Significant Analgesic Activity Research Articles

In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation Of Pharmacological Activites of Pouzolzia Sanguinea

Pouzolzia sanguinea grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Bangladesh, used for a variety of purposes including pain, rheumatoid kidney diseases in traditional medicine. The crude ethanolic leaf extract of P. sanguinea with its different fractions (ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform) was investigated for phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, in-vivo analgesic and antipyretic activities. Preliminary phytochemical constituents were identified by chemical group test. P. sanguinea fractionated extracts contain alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, gums, and amides. Antioxidant activity test was performed by both qualitative (TLC and Rf value) and quantitative tests (inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging). Extracts exhibited significant (p <0.001, p <0.0001) inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity as compared to the standard drug ascorbic acid at similar doses. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by protein denaturation of egg albumin method. The percent inhibition of protein denaturation in the experiment of ethanol extract was found significantly higher (p <0.0001) compared with chloroform and n-hexane extracts. In addition, in vivo analgesic and antipyretic effects were determined in mice by acetic acid-induced writhing and yeast-induced pyrexia methods. The ethanol extracts of P. sanguinea exhibited inhibition of writhing reflex on mice by 71.58% at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight which had greater analgesic activity than other n-hexane and chloroform extracts. In the anti-pyretic test, fractional extracts ethanol, chloroform, and n-hexane at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight significantly (p <0.05) decreased pyrexia in mice up to 3 h as compared with the positive control paracetamol drug at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. In our in vitro and in vivo study models, it is evident that Pouzolzia sanguinea fractionated extracts showed significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. J. Bio-Sci. 29(2): 31-42, 2021 (December)

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Leaves Ameliorates Inflammation and Pain in Experimental Mice and Computer-Aided Model

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. is traditionally used to treat several diseases, including leprosy, wound healing, gonorrhea, rheumatism, anemia, diarrhea and ulcer. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of methanolic extract of Xylia xylocarpa leaves (MEXX) via in vitro, in vivo as well as in silico models. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by human red blood cell membrane stabilization study and protein denaturation while in vivo anti-nociceptive activity was examined by the acetic acid-induced writhing test (AAWT) and formalin-induced paw licking test (FIPLT). Additionally, trans-5-hydroxypipecolic acid was an identified compound of MEXX which was subjected to molecular docking analysis followed by ADME/T and toxicity analysis. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that MEXX was enriched with carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, tannins and showed significant total phenolic (1222.66 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g dried extract) and flavonoids contents (325.33 ± 1.76 mg QE/g dried extract) in quantitative phytochemical screening. Inflammatory studies unveiled that; MEXX significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the hemolysis of membrane and protein at different concentrations (31.25 - 1000 μg/mL). The extract also displayed statistically significant analgesic responses in the acetic acid and formalin-induced test at several doses (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w). In AAWT, the extract exhibited 13.67 and 51.37 % inhibition of writhing at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. In formalin-induced paw licking test, the early phase pain inhibition was 54.64 % at the concentration of 400 mg/kg while during the latter phase at 400 mg/kg, the inhibition of pain was 43.82 %. According to molecular docking analysis, trans-5-hydroxypipecolic acid demonstrated a promising docking score against PDE4, COX-1, and COX-2 along with satisfied pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Finally, from the results it could be concluded that MEXX has potential anti-inflammatory and an-nociceptive effects that should require further investigation.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Xylia xylocarpa minimizes the inflamation and pain
 Xylia xylocarpa showed significant analgesic activity
 Xylia xylocarpa revealed polyphenolic compounds including phenol, and flavonoid
 In in silico, trans-5-hydroxypipecolic acid possessed significant analgesic activity against COX-1 and COX-2
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities from root extracts of Oligomeris linifolia

The present study evaluates the phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the root of Oligomeris linifolia (OL). Pain responses were studied in mice using acetic acid writhing method and in rats using the hot plate and formalin test. The effect of the extract on edema induced by 1.5% carrageenan was also investigated. The extracts of OL exhibited significant anti-nocicetive properties against acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions in mice. In the rat the extract exhibited significant analgesic activity as evidence by (i) increased escaped latency on hot plate in the extract-treated rats and (ii) reduction in formalin-induced pain. The maximum edema rates attained in the rats pre-treated with 150mg/kg of aqueous and methanol extracts of OL (12.50 ± 2.88%, P<0.005 and 21.63 ± 3.21%, P<0.05 respectively) were significantly lower than the control value (32.62 ± 5.33%). Aspirin (150mg/kg) gave a maximum edema rate of 13.04 ± 1.98% (P<0.005). The results provide preliminary evidence for the anecdotal use of Oligomeris linifolia by traditional medical practitioners in the management of pain and inflammation.

