Significance Of Type Research Articles

Mechanism of action of interferon-alpha 2 in hairy cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines: the significance of type I interferon receptors and RNA synthesis

Lymphoblastoid cells were subjected to Western Blot analysis for detection of Interferon-alpha-binding proteins. JOK-1 cells--a human hairy cell leukemia line--revealed three proteins with apparent molecular weights of 120, 100 and 32 kD, respectively. Down-regulation of the receptor was observed. A differential binding pattern of two proteins (100 and 85 kD) was observed in T-CLL, whereas no signal detection was achieved in B-CLL. Mononuclear cells from 6 patients with hairy cell leukemia and 6 patients with CLL were found to differ significantly in terms of nucleic acid precursor incorporation.

Recognition of polymorphic monocyte antigens.

Sera from multiparous women and renal transplant recipients were screened for the presence of anti-monocyte antibodies. Reactions caused by anti-HLA antibodies were excluded by using panel cells that were HLA-compatible with the antibody producers. Six sera with monocyte-specific antibodies were identified, and at least two monocyte-specific (probably allelic) antigens could be recognized. The perspective of the clinical significance of typing for monocyte-specific antigens is discussed.

Functional significance of the cells in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.).

Seven morphologically and tinctorially distinct types of cells (types 1--7) have been distinguished in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.). On the basis of their responses to various experimental stimuli, these cell types were correlated with the secretion of various trophic hormones. Type 1 cells exhibited conspicuous changes after thyroidectomy or inactivation of the thyroid gland and hence appeared to be the source of TSH. Types 2 and 3 cells responded to gonadectomy and administration of androgens, which suggests that they were associated with gonadotrophin secretion. The granules of the type 2, but not the type 3 cells could be extracted with 10% trichloroacetic acid, which may indicate that type 2 and 3 cells secrete FSH and LH respectively. After the administration of either reserpine or oestrogen, the type 4 cells underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which suggests that they were the likely source of prolactin. Type 6 cells, which are distinguishable from type 4 cells by their thinly dispersed erythrosinophilic granulation, showed conspicuous changes after unilateral adrenalectomy, administration of metyrapone or exposure to stress and may therefore be responsible for secretion of ACTH. Type 5 cells tinctorially resembled the somatotrophic cells of other mammalian species and did not respond to any of the experimental treatments used in the present study. It is therefore possible that these cells have a somatotrophic function. The possible significance of type 7 cells has been discussed previously.

Autosomal recessive inheritance of renal glycosuria

Renal glucose titrations were performed in seven members of three generations in a family affected with renal glycosuria to examine the mechanism of inheritance and the significance of Type A and Type B titration curves. The proband, a 3-yr-old boy, had constant fasting glycosuria. His inulin clearance and proximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, uric acid, and amino acids were normal. Renal glucose titration demonstrated marked reductions of minimal threshold (F minG) and tubular maximum (T mG), indicative of severe Type A glycosuria. Both parents, the paternal grandmother, and the maternal grandfather demonstrated T mG values between the proband and normal (mild Type A glycosuria). The paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother had normal renal glucose titration curves. The pedigree analysis indicates that renal glycosuria is inherited in this family as an autosomal recessive trait and that the proband is homozygous for a mutant gene producing severe Type A renal glycosuria. The intermediate reductions in T mG seen in presumed heterozygotes suggest that the single mutation produces a decreased number of functioning renal glucose transport sites and that this is expressed as mild Type A glycosuria.

The Uptake of Growth Substances

In a previous paper it was established that during the course of uptake of radioactive 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TCBA) by mesocotyl segments of Avena, the rate, initially positive, became negative within six hours. This phase of net loss is prevented by streptomycin and by synthalin, while an enhancement of accumulation is brought about by cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). It was postulated that the initial accumulation is governed by an unstable accumulatory process (Type 1) which involves adsorption by some cell membrane system through an interaction between the carboxyl anion of the growth-regulator molecule and the quaternary ammonium group of the choline moiety of α-lecithin. Hydrolysis of lecithin by phospholipase-D destroys this Type 1 binding, while cationic nitrogen compounds maintain positive uptake by competing with the choline quaternary ammonium group of α-lecithin for the anionic site of phospholipase-D. The effects of pretreatment at a low temperature on the subsequent uptake of 2,3,6-TCBA and the influence of pH on the course of uptake, as well as studies of the egress of choline, provide some support for the role of phospholipase-D in determining the instability of the accumulatory system. Synthalin and CTAB inhibit the activity of phospholipase-D in vitro. However, other investigations with this enzyme also emphasize that such inhibition can only partially account for the great enhancement of the uptake of TCBA produced by CTAB. Related experiments on the uptake of alkyl pyridinium compounds by Avena segments and on their adsorption to lecithin in vitro favour a suggestion that quaternary ammonium compounds, such as CTAB, act largely by providing aftificial Type 1 sites. The mechanism and significance of Type 1 accumulation are discussed and compared with similar postulates for the binding of auxins and salts.

TESTS IN HAMSTERS FOR ONCOGENIC QUALITY OF ORDINARY VIRUSES INCLUDING ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7.

SummaryStudies were conducted to measure the in vivo oncogenic potential of a variety of “ordinary” viruses. Adenovirus 1, 2, 7, 12 and 18, influenza A2, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial, mumps, measles, rhinovirus 11, 23 and 30, poliovirus 3, salivary gland virus, varicella, pneumonia virus of mice, Rous sarcoma, visceral lym-phomatosis and resistance-inducing factor (avian leucosis) viruses were tested for ability to induce tumors in hamsters inoculated when newborn, A majority of animals given adenovirus types 12 or 18 developed tumors. Additionally, a portion of animals which received type 7 adenovirus developed sarcomas. Evidence is presented for the significance of type 7 adenovirus in tumor development. Two animals given Bryan's Rous sarcoma virus also developed sarcomas. None of the animals which received any of the other viruses presented significant evidence for induction of malignancy. Studies of additional viruses are in progress.Addendum: Since the time the present manuscript w...

The Intelligibility of Roman Imperial Coin Types

If any ancient historian—either Greek or Roman—made any systematic comment on the principles observed in the choice of coin types in the classical world his account has not come down to us. Aristotle, indeed, in his Politics, made a theoretical reference to coin types when he wrote ὁ γὰρ χαρακτὴρ ἐτέθη τοῦ ποσοῦ σημεῖον. This reference, though it is of characteristic Aristotelian brevity, in reality goes beyond the theory and implies the almost invariable principles of choice everywhere. For, as scholars have often noted and now generally agree, when Aristotle defined the addition of a type to a coin as a means of indicating its value, he was saying not that the type showed how great the value of the coin is, but that its very presence gives an assurance that the proper value of the coin—whatever that value might be—can be safely assumed. As G. F. Hill pointed out, and as will be seen later, ‘the importance of this apparently subtle distinction lies in its bearing on the significance of types.’

Prognostic significance of type of onset of mental illness.

Prognostic significance of type of onset of mental illness.