability. Future studies are required to investigate if higher stimulation intensities and/or doses, other personal factors, or rTMS parameters might confer significant brain structural changes visible on MRI in ASD.

The complex landscape of intracellular signalling in protein modification under hyperglycaemic stress leading to metabolic disorders.

Hyperglycaemia is a life-threatening risk factor that occurs in both chronic and acute phases and has been linked to causing injury to many organs. Protein modification was triggered by hyperglycaemic stress, which resulted in pathogenic alterations such as impaired cellular function and tissue damage. Dysregulation in cellular function increases the condition associated with metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycaemic stress also increases the proliferation of cancer cells. The major areas of experimental biomedical research have focused on the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular signalling systems involved in diabetes-associated chronic hyperglycaemia. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress generated by hyperglycaemia modify many intracellular signalling pathways that result in insulin resistance and β-cell function degradation. The dysregulation of post translational modification in β cells is clinically associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and its associated diseases. This review will discuss the effect of hyperglycaemic stress on protein modification and the cellular signalling involved in it. The focus will be on the significant molecular changes associated with severe metabolic disorders.

Reindeer herding of Chukotka ethnicities in the end of the 20th — first quarter of 21st century

In Chukotka, reindeer herding is the most important element of traditional subsistence for the Chukchi, Koryak, Even and Yukaghir peoples. Despite substantial changes in reindeer herding, associated with modernization and commercialization of the industry, the herders of Chukotka were able to preserve their traditions, rituals and ethnic celebrations, associated with nomadic culture. The purpose of this work is to characterize contemporary reindeer herding as the most important component of ethnic culture in Chukotka. The article is based on the authors’ field materials collected in 1999–2023 among the reindeer herders of Anadyr, Bilibinsky, Iultinsky, Chaunsky and Chukotsky districts of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, interviews with agricultural specialists, statistical and analytical documents, scientific literature on the history and ethnography of reindeer herding. Chukchi reindeer herding developed on traditional basis until the first third of the 20th century. Then, under the influence of political and economic changes, a sharp transformation and breakdown of traditional management occurred among the indigenous peoples of the Northeast. Such intervention into the centuries-old system of nature management resulted in significant changes in the lifestyle of the Chukchi reindeer herders, system of their values, and brought significant social consequences. Nowadays, rein-deer herding in Chukotka is vital and the most important agricultural sector that provides food security for the region; it is also the element of traditional subsistence management, which preserves and develops the ethnic culture of the indigenous minority peoples of the North. Together with all the positive changes in reindeer herding during the Soviet era, it is worth emphasizing that during the crises periods of the 1990s and early 2000s, the herding enterprises with strong cultural traditions, such as social organization of camps, preservation of a nomadic family, development of riding reindeer husbandry, preference for the “old” nomadic way of life and its attributes – dwelling, fur clothing, vehicles – proved to be the most stable.

The Physiological and Clinical-Behavioral Effects of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Adolescents with Autism: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Adolescents with autism present lower levels of cardiac vagal modulation. It was hypothesized that Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRVB) increases cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism, resulting in positive effects on physiological and psychosocial parameters. It was also hypothesized that home-based HRVB training is feasible. In a single-blind, randomized sham-controlled pilot trial, adolescents with autism performed supervised HRVB (n = 24) or sham training (n = 20). Subsequently, half of the adolescents received HRVB training at home, whereas the other subset did not practice. Physiological, cortisol and behavioral data were collected during stress-provoking assessments before and after each training period. Supervised HRVB resulted in a late increase in cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism. Heart rate increased and cortisol decreased significantly immediately after supervised HRVB, but none of these effects remained after follow-up. Following supervised HRVB, no significant change in psychosocial functioning was found. Home-based HRVB was feasible, adolescents reported lower symptoms of stress, but a significant decrease in compliance rate was found. HRVB is feasible and effective in adolescents with autism given the late-emerging increases in cardiac vagal modulation and decrease in stress symptoms. Replicating this study with a larger sample and further exploration of the working mechanisms of HRVB are recommended. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04628715.

