Signal Transmitter Research Articles

Whole-cell biosensors for determination of bioavailable pollutants in soils and sediments: Theory and practice

The bioavailability of pollutants is a key factor affecting environmental risk. Whole-cell bioreporters are a demonstratedly effective tool for the investigation of pollutant bioavailability in water and soil/sediment. Unlike aqueous samples, transmittance of bioreporter optical signal is reduced in direct-contact assays with soil/sediment, which affects the accuracy of bioreporter-detected pollutant bioavailability. No studies have measured the magnitude and variability of soil/sediment effects on signal in direct-contact assays or how associated uncertainties influence results. In this study, we investigate the optical effects of soil/sediment particles in suspensions on bioreporter signal transmittance and quantify how variable these optical effects are from sample-to-sample. We find that neglecting bioreporter signal diminution by soil/sediment, as many studies do, can lead to order-of-magnitude errors in results, underestimating risk. Correction based on methods in ad hoc use (e.g. comparison to signal from non-inducible reporter or use of reference soil/sediment) are also problematic for some types of experiment, and could lead to errors in excess of 30%. Our findings have a sound basis in theory, and we provide recommendations concerning the most suitable type of approach to use for different experimental settings. Generally, if best accuracy is not needed to quantify bioavailability, for samples that have been ground, sieved, and are of reasonably uniform color, it may be possible to use a single or average correction factor, particularly for experiments performed at a single slurry concentration. For investigations studying bioavailability under varying solid-phase:water ratios (e.g., sorption/desorption), detailed compensation measurements are needed for independent variables, including each specific soil/sediment sample, slurry concentration, and in some cases bioreporter signal intensity. Our measurements and calculations indicate that best results are obtained when working in the region of ballistic photon transmittance. Findings herein will be useful in areas that require information on bioavailability, such as ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment.

Lens antenna adjustment for telecommunication and imaging modes in a sub‐THz radio system

AbstractThis article presents a concept of a dual‐mode operated sub‐THz frequency radio system by adjusting the lens‐antenna distance for either telecommunication or imaging modes. The signal transmittance and imaging capabilities are demonstrated using a continuous wave operated transceiver with operation frequency 220 to 330 GHz where the 6G wireless radio system could be allocated. A high‐gain bullet‐shape lens antenna was investigated for imaging the natural object (Bergenia leaf) in the short‐range line‐of‐sight radio link. The bullet lens performed with the gain of 28 dB and the 1° beamwidth over the frequency band. For the demonstration of dual‐mode operation, the leaf was placed into the middle of the radio link path and then its image was synthesized at three lenses to the antenna‐distances by utilizing the inverse synthetic‐aperture radar technique. For image synthesizing, the movement pattern area (100 mm × 100 mm) is defined with 5 mm steps to sweep the object area. Three 100 mm × 100 mm images by 5 mm steps from different lens positions in focal axis distances (4, 15, and 30 mm were synthesized. The comparison shows that 15 mm distance has the highest gain and 30 mm distance has the higher image quality. Therefore, there is the possibility to switch from the high gain low‐resolution mode to the low gain high‐resolution mode by changing the lens position in terms of the feed. The imaging feasibility can be applied at 6G radio systems if adjustable lens systems are used revealing the new potential features in future radios.

Hydrogen Sulfide in Plants: Crosstalk with Other Signal Molecules in Response to Abiotic Stresses.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been considered as a crucial gaseous transmitter occupying extensive roles in physiological and biochemical processes throughout the life of plant species. Furthermore, plenty of achievements have been announced regarding H2S working in combination with other signal molecules to mitigate environmental damage, such as nitric oxide (NO), abscisic acid (ABA), calcium ion (Ca2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), proline (Pro), and melatonin (MT). This review summarizes the current knowledge within the mechanism of H2S and the above signal compounds in response to abiotic stresses in plants, including maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, exchanging metal ion transport, regulating stomatal aperture, and altering gene expression and enzyme activities. The potential relationship between H2S and other signal transmitters is also proposed and discussed.