Study of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Scorpion Toxins DKK-SP1/2 from Scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK).

Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK), is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for a long history for the treatment of many diseases, such as inflammation, pain and cancer. In this study, DKK-SP1/2/3 genes were screened and extracted from the cDNA library of BmK. The DKK-SP1/2/3 were expressed by using plasmid pSYPU-1b in E. coli BL21, and recombinant proteins were obtained by column chromatography. In the xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageenan-induced rat paw swelling model, DKK-SP1 exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of Nav1.8 channel. Meanwhile, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, IL-6) was decreased significantly and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) were elevated significantly. Moreover, DKK-SP1 could significantly decrease the Nav1.8 current in acutely isolated rat DRG neurons. In the acetic acid-writhing and ION-CCI model, DKK-SP2 displayed significant analgesic activity by inhibiting the expression of the Nav1.7 channel. Moreover, DKK-SP2 could significantly inhibit the Nav1.7 current in the hNav1.7-CHO cells.

P-MD013. Importance of bioactive flavonoids “pectolinarin” in inflammation and pain: Validation through in-vivo, in-vitro and molecular study

Introduction . Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury which further generates chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral nerve disorders, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. Flavonoids represent a huge family of polyphenolic compounds and more referred as “nutraceuticals” because of their vide range of pharmacological activities in the mammalian cell. Pectolinarin is one of the main phytoconstituents of Cirsium japonicum which is an important herb of Korea, China and Japan. Methods . Pharmacological data have been collected and analyzed for analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity through various in-vivo and in-silico model. Moreover molecular study was also performed through scientific data analysis to know their interaction with various inflammatory markers to confirm their pharmacological activity. Present work also summarized the scientific data analysis of various molecular studies of pectolinarin with inflammatory receptor targets such as COX-2, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6. Results . Scientific data analysis showed that pectolinarin reduces tissue damage and alleviates the oxidative and inflammatory events through direct influence on COX-2, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6. Molecular study against inflammatory receptor targets showed their effectiveness in the inflammatory disorders. Further data analysis also suggested that pectolinarin significantly inhibited cell viability in rheumatoid arthritis and have inhibitory activities against carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema in some other study. However pectolinarin also exert significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats which also support the molecular study. Owing to the importance of pectolinarin in the medicine, a better understanding of their biological activities indicates their potentials as anti-inflammatory agents. Conclusion . Present study data analysis indicated and proven the anti-inflammatory potential of pectolinarin which can be exploited for commercial designing of novel anti-inflammatory drug in the future to treat various inflammatory disorders.

Phytochemical Investigation and HPTLC Fingerprinting Analysis of Selaginella bryopteris Ethanolic Plant Extract for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities in Animals

The present study was performed to determine analgesia and anti-inflammatory activities of whole plant extract of Selaginella bryopteris on animals. The extract of S. bryopteris whole plant was performed using ethanol (70%) as a solvent. The phytochemical investigation of plant extract was done to evaluated secondary metabolites present in the plant. It was further characterized using HPTLC technique to identify active constituents present in the S. bryopteris extract. The efficacy of plant extract was evaluated using the hot plate method and tail flick method against pain and carrageenan-induced paw oedema model against inflammation. Results exhibited that S. bryopteris extract possesses alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrate, protein and amino acids, steroids, vitamins, gums and mucilages. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid and rutin as active constituents present in the plant extract. S. bryopteris extract showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, it can be used as a safer alternative drug against pain and inflammation in comparison to existing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

ANALGESIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIPYRETIC EVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAF OF POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA

Polyalthia longifolia leaves ethanolic extracts produced significant analgesic activity in both Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing models in mice. In hot plate method percentage increase in reaction time was determined where as in acetic acid induced writhing model percentage decrease in writhings was determined. From the results obtained it can be concluded that Polyalthia longifolia leaves has analgesic, anti inflammatory and antipyretic activity.
 Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Hot plate method, Acetic acid induced writhing model.