Effect of the Timing of Fungicide Application on Yield and Quality Parameters of Wheat Infected with Fusarium Crown Rot Disease

Crown rot caused by Fusarium culmorum (FCR) is a common and important pathogen affecting the cereal industry through grain yield and quality losses. In this study, the effects of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz application and several other applications on disease severity and grain quality parameters including thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain yield (GY), protein (GP), Zeleny sedimentation (ZS), wet gluten (WG) and Grain index (GI), were assessed. The efficacy of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz, were determined in the T1 (ZGS25), T2 (ZGS34), and T3 (ZGS45) growth stages of winter wheat with seven alternative spray programs. These programs were based on (i) the application (SF) of seed fungicide to infected seeds (ii) control without fungicide (non-SF) and (iii) three different growth stages of wheat. The interaction between seed fungicide applied and fungicide application time was significant (P≤0.01) for DS, ZS, and WG. The effectiveness regarding the disease severity, TGW, and GY of epoxiconazole plus prochloraz in relation to FCR wheat showed significant (P≤0.01) changes depending on the application time. The disease severity resulted in lower T1-T2 (9.66%) and T1-T2-T3 (9.91%) stages than the other stages. The highest yields were obtained when the fungicide was applied twice at the T1-T2 stages. DS/TGW and DS/GY were negatively correlated and TGW/GY was positively correlated in SF.

Effect on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress of the Combined Oral Contraceptives in the Liver

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of combined oral contraceptive active ingredients ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, and ethinylestradiol+drospirenone for histopathological changes, and endoplasmic reticulum stress levels in the liver.
 
 Methods: In the study, 37 to 8-week-old Balb/c female mice were used. Mice were randomly divided into the control, sham, ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, and ethinylestradiol+drospirenone groups. Experimental groups were administered ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, and ethinylestradiol+drospirenone with gavage for 35 days. In liver tissue sections, histopathological changes were detected with hematoxylin&eosin, orcein, Mallory's Azan, and periodic acid-Schiff, and the presence of endoplasmic reticulum stress was detected by Chop and Grp78 immunostaining.
 
 Results: The ethinylestradiol+drospirenone group showed significant histopathological changes compared to the control group. Some degenerative changes were noted such as swelling and size differences in hepatocytes in the ethinylestradiol+drospirenone group. When compared to the control group, an increased collagen and elastic fibers density around the vena centralis was observed in the ethinylestradiol+drospirenone group. The expression level of Grp78 protein in female mice given ethinylestradiol+drospirenone was statistically significantly increased compared to the control group. The expression level of Chop protein was significantly increased in the ethinylestradiol, drospirenone, and ethinylestradiol+drospirenone groups. 
 
 Conclusion: We concluded that the use of combined oral contraceptives increases endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse liver tissue, and as a result, it may cause liver histopathological disorders by promoting cell death.

Monitoring Educational Intervention Programs for Children and Young People with Disabilities through a Web Application

Early care professionals have to use instruments for assessing functional skills in children susceptible to early intervention that apply records and produce developmental profiles and personalized intervention proposals. The aims of the study were (1) to analyze the development of functional skills in users with an age range of 48–252 months attending school in a therapeutic intervention center for people with motor impairments; and (2) to analyze the development of functional skills in users with different impairments and ages ranging from 7 to 162 months participating in an early outpatient care program. Study 1 applied a sample of 50 users aged between 48 and 252 months all with motor disabilities and Study 2 included a sample of 71 users aged between 7 and 162 months with different disabilities. Factorial and descriptive–correlational designs were applied in both studies. The Student’s t-test for dependent samples, supervised machine learning techniques (linear regression analysis and logarithmic regression analysis), unsupervised machine learning techniques (k-means), ANOVA, and cross-tabulations were used as contrast tests. In Study 1, no significant changes were found in the development of users’ functional skills, except for a decrease in maladaptive behaviors. Likewise, the chronological age variable did not seem to be a determining factor in the results. In Study 2, significant differences were found in the development of all functional skills between the three measurement time points (initial–intermediate–final). In this group, the type of impairment explained 29% and chronological age 40% of the variance in functional development at the final measurement. This study found that intervention before four years old in outpatient mode produced better results in the acquisition of functional skills, with better results in users affected by rare diseases or communication and language delay at ages 49–60 months.

Interleukin-17A Inhibitors in Patients with Psoriasis and Tuberculosis Infection: A 2-Year Prospective Study on Safety Without Preventive Treatment.