Development of a front-end electronics for thin-gap resistive plate chamber

To cope with the challenge of high hit rates in some applications, the new-generation large-area Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) with 1 mm thin gap was proposed. Compared to the RPC generation presently, the signal of the thin-gap RPC is much weaker (of the order of hundreds of μV) and faster (pulse width of about 5 ns). Hence a new-generation Front-End (FE) electronics needs to be developed for the thin-gap RPC. The FE board contains 8 independent electronic channels, each with an amplifier, a discriminator, and a Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) transmitter. The amplifier is made of discrete components, with particular emphasis on SiGe:C transistors. A simplified but stable power system is designed for the FE board, and its status can be monitored in real-time. The test results show that the overall charge gain of the FE amplifier reaches 0.4 mV/fC, with very low noise (lower than 700 μV RMS with up to 10 pF input detector capacitance), and good linearity when the amplitude of the input amplitude is lower than 3 mV. The -3-dB bandwidth of the amplifier reaches 154 MHz. The jitter caused by the electronics (including amplifier, discriminator and LVDS transmitter) is around 10 ps when the threshold voltage is higher than 20 mV. The maximum event rate per channel exceeds 20 MHz. The cosmic ray test was conducted with two FE boards mounted on a 1 mm thin-gap RPC of 1.4 × 0.4 m2 area. The efficiency of the detector system reaches 95% when the threshold voltage is 20 mV, with almost no accidental coincidence event. The overall time resolution of the detector system is 484 ps. The performance of our FE electronics satisfies the requirement of the thin-gap RPC.

Research on Blind Estimation and Synthesis of FM Speech Frequency Hopping Signal

This paper mainly studies the blind estimation and synthesis of frequency hopping points of speech signals based on frequency modulation in the case of frequency hopping.FM voice frequency hopping signal transmitter and receiver are built based on MATLAB platform. The transmitter FM modulates the original signal and then performs frequency hopping processing; the receiver blind estimates the frequency hopping point of the received signal.

Considering blood scattering effect in noninvasive optical detection of blood components using dynamic spectrum along with time varying filter based empirical mode decomposition

Absorbance in photoplethysmography (PPG) depend linearly on concentration however blood scattering can induce the absorbance and transmittance resulting in nonlinear errors. Based on an adaptive spectroscopy technique called dynamic spectrum (DS), a multi-position multi-spectral PPG processing method potentially for detecting pulsating arterial blood from upper and lower parts of the PPG signal was proposed to probe blood scattering effects. The proposed method employs the time varying filter-based empirical mode decomposition (TVF-EMD) algorithm for DS extraction from accumulated narrowband signals for linear DS components extraction. The extraction in this paper uses the transmittance and reflectance modalities of the PPG signal from 600 nm and 1100 nm wavelengths. The hemoglobin concentration samples from 220 volunteer subjects were collected for modeling. A reduced range of absorbance values was obtained from the combined-DS extraction which is significant for high transmittance and high precision against nonlinear errors due to blood scattering. Quantitative modeling with partial least squares (PLS) and radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) was used for further evaluation. Low and under-fitting training results were obtained from the PLS modeling of the original dual-position DS, confirming the nonlinear effect of scattering. Conversely, modeling results from the combined-DS (TVF-EMD dual-position DS) with the nonlinear RBF-NN model improved significantly indicating the potential reduction of blood scattering effects. Furthermore, significant noise reduction was obtained with the TVF-EMD extraction method. The results suggest that DS from dual-position with adaptive filtering and nonlinear modeling can be a promising approach to eliminate blood scattering errors in noninvasive optical detection of blood components.

Genome-wide survey of G\u03b3 subunit gene family in eight Rosaceae and expression analysis of PbrGGs in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)

BackgroundHeterotrimeric G-proteins, composed of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, are important signal transmitters, mediating the cellular response to multiple stimuli in animals and plants. The Gγ subunit is an essential component of the G-protein, providing appropriate functional specificity to the heterotrimer complex and has been well studied in many species. However, the evolutionary history, expression pattern and functional characteristics of Gγ subunits has not been explored in the Rosaceae, representing many important fruit crops.ResultsIn this study, 35 Gγ subunit genes were identified from the eight species belonging to the Rosaceae family. Based on the structural gene characteristics, conserved protein motifs and phylogenetic analysis of the Gγ subunit genes, the genes were classified into three clades. Purifying selection was shown to play an important role in the evolution of Gγ subunit genes, while a recent whole-genome duplication event was the principal force determining the expansion of the Gγ subunit gene family in the subfamily Maloideae. Gγ subunit genes exhibited diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns in Chinese white pear, including fruit, root, ovary and bud, and under abiotic stress conditions, the relative expression of Gγ subunit genes were up-regulated or down-regulated. In addition, seven of the Gγ subunit proteins in pear were located on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.ConclusionOverall, this study of the Gγ subunit gene family in eight Rosaceae species provided useful information to better understand the evolution and expression of these genes and facilitated further exploration of their functions in these important crop plants.