Erythrina alkaloids from stems of Erythrina corallodendron

This study aims to investigate Erythrina alkaloids from the stems of Erythrina corallodendron. Eighteen Erythrina alkaloids were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the stems of E. corallodendron by silica gel,octadecyl silica( ODS),Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. With nuclear magnetic resonance( NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry( MS),their structures were identified as crstanine A( 1),erytharbine( 2),cristamine C( 3),( +)-erystramindine( 4),10,11-dioxoerythraline( 5),8-oxoerythraline( 6),8-oxo-11β-methoxyerythradine( 7),11-methoxyerythradine( 8),( ±)-11-epi-methoxyerythraline( 9),( +)-erythraline( 10),crystamidine( 11),8-oxoerythrinine( 12),( +)-11α-hydroxyerysotrine( 13),erythrinine( 14),erysodine( 15),erysotrine-N-oxide( 16),( +)-erythratidine( 17),erythratine( 18). Compounds 1-4,7,9,11,13,16 and 17 were isolated from E. corallodendron for the first time. Furthermore,the cytotoxic activities of these Erythrina alkaloids were screened by MTT assay. The results showed that all compounds had no obvious cytotoxic activity. The analgesic activities of compounds1,6 and 8 were evaluated using an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The writhing inhibition rates of compounds 1,6 and 8 at20 mg·kg~(-1)( ip) were 69%,70% and 62%,respectively( P<0. 01),indicating they have significant analgesic activity.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF AERIAL PARTS OF FLACOURTIA JANGOMAS

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of leaf and stem part aqueous extract of Flacourtia jangomas.
 Methods: Aqueous extract of leaves (ALE) and aqueous extract stem (ASE) part of Flacourtia jangomas were sequentially prepared by maceration process and subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the carrageenan-induced acute rat paw oedema model and Analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing model and hot plate method in mice. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnet’s test by using SPSS V.15 (student trail version).
 Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of extracts of leaves and stems indicated the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins. The extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with a dose-dependent manner. The ethanolic extract from the leave extract of Flacourtia jangomas at the dose 200 mg/kg has 55.6% significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard drugs (44.4%). Even at the low dose leave extract has more potent than aqueous stem extract. Where in analgesic effect by Hot plate method basal reaction time results showed that aqueous extract of stem part at the dose of 200 mg /kg has a significant effect at 120 mts 10.0 sec when compared with std pentazocine 13.0 sec. In peripheral analgesic method Acetic acid-induced writhing model results have not shown much more significant when compared with standard drug (42.1%). The potential to cause anti-inflammation by stem extract was comparatively less than that of leave extract. Thus it could be concluded that Flacourtia jangomas leave extract possess significant anti-inflammatory activity
 Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Flacourtia jangomas extract is safe and has potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, which promote this use as a food supplement against pain and inflammation related to inflammatory diseases.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the Allium cepa extract in rats

Background: The onion plant (Allium cepa) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. It has antibiotic, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antioxidant, hemostatic, antimutagenic effects. The current study is aimed to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Allium cepa extracts in rat models.Methods: In this study analgesic activity in rats is tested by Eddy’s hot plate method, tail flick method. In Eddy’s hot plate method rats are individually placed on the heated plate of the analgesic meter maintained at 550C and mean reaction time was calculated at regular time intervals. In tail flick method the tail withdrawal from the heat (flicking response) is taken as the end point. Anti-inflammatory property is studied by carrageenan induced paw edema model, in which the paw volume is measured with a plethysmograph.Results: In Eddy’s hot plate method the mean reaction time increased significantly (p<0.05) with high dose of Allium cepa at 1 hour and 2 hours when compared to control. In tail flick method the mean reaction time is increased significantly (p<0.05) with high dose of Allium cepa at 1 hour and 1.5 hour when compared to control. In carrageenan induced paw edema method Allium cepa exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by significant (p<0.05) suppression of paw edema when compare to control at 1 hour after carrageenan injection to rat paw.Conclusions: Allium cepa has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in hot plate, tail flick and carrageenan induced paw edema model.

Epoxymicranthols A—N, 5,9‐Epoxygrayanane Diterpenoids as Potent Analgesics from Rhododendron micranthum