The necessity for tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) and routine T-SPOT.TB monitoring in patients with psoriasis and tuberculosis infection (TBI) undergoing interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitor therapy remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the long-term safety of IL-17A inhibitors administered without TPT and analyze changes in T-SPOT.TB among these patients. It also identifies risk factors for TBI in patients with psoriasis. This single-center prospective study enrolled adult patients with plaque psoriasis and TBI receiving IL-17A inhibitors. TBI was defined as positive T-SPOT.TB results (≥ 6 spots) without symptoms or evidence of active tuberculosis (ATB). TPT administration was based on contraindications, tuberculosis risk factors, and patient preferences. The primary endpoint was the incidence of ATB over 2years. Secondary outcomes included T-SPOT.TB changes and TBI risk factors. Of the 129 patients with psoriasis and TBI enrolled in the study, 97 (75.2%) did not receive TPT, while 32 (24.8%) did. Among them, 109 patients (84.5%) completed the 2-year follow-up. During the 235 person-years of observation, no ATB cases were identified. Median T-SPOT.TB values showed no significant changes from baseline to year2 in both the non-TPT (20 vs. 17 spots, p = 0.975) and TPT groups (55 vs. 58 spots, p = 0.830). T-SPOT.TB reversed in 14 patients (12.8%), mostly in the non-TPT group. Moreover, for TBI risk factor analysis, a cohort of 212 patients with psoriasis with negative baseline T-SPOT.TB was evaluated, revealing a TBI prevalence of 37.8%. Logistic regression analysis highlighted age ≥ 45years (odds ratio [OR] 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-3.99, p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) < 24.0 kg/m2 (OR 2.12, 95%CI 1.27-3.54, p = 0.004) as independent risk factors for TBI. IL-17A inhibitors do not appear to reactivate tuberculosis in patients with psoriasis and TBI, potentially reducing the need for routine TBI screening and preventive treatment. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100045823.

High‐performance ZSR/P(MMA/BA) composites with enhanced thermal and excellent water resistance properties

AbstractAcrylate had developed rapidly because of its excellent chemical resistance, high‐gloss surface, and weather resistance. However, the poor heat resistance of acrylate limited its application in coatings. To overcome this problem, an organic–inorganic hybrid polymer of zirconium silicone resin (ZSR)‐modified acrylate has been successfully synthesized by solution polymerization. The results indicated that the heat resistance of acrylate was significantly improved due to the SiOSi and SiOZr structures of ZSR and the increased cross‐linking density induced by ZSR. After the incorporation of ZSR, the decomposition temperatures of 5% of acrylate increased from 300.4 and 349.2°C. The performance of the ZSR/(P(MMA/BA)) showed no significant change in uniformly heating at 200°C for 24 h. The composite films showed hydrophobicity, with the contact angles increasing to more than 90°. The S4 sample displayed the outstanding comprehensive performance, that is, 5% weight loss at 341.3°C, water contact angle of 97.9°, elongation at break of 852%, and tensile strength of 9.9 MPa. The high‐performance heat resistant coating is a promising material for application in architecture, decoration, and mechanical equipment.

Freezing Delay of a Drop Impacting on a Monolayer of Cold Grains.

We investigate a subfreezing droplet impact scenario in a low-humidity environment, where the target is a cold granular monolayer. When the undercooling degree of targets passes a threshold, such a granular layer effectively postpones the bulk freezing time of the droplet in comparison with the impact on the bare substrate underneath. In this case, the retraction of the droplet after impact reduces the contact area with the cold substrate, even though both the grains and the substrate are wettable to the liquid. We find that the significant changes in the dynamic behavior are triggered by freezing the liquid that wets the pores. Owing to the small dimension of the pores, the freezing process is rapid enough to match the dynamics over the droplet dimension. In certain circumstances, the rapid freezing may even stop liquid penetration and shed icing from the surface underneath.

Food Demand and Nutritional Habits of Consumers During the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Case Study in Türkiye

The Covid-19 pandemic, which has affected the entire world, has caused changes in many areas of life worldwide. These changes have also influenced and continue to influence consumer behaviors. During the restrictions, people staying at home and only going out for essential needs such as grocery shopping has caused changes in their shopping and consumption habits. The changing consumer behaviors related to the process have brought about many studies. Since the outbreak of Covid-19, it has caused significant changes in the attitudes and behaviors of individuals in the world and in Türkiye. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand these changes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the pandemic on the food demand and nutritional habits of individuals residing in Tekirdağ province. To achieve this, a survey was conducted with consumers living in Tekirdağ. According to the research's predicted 10% margin of error and 99% significance level, the sample size was calculated to be 166 people. Factor analysis was applied during the statistical analysis of the findings. Based on the results of the factor analysis, it was found that the desire of individuals to consume organic products and their awareness of healthy nutrition were high. The negative conditions that occurred during the pandemic increased the desire of individuals to eat. It has shown that consumers are more sensitive about healthy eating during the Covid-19 pandemic process. An increase in the consumption of food products that form the basis of a healthy diet, such as fruits, vegetables and eggs, and a corresponding decrease in the consumption of carbonated drinks and prepackaged food also support this finding. However, the high increase in the consumption of pastries and nuts can be given as examples of the negative effects of the need to stay at home and the restriction of physical activities due to the Covid-19 outbreak. In addition, their buying behavior changed, and the number of people who procure food products through online shopping increased. The aim of this study is to inform consumers and researchers working on this subject about how food consumption of consumers has changed after Covid-19.