Flexible High-Stability Self-Variable-Voltage Monolithic Integrated System Achieved by High-Brightness LED for Information Transmission.

The emergence of visible light information transmission systems is profoundly affecting the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The complex sensing and driving circuits of the IoT have become the key factor to hinder signal conversion and processing. Herein, a high-performance self-variable-voltage light information transmission integrated system (SVV-LTS) is reported and its application potential in low-power, self-powered optical communication transmission systems is demonstrated. Diffusion-adsorption regulation growth method and laser induction technology are innovatively used to realize high-brightness light-emitting diode (LED) and flexible micro-supercapacitor (MSC) on graphene. Meanwhile, MSC realizes the dual functions of supplying power to the system, realizing pressure signal response, and converting pressure signals into electrical signals. Finally, the MSC as power, sensor and LED as signal transmitter are integrated into an SVV-LTS. The response time of SVV-LTS is 80ms and the luminous wavelength fluctuation of the LED is stable at 1.2nm. This study will provide a new approach to realize low-power optical communication transmission systems affecting the IoT technology.

Signal intensity of the random freeze beam in the biological turbulent tissue

Developing the signal intensity model for random freeze beams, which is an absorption- and diffraction-resistance beam, in the biological turbulent tissue, we investigate the signal intensity evolution of the random freeze beam as the function of the number of the superposition beam, beam waist, the topological charge of vortex modes, the fractal dimension, small length-scale factor, characteristic length of heterogeneity and the constant of refractive-index fluctuation of the tissue. The biological turbulent tissues include frozen human liver sections and the oxygenated (>99%) blood. The results are as follows: the signal transmittance of RF beam is greater than that of the BG beam. The impact of fractal dimension, the constant of refractive-index fluctuation, small length-scale factor and the natural length of heterogeneity on random freeze beam in the oxygenated (>99%) blood is similar to those in frozen human liver sections. The higher the number of superposition sub-beam, the larger the beam waist and the smaller the topological charge can efficiently improve the propagation performance of random freeze beams.

비행 조건에서의 입자 분사에 따른 엔진 배기플룸 냉각 및 차폐 영향성 연구

Cooling and shielding effects of injecting micro-scale particles into the exhaust plume of an aircraft engine flying at high speed at an altitude of 6,096 m (=20,000 ft) were studied using computational methods. A discrete phase model was used to calculate a multiphase flow composed of exhaust plume and particles (liquid water mist and solid carbon). The IR radiation of the plume incident on the particle layer was first calculated, and then the radiation absorption coefficient of the injected particles was calculated using the discrete ordinate model. Furthermore, the change of the thermal flowfield of the exhaust plume according to the particle injection flow rate and the injection material, and the cooling and shielding effects were analyzed. The transmittance of the exhaust plume IR signal passing through the particle layer was determined through the maximum absorption coefficient at each point.

One‐way deep indoor positioning system for conventional GNSS receiver using paired transmitters

<h3>Abstract</h3> Generally, GNSS-based indoor navigation systems use repeaters or pseudolites. However, these methods are vulnerable to multipath errors and require additional information, including the repeater or pseudolite position. In this study, we propose a novel one-way indoor positioning system using GNSS signal transmitters. Our system uses paired transmitters, each of which broadcasts the same set of satellite signals. The autocorrelation functions of the combined signals are analyzed as the overlap of each individual autocorrelation function. The estimated position can be determined along the track between the transmitters. The multipath error is absorbed by the clock bias and does not cause position bias error. Furthermore, the proposed system can be applied in current commercial GNSS receivers directly. A theoretical analysis of the pseudorange, user position, multipath error, and signal power is included and supported by simulation results. A field test was conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed system.