Main observation and conclusionFifteen 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids (1—15) including fourteen new ones, epoxymicranthols A—N (1—14), were isolated from the leaves extract of Rhododendron micranthum. Their structures were elucidated via extensive spectroscopic methods and 13C NMR‐DP4+ analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1, 3—10, 14, and 15 were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Epoxymicranthols A—C (1—3) represent the first examples of 14α‐hydroxygrayanane diterpenoids, and epoxymicranthols C—F (3—6) are the first examples of 10β‐hydroxy‐5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids. Meanwhile, epoxymicranthols K (11) and N (14) represent the first examples of 13‐hydroxy‐5,9‐epoxygrayanane and 5,9‐epoxygrayan‐3‐one diterpenoids, respectively. All the diterpenoids (1—15) were assayed for their analgesic activities, and all of them exhibited significant analgesic activities at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg. Among them, compounds 2, 7, 8, and 10 also exhibited significant analgesic activities even at lower doses of 1.0 and 0.2 mg/kg. More importantly, epoxymicranthol G (7) still expressed potent analgesic activity at a lower dose of 0.04 mg/kg. A preliminary structure‐activity relationship for the analgesic effects of 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids 1—15 is discussed. These results not only enlarged the structural diversity of 5,9‐epoxygrayanane diterpenoids, but also provided a basis to develop novel potent analgesics.

Chemical Profiling, Pharmacological Insights and In Silico Studies of Methanol Seed Extract of Sterculia foetida.

Sterculia foetida, also known as jangli badam in Bangladesh, is a traditionally used plant that has pharmacological activities. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the metabolites in a methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF), and the cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-arthritics, analgesic, and antipyretic activities were examined using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments. Quantitative studies were performed through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The brine shrimp lethality bioassays and clot lysis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities, respectively. The anti-arthritics activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. Analgesic activity was determined using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced paw-licking test. A molecular docking study was performed, and an online tool was used to perform ADME/T (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity) and PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances). GC-MS analysis identified 29 compounds in MESF, consisting primarily of phenols, terpenoids, esters, and other organic compounds. MESF showed moderate cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp and significant thrombolytic and anti-arthritics activities compared with the relative standards. The extract also showed a dose-dependent and significant analgesic and antipyretic activities. Docking studies showed that 1-azuleneethanol, acetate returned the best scores for the tested enzymes. These findings suggested that MESF represents a potent source of thrombolytic, anti-arthritic, analgesic, antipyretic agents with moderate cytotoxic effects.

Phytochemical profiling, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc. (Aizoaceae).

Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and gout The aim of present study was to assess the possible anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of the methanol extract of Sesuvium sesuvioides (SsCr) to prove scientifically its folklore use in the inflammatory diseases and to screen its total antioxidant capacity by multiple methods and phytocompounds by GC-MS. The preliminary phytochemical studies showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, coumarin, terpenoids, saponins, fats and carbohydrates in crude extract. The total phenolic contents (27.31 ± 0.28mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (3.58 ± 0.12 mgRE/g) values were observed. The antioxidant capacity of SsCr showed significant DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PBD and metal chelating results. GC-MS analysis displayed the phytoconstituents with anti-inflammatory potentials such as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, vanillin, umbelliferone, methyl ferulate, palmitoleic acid, methyl palmitate and phytol. SsCr presented noteworthy HRBC membrane stability with maximum inhibition of cell hemolysis (47.79%). In carrageenan-induced hind paw edema assay result showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory action. SsCr presented significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activity in hot-plate and tail flicking tests similarly it also showed the noteworthy inhibition in pain latency against formalin induced analgesia at 1st and 2nd phases. SsCr reduced the acetic acid-induced writhes at different doses (250, 500 and 750mg). Results of antipyretic activity of SsCr extract were significant at 500 and 750mg. The results of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies verified the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of Sesuvium sesuvioides and supported the folklore uses of this plant.

Evaluation of Analgesic, Antidiarrheal and Hypoglycemic Activities of &lt;i&gt;Wendlandia paniculata&lt;/i&gt; (Roxb.) DC Leaves Extract using Mice Model

The leaves of Wendlandia paniculata (Roxb.) DC is a rare folk medicine among tribal people even though there is no scientific literature available regarding its pharmacological potentials. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crude methanol extract of W. paniculata (Roxb.) DC. Leaves in mice model. The in vivo glucose-lowering capacity of methanolic crude extract was analyzed utilizing the well-known tail tipping method. The central and peripheral analgesic activity was evaluated using the ‘tail flick' and writhing assay respectively. The anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated using the method of castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. As a result, oral administration (400 mg/ kg) of the extract resulted significant (P&lt;0.001) delay in response to pain and inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing response. The results were comparable to the respective standards morphine (2 mg/kg) and diclofenac (50 mg/kg). Likewise, maximum reduction (p&lt;0.05) of blood glucose (32.3%) was observed 180 min after oral intake(400 mg/kg) of the extract compared to the 47% of the standard glibenclamide. Moreover, a reduction of diarrheal feces was observed 45.83% (p&lt;0.001) compared to standard loperamide 70.83%. The in vivo bioassays confirmed that the crude methanol extract of leaves of W. paniculata possesses significant analgesic (central, peripheral) and antidiarrheal activity with mild glucose-lowering activity. Isolation of bioactive compounds is needed to justify the molecule responsible for the activity.