Emotional impacts of racial discrimination on caregiver-child dyads: Can mentalizing-focused parenting groups buffer against racism-related stress?

Black and Latinx caregivers face high risk for parenting stress and racism-related stress due to experiences of racial discrimination (RD). This study aimed to explore the associations between RD, parenting stress, and psychological distress in caregiver-child dyads, as well as the impact of a mentalizing-focused group intervention on caregivers' experiences of RD distress. Ethnoracially minoritized caregivers of children aged 5-17 years old participated in a non-randomized clinical trial (N = 70). They received either a 12-session mentalizing-focused group parenting intervention or treatment-as-usual in outpatient psychiatry. We assessed self-reported frequency and distress related to RD, parenting stress, and psychological distress at baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T2). Caregiver- and self-reported child psychological distress were also measured. The results showed that greater RD frequency and greater RD distress separately predicted higher overall parenting stress and parental role-related distress. Greater RD distress was linked to increased psychological distress in caregivers. Similarly, greater RD frequency and distress among caregivers were associated with higher caregiver-reported, but not self-reported, child psychological distress. No significant changes in RD distress were observed between T1 and T2 for either of the treatment groups. These findings highlight the exacerbating role of RD on parenting stress and psychological distress among ethnoracially minoritized caregivers and their children.

Anabolic myokine responses and muscular performance following 8 weeks of autoregulated compared to linear resistance exercise in recreationally active males.

To date, no studies, to our knowledge, have compared the efficacy of autoregulated periodized and linear resistance exercises on anabolic myokines and muscular performance among recreationally active individuals. This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week autoregulated periodized resistance exercise (APRE) program with a linear resistance exercise (LRE) program on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), follistatin (FST), myostatin (MST), body composition, muscular strength, and power in recreationally active males. Thirty males were randomly assigned to either the APRE group (n = 15) or the LRE group (n = 15). Participants completed training three times a week for 8 weeks. The outcome measures included serum IGF-1, FST, MST, muscular strength (isometric knee extension and handgrip), power (vertical jump), lean body mass, and fat mass. IGF-1 circulating levels increased over time following APRE (34%) and with no significant change following LRE (~-1%). There were no significant differences over time or between groups for FST or MST. Muscular strength (knee extension [21.5 vs. ~16%] and handgrip [right: 31 vs. 25%; left: 31.7 vs. 28.8%]) and power (~ 33 vs. ~26%) significantly increased to a greater extent following APRE compared to LRE. Interestingly, the results revealed that lean body mass increased over time only after APRE (~ 3%), but not LRE. These findings suggest that APRE may be more effective than LRE in increasing muscular strength, power, and lean body mass, as well as circulating IGF-1 levels, in recreationally active males. The observed differences may be attributed to the increased training volume associated with APRE. However, further research is needed to directly assess muscle protein synthesis.

"Window of Opportunity" in Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Treatment: Results of a Longitudinal Study and Case Reports.

To perform a longitudinal study for determining the development of ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and report cases that illustrate the "window of opportunity" concept in oGVHD treatment. Patients (n=61) were examined at prescheduled clinic visits before HSCT and three-month intervals after HSCT for 2 years. The presence or absence of oGVHD was determined using the international chronic oGVHD consensus group diagnostic criteria. Ocular surface washings (OSW) were obtained at each visit and analyzed for cytokine levels. In the longitudinal study, 26.2% (n=16; progressed group) developed either probable (11.5%, n=7) or definite oGVHD (14.8%, n=9). In the progressed group, clinically significant changes in signs (corneal staining and Schirmer I test) and symptoms at the post-HSCT visit as compared with the pre-HSCT visit occurred at 9 months. Significant differences in clinical signs and symptoms (whether average post-HSCT values or changes in values over pre-HSCT levels) between the progressed and nonprogressed groups occurred at a 9-month visit or later. In the progressed group, 55.6% of eyes that had negative matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) test at pre-HSCT turned MMP-9 positive at 3 to 6 months post-HSCT. In the progressed group, interleukin 8 levels in OSW were significantly increased at 6 months post-HSCT. In the case reports, the "window of opportunity" was detected by MMP-9 turning positive, early corneal staining, interleukin 8 increase in OSW, and peripheral corneal epithelial thinning, which resolved with treatment initiation. A "window of opportunity" exists before patients developing symptomatic tear-deficient dry eye after HSCT for initiating treatment that may preempt oGVHD development; however, larger-scale longitudinal studies are needed for definitive recommendations.