Emitter Identification of Digital Modulation Transmitter Based on Nonlinearity and Modulation Distortion of Power Amplifier.

Specific transmitter identification (SEI) is a technology that uses a received signal to identify to which individual radiation source the transmitted signal belongs. It can complete the identification of the signal transmitter in a non-cooperative scenario. Therefore, there are broad application prospects in the field of wireless-communication-network security, spectral resource management, and military battlefield-target communication countermeasures. This article demodulates and reconstructs a digital modulation signal to obtain a signal without modulator distortion and power-amplifier nonlinearity. Comparing the reconstructed signal with the actual received signal, the coefficient representation of the nonlinearity of the power amplifier and the distortion of the modulator can be obtained, and these coefficients can be used as the fingerprint characteristics of different transmitters through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to complete the identification of specific transmitters. The existing SEI strategy for changing the modulation parameters of a test signal is to mix part of the test signal with the training signal so that the classifier can learn the signal of which the modulation parameter was changed. This method is still data-oriented and cannot process signals for which the classifier has not been trained. It has certain limitations in practical applications. We compared the fingerprint features extracted by the method in this study with the fingerprint features extracted by the bispectral method. When SNR < 20 dB, the recognition accuracy of the bispectral method dropped rapidly. The method in this paper still achieved 86% recognition accuracy when SNR = 0 dB. When the carrier frequency of the test signal was changed, the bispectral feature failed, and the proposed method could still achieve a recognition accuracy of about 70%. When changing the test-signal baud rate, the proposed method could still achieve a classification accuracy rate of more than 70% for four different individual radiation sources when SNR = 0 dB.

Quantification of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli via Optical Nanoantenna and Temperature-responsive Artificial Antibodies.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli are a dangerous bacterium known to be harmful to the human body, with some infections even resulting in death. Given this danger, food factories are required to perform a quick bacterial test to confirm the absence of this pathogen prior to shipping. We have developed a novel molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) particle that has encapsulated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and which can function as both a receptor and an optical signal transmitter in biological systems. This MIP particle is artificially synthesized and can be engineered to specifically recognize and capture antigens on the bacterial cell membrane. In addition, MIP particles containing AuNPs generate strong scattered light signals, and binding of the MIP particles improves the optical intensity of the target bacterial cells. This enables clear visualization under a dark-field microscope and quantification of the target bacteria using the scattering light intensity. Here we describe the successful quantification of Escherichia coli O157 cells in real meat samples using this technology in conjunction with a simple labelling step.

The role of salt-inducible kinases on the modulation of renal and intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase activity during short- and long-term high-salt intake

Type 1 salt-inducible kinases (SIK1) has been shown to act as a mediator during the cellular adaptation to variations in intracellular sodium in a variety of cell types. Type 2 SIK (SIK2) modulates various biological functions and acts as a signal transmitter in various pathways. To evaluate the role of both SIK isoforms in renal and intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, we made use of constitutive sik1−/− (SIK1–KO), sik2−/− (SIK2–KO), double sik1−/−sik2−/− (double SIK1*2-KO) knockout and wild-type (WT) mice challenged to a standard (0.3% NaCl) or chronic high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) diet intake for 48 h or 12 weeks.Long-term HS intake in WT was accompanied by 2-fold increase in jejunal NKA activity and slight (~30% reduction) decreases in NKA in the ileum and cecum; none of these changes was accompanied by changes in the expression of α1-NKA. The ablation of SIK1 and SIK2 prevented the marked increase in jejunal NKA activity following the long-term HS intake. The ablation of SIK1 and SIK2 in mice on a long-term HS intake impacted differently in the ileum and cecum. The most interesting finding is that in SIK2–KO mice marked reductions in NKA activity were observed in the ileum and cecum when compared to WT mice, both on normal and long-term HS intake.In summary, SIK1 or SIK2 ablation on chronic high-salt intake is accompanied by modulation of NKA along the intestinal tract, which differ from those after an acute high-salt intake, and this may represent an absorptive compensatory mechanism to keep electrolyte homeostasis.