ELAEOCARPUS SERRATUS L. EXHIBITS POTENTIAL ANALGESIC AND ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITIES IN MICE MODEL

Background. Elaeocarpus serratus L. (Family: Elaeocarpaceae) is a tropical fruit tree, traditionally used in the treatments of poisoning, diarrhea, arthritis, and other diseases. Objectives. The current study was performed to conduct the analgesic, antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic activity of E. serratus in mice model using methanolic bark crude extract. Methods. To assess the peripheral and central analgesic activity, the acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion methods were respectively used. The castor-oil mediated antidiarrheal method was used to assess the antidiarrheal activity whereas, the tail tipping technique was conducted to determine the hypoglycemic activity of the plant extract. Results. In the peripheral analgesic assay, the methanolic bark crude extract of E. serratus significantly inhibits the number of writing 69.77% (200 mg/kg) and 73.26% (400 mg/kg) respectively (p&lt;0.05) which was strongly comparable with standard NSAID drug diclofenac sodium 75.58% (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, it shown a significant tail flicking response for 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes of central analgesic activity assay. In antidiarrheal activity assay, the E. serratus substantially reduced the number of diarrheal feces 64.26% (200 mg/kg, p&lt;0.05) and 78.57% (400 mg/kg, p&lt;0.05) which was also comparable with the positive control loperamide. The hypoglycemic activity of E. serratus extract was not convincing. Conclusions. Our investigation demonstrated the significant analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of methanolic bark extract of E. serratus (200 and 400 mg/kg) in mice model.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lupeol isolated from Indian traditional medicinal plant Crateva adansonii screened through in vivo and in silico approaches

BackgroundLupeol, a triterpene bioactive compound isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii acted as promising and alternative anti-inflammatory agent to treatments of diseases related to inflammation. The inflammatory process in the body serves an important function in the control and repair of injury. However, it is self-perpetuating in number of disease conditions, which must be prevented and treated. Worldwide most prescribing NASID drug shows severe side effects. Whereas drug from natural origin shows dual inhibition of inflammatory and analgesic target protein with more efficacy and less side effects than NSAID drugs. Our study aims to isolate and screen the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from leaf extract of Crateva adansonii belongs to Capparaceae family commonly used Indian traditional medicine for treating inflammatory diseases. ResultsMethanol and chloroform leaf extracts (ME and CE) and lupeol fraction (LF) of plant Crateva adansonii is investigated through employing in vivo male Wistar albino rat model. Acute toxicity study of C. adansonii ME and CE leaf extracts reveals that no mortality and no behavioral changes in experimental animals up to 2 g/kg. So no lethal dose we consider two optimal doses 200 and 400 mg of plant leaf extracts for in vivo inflammatory and analgesic study. In vivo acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity was carried out through carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii evoked highest percentage of inflammation inhibition (50 and 33.96% respectively) in both in vivo acute and chronic inflammation model among all tested samples (ME and CE 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, oral route) including reference standard (10 mg/kg, oral route) indomethacin. Carrageenan-challenged experimental animals were screened for one inflammatory marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammatory products such as Prostaglandrin E2 (PGE2), and eight different cytokines markers (TNFα, IL-6, IFN γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1, Rantes, and MIP) associated with inflammation reveals that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii shows prominent anti-inflammatory activity than reference standard indomethacin (10 mg/kg, oral route) over all these biological tested parameters. In vivo analgesic assays such as hot plate assay and acetic acid-induced writhing assay revealed that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) possesses significant analgesic activity (11.60 s and 69.05%) when compared with standard drug pentazocine(10 mg/kg, oral route). Finally, we made an in silico screening of lupeol against analgesic (nAChR) and anti-inflammatory (COX-2) target proteins reveals that lupeol possess highest binding affinity with nAChR and COX-2 target proteins (− 8.5 and − 9.0 Kcal/mol) over the reference standard pentazocine and indomethacin (− 7.0 and − 8.4 Kcal/mol) respectively. ConclusionThe present study result provides a pharmacological evidences for analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii act as a multi-target agent with immense anti-inflammatory potential targeting key molecules of inflammation such as MPO, PGE2, and eight pro-inflammatory cytokine markers. Outcome of present study is to find promising anti-inflammatory bioactive agents from the cheapest Indian traditional medicinal plant sources useful for pharmaceutical industries.