Edukasi Anemia Pada Kehamilan di Komunitas Ibu Hamil Puskesmas Gajahan Surakarta

Edukasi Anemia Pada Kehamilan di Komunitas Ibu Hamil Puskesmas Gajahan Surakarta

Cryo-EM structures of Banna virus in multiple states reveal stepwise detachment of viral spikes

Banna virus (BAV) is the prototype Seadornavirus, a class of reoviruses for which there has been little structural study. Here, we report atomic cryo-EM structures of three states of BAV virions—surrounded by 120 spikes (full virions), 60 spikes (partial virions), or no spikes (cores). BAV cores are double-layered particles similar to the cores of other non-turreted reoviruses, except for an additional protein component in the outer capsid shell, VP10. VP10 was identified to be a cementing protein that plays a pivotal role in the assembly of BAV virions by directly interacting with VP2 (inner capsid), VP8 (outer capsid), and VP4 (spike). Viral spikes (VP4/VP9 heterohexamers) are situated on top of VP10 molecules in full or partial virions. Asymmetrical electrostatic interactions between VP10 monomers and VP4 trimers are disrupted by high pH treatment, which is thus a simple way to produce BAV cores. Low pH treatment of BAV virions removes only the flexible receptor binding protein VP9 and triggers significant conformational changes in the membrane penetration protein VP4. BAV virions adopt distinct spatial organization of their surface proteins compared with other well-studied reoviruses, suggesting that BAV may have a unique mechanism of penetration of cellular endomembranes.

Proteomic Analysis of Egg Yolk Proteins During Embryonic Development in Wanxi White Goose.

To investigate the alterations of yolk protein during embryonic development in Wanxi white goose, the egg yolk protein composition at days 0, 4, 7, 14, 18, and 25 of incubation (D0, D4, D7, D14, D18, and D25) was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. A total of 65 spots representing 11 proteins with significant abundance changes were detected. Apolipoprotein B-100, vitellogenin-1, vitellogenin-2-like, riboflavin-binding protein, and serotransferrin mainly participated in nutrient (lipid, riboflavin, and iron ion) transport, and vitellogenin-2-like showed a lower abundance after D14. Ovomucoid-like were involved in endopeptidase inhibitory activity and immunoglobulin binding and exhibited a higher expression after D18, suggesting a potential role in promoting the absorption of immunoglobulin and providing passive immune protection for goose embryos after D18. Furthermore, myosin-9 and actin (ACTB) were involved in the tight junction pathway, potentially contributing to barrier integrity. Serum albumin mainly participated in cytolysis and toxic substance binding. Therefore, the high expression of serum albumin, myosin-9, and ACTB throughout the incubation might protect the developing embryo. Apolipoprotein B-100, vitellogenin-1, vitellogenin-2-like, riboflavin-binding protein, and serotransferrin might play a crucial role in providing nutrition for embryonic development, and VTG-2-like was preferentially degraded/absorbed.

What are the common factors that lead to the failure to achieve minimal clinically important difference after shoulder surgery? A scoping review.

The goal of this research is to identify the factors that negatively impact the achievement of the minimum clinically significant change (MCID) for the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score within the realm of various orthopedic shoulder procedures. We conducted a comprehensive review of studies published from 2002 to 2023, utilizing OvidMedline and PubMed databases. Our search criteria included terms such as "minimal clinically important difference" or "MCID" along with associated MeSH terms, in addition to "American shoulder and elbow surgeon" or "ASES." We selectively included primary investigations that assessed factors linked to the failure to achieve MCID for the ASES score subsequent to orthopedic shoulder procedures, while excluding papers addressing anatomical, surgical, or injury-related aspects. Our analysis identified 149 full-text articles, leading to the inclusion of 12 studies for detailed analysis. The selected studies investigated outcomes following various orthopedic shoulder procedures, encompassing biceps tenodesis, total shoulder arthroplasty, and rotator cuff repair. Notably, factors, such as gender, body mass index, diabetes, smoking habits, opioid usage, depression, anxiety, workers' compensation, occupational satisfaction, and the preoperative ASES score, were all associated with the inability to attain MCID. In summary, numerous factors exert a negative influence on the attainment of MCID following shoulder procedures, and these factors appear to be irrespective of the specific surgical technique employed. Patients presenting with these factors may perceive their surgical outcomes as less successful when compared to those without these factors. Identifying these factors can enable healthcare providers to provide more effective counseling to patients regarding their expected outcomes and rehabilitation course. Furthermore, these findings can aid in the development of a screening tool to better identify these risk factors and optimize them before surgery.