The mechanics of DNA mismatch repair sliding clamp progression in the prediction of clinically relevant HsMLH1 missense mutations

Lynch Syndrome (LS), the most common inherited colorectal cancer predisposition, is primarily caused by mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes: HsMSH2, HsMLH1, HsMSH6 and HsPMS2. MMR proteins maintain genomic stability by repairing nucleotide mispairing errors during DNA replication. They are highly conserved members of the MutS (MSH) and MutL (MLH/PMS) proteins that play central roles in directing accurate MMR excision. MSH proteins recognize mismatched nucleotides which triggers ATP binding and formation of a sliding clamp that randomly diffuses along the DNA. Previous biophysical studies in E.coli, showed that EcMutS and EcMutL formed cascading sliding clamps on the mismatched DNA, and defined the intermediary activity of EcMutL, as a signal transmitter between the mismatch recognition and the downstream excision processes. However, the detailed mechanics of the human MLH/PMS proteins has remained a puzzle. Using real-time-single molecule imaging we show that human heterodimeric MMR proteins HsMSH2-HsMSH6 and HsMLH1-HsPMS2 exhibit identical mechanism to their bacterial homologs. HsMSH2-HsMSH6 is required to load the major human MLH/PMS heterodimer onto a DNA containing a single mismatch. In its absence, no visible HsMLH1-HsPMS2 sliding clamps were observed. MLH/PMS proteins contain a disordered region, variable in length, that connects the N-terminal ATP binding domain that interacts with HsMSH2-HsMSH6 with the C-terminal dimerization domain of the protein. Our results indicate that HsMSH2-HsMSH6 provides a platform for HsMLH1-HsPMS2 to wrap around the DNA and form a stable sliding clamp, diffusing rapidly along the DNA. Furthermore, it has been shown that increasing the number of amino acids deleted in the linker domain in EcMutL and S. cerevisae ScMlh1 or ScPms1, initially block the ability to transit roadblocks on the DNA to ultimately, total MMR inhibition. MLH/PMS sliding clamps resemble a flexible donut that encircles the DNA with a relatively large donut hole. We hypothesize that any sequence of amino acids could, in principle, occupy this domain with the condition that it remained malleable and capable of wrapping around the DNA. Therefore, few if any LS pathogenic missense protein variants (MPVs) are expected within the HsMLH1 linker domain. To test this, unique missense protein variants (MPVs) located in the coding sequence of HsMLH1 were analyzed, A clear pattern was found, where non-pathogenic (26) and uncertain (366) variants were distributed ubiquitously. However, the disordered linker region did not contain any pathogenic (71) variants. We conclude that uncertain MPVs located in the linker are unlikely to be pathogenic since it is doubtful that any single amino acid substitution could influence the natural disorder that is essential for linker-domain function. The mechanics of sliding clamp progression solves a significant operational puzzle in MMR and provides explicit predictions for the distribution of pathogenic HsMLH1 missense mutations.

Ionospheric Plasma Fluctuations Induced by the NWC Very Low Frequency Signal Transmitter

AbstractThe Australian NWC (North West Cape) signal transmitter is known to strongly interfere with the topside ionosphere. We analyze 456 conjunctions between Swarm A, B and NWC, in addition to 58 conjunctions between NorSat‐1 and NWC. The in‐situ measurements provided by these satellites include the 16 Hz Swarm Advanced Plasma Density data set, and the novel 1,000 Hz plasma density measurements from the m‐NLP system aboard NorSat‐1. We subject the data to a detailed PSD analysis and subsequent superposed epoch analysis. This allows us to present comprehensive statistics of the NWC‐induced plasma fluctuations, both their scale‐dependency, and their climatology. The result should be seen in the context of VLF signal transmitter‐induced plasma density fluctuations, where we find counter‐evidence for the existence of turbulent structuring induced by the NWC transmitter.

Ratiometric and reversible detection of endogenous SO2 and HCHO in living cells and mice by a near-infrared and dual-emission fluorescent probe

Abstract The small signal transmitters SO2 can elaborately modulate signal transduction pathways. Endogenous formaldehyde (FA) can toxify protein and DNA as a crosslinking agent besides functions in the aspect of spatial memory and cognitive ability. Both SO2 and FA are tightly associated with neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is significant and challenging to monitor the real-time dynamic fluctuation of SO2 and FA in cells or animals. Toward this end, for the first time, a near-infrared (NIR) dual-emission fluorescent probe (BCou-BP) for SO2 and FA was developed based on the rational combination of benzypylium and benzo[g]coumarin cores through tuning the conjugation and rigidity of the fluorophore units. Thus, this rational design affords the new cationic probe the ratiometric detection ability (F604/F694) toward mitochondrial SO2 with a fast response time of 10 s, as well as toward FA in 170 s. Endogenous FA could restore the fluorescence at 694 nm of BCou-BP due to the capture of SO2 from decomposition of the adduct BCou-BP-SO3H. The powerful probe succeeded in real-time visualizing the dynamic change of endogenous mitochondrial SO2 and FA in living cells and mice.