Investigation of phytochemical and pharmacological assessment of ethanol extract of &lt;em&gt;Stenochlaena palustris&lt;/em&gt;- an edible fern of Sundarbans

Stenochlaena palustris is a widely found fern in mangrove forests and other areas of different countries over the world. This plant has many uses in traditional medicine of many countries. This study was conducted on its leaves extract to investigate its different phytochemical and pharmacological properties based on its local medicinal uses. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of different secondary metabolites in this plant. On silica coated TLC plates, the extract exhibited the presence of different antioxidative compounds. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were determined (97 mg GAE/g, 90 mg QE/g and 23 mg GAE/g, respectively). This extract also scavenged DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals (SC50 = 80, 158 and 236 μg/ml, respectively). It also showed ferric ion reducing capability (RC50 =166 μg/ml). This plant showed significant antihyperglycemic, peripheral analgesic (acetic acid induced), anti-inflammatory (formaldehyde induced) and laxative activities in mice. This plant also showed little cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. These results are also compared with respective standard drugs and our findings justified its traditional usage.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and safety profile of Cucurbita maxima and Cucumis sativus seeds.

The premise of the pharmacology of natural product is to explore benefits of natural resources for the mankind. Medicines extracted from natural resources are considered as primary source for drug discovery. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the safety profile and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Cucurbita maxima (C. maxima) and Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) seeds. These seeds are edible, good in taste and have been used for several therapeutic purposes. Acute toxicity of the seeds was evaluated by Lorke’s method while Eddy’s hot plate and tail immersion methods were used to assess analgesic activity in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat hind paw edema method. The seed extracts of C. maxima and C. sativus were found to be safe and showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the control group. The therapeutic effects of these extracts were almost comparable to aspirin and brufen. Therefore, the seeds can be used as effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

EVALUATION OF THE ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF FLOWERS OF PLUMERIA ALBA LINN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Objective: Plumeria alba (Apocynaceae), commonly known as “Frangipani” is an important medicinal plant, widely distributed throughout Southern India. In the traditional medicinal system, different parts of this plant have been mentioned to be useful in a wide variety of diseases. In this study, analgesic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of flowers of P. alba Linn was evaluated by hot-plate and acetic acid-induced writhing methods to substantiate and expand its clinical applications.&#x0D; Methods: The flowers of P. alba were collected from the local area in and around Coimbatore (India). The flowers were dried, powdered, and were extracted using soxhlet apparatus for 12 h using water and 95% of ethanol as a solvent. The test extracts were administered orally at a dose of 100 &amp; 200 mg/kg while diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) served as standard.&#x0D; Results: The ethanolic flower extract of 200 mg/kg had significant analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing response (***p&lt;0.001) when compared to control and standard drug diclofenac. It also exhibited significant analgesic activity (***p&lt;0.001) by increasing the pain reaction time of the rats in comparison to control and standard in hot plate method.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanolic flower extracts of P. alba possess potent analgesic properties, which support its use in traditional medicine and suggesting that the plant should be further investigated for its pharmacological active natural products.

In Vivo Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Sedative Studies of the Extract and Naphthoquinone Isolated from Diospyros kaki (Persimmon)

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative medicine is used with numerous side effects, including peptic ulcer, headache, addiction, and other complications. In this regard, discovery research is undergoing a process to discover effective, safe, and economical drugs with no side effects. The aim of this study was to assess chloroform extracts and isolated compounds for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative activities in animal models. The anti-inflammatory potential was measured by using the carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw edema procedure, while the analgesic potential was determined using a hot plate analgesiometer. The sedative effect was observed in an animal model for screening of the locomotor effect of the extract and isolated compound 1. Our data exhibited that the extract and compound 1 attenuated carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced paw edema (93.98 and 89.54%, respectively). Furthermore, compound 1 attenuated biphasic edema associated with histamine and prostaglandins. The chloroform extract showed a moderate analgesic effect; however, compound 1 showed a significant analgesic potential (p < 0.001) by increasing the latency time of the animals in the thermally induced algesia model. Compound 1 exhibited a significant sedative effect and dose-dependent analgesic activity. It is concluded that the chloroform extract and compound 1 showed remarkable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative activities. This research work strongly rationalizes the folkloric usage of Diospyros kaki in the treatment of inflammation, pain, and insomnia.