Are sunglasses appropriate for driving? Investigation and prototype for public testing

BackgroundGood vision through sunglasses is important to safety when driving and ISO 12312-1:2013 sets requirements for luminous transmittance and the transmittance of traffic signals.MethodsWe measured the spectral transmittances, 380–780 nm in 5-nm steps, of 232 sunglasses lenses and calculated the luminous transmittance, category (1–4) and transmittance of red, yellow, green and blue traffic signals (Q values). Furthermore, we developed a prototype for the general public to self-check sunglasses regarding safety for driving. We combined a white LED, a photodetector, and calculations to measure luminous transmittance, traffic signal transmittance, category, and Q-factors in sunglasses.ResultsSpectroscopy shows that 75% of sunglasses on the Brazilian market comply with ISO 12312-1:2013 requirements to be suitable for driving. The prototype was validated by testing 232 samples by trained users. Additionally, 60 other samples were tested by untrained users and results were compared to spectrophotometric measurements. Bland–Altman analyses showed no significant biases and 95% agreement of limits within the pre-defined tolerances for all measurements.ConclusionsOur prototype offers the general public a way to check whether their sunglasses are suitable for driving. As tested, 24.6% of sunglasses are not appropriate for driving and consumer must be more attentive to this information.SignificanceImmediate attention regarding checking sunglasses for driving conditions is needed for non-certified sunglasses.

Signal Detection and Identification in an Optical Camera Communication System in Moving State

Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a signal transmitting source to simultaneously realize lighting and data communication, and the spectrum resources are abundant. Since the visible light communication system with a photodiode (PD) as the receiver has some weaknesses, such as narrow field of view (FOV), inaccurate alignment in moving state, and inadaptability for indoor communication environments, an optical camera communication (OCC) system based on target detection algorithm is proposed in this paper. The system applies a LED array mounted on a moving AGV (automated guided vehicle) as the signal transmitter and a CCD camera as the receiver to realize data transmission in an outdoor environment. In this paper, a VLC MIMO channel model is constructed to verify that simultaneous communication of multiple LEDs through MIMO channels can effectively reduce bit error rate. The designed OCC system utilizes an image processing algorithm based on target detection to detect and identify light signals, realizing relatively stable and reliable communication in the state of motion. The distance from the signal transmitter to the receiver ranges from 6m to 14m.

Lipid peroxidation and the subsequent cell death transmitting from ferroptotic cells to neighboring cells

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death due to the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxide. Ferroptosis is known to constitute the pathology of ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and steatohepatitis and also works as a suppressing mechanism against cancer. However, how ferroptotic cells affect surrounding cells remains elusive. We herein report the transfer phenomenon of lipid peroxidation and cell death from ferroptotic cells to nearby cells that are not exposed to ferroptotic inducers (FINs). While primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and NIH3T3 cells contained senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)-positive cells, they were decreased upon induction of ferroptosis with FINs. The SA-β-gal decrease was inhibited by ferroptotic inhibitors and knockdown of Atg7, pointing to the involvement of lipid peroxidation and activated autophagosome formation during ferroptosis. A transfer of cell culture medium of cells treated with FINs, type 1 or 2, caused the reduction in SA-β-gal-positive cells in recipient cells that had not been exposed to FINs. Real-time imaging of Kusabira Orange-marked reporter MEFs cocultured with ferroptotic cells showed the generation of lipid peroxide and deaths of the reporter cells. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation and its aftereffects propagate from ferroptotic cells to surrounding cells, even when the surrounding cells are not exposed to FINs. Ferroptotic cells are not merely dying cells but also work as signal transmitters inducing a chain of further ferroptosis.