Side Window Research Articles

Side-On transition radiation detector (TRD) based on THGEM

The characteristic that TR energy is proportional to the Lorentz factor provides a way for energy calibration. The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection calorimeter can be calibrated in space by the TRD in the future. In order to make the TR signal stand out from the energy loss signal, a new prototype of TRD called Side-On TRD with THGEM has been built. Side-on TRD uses side window incidence and strip readout to reduce the ionization energy registered in the channel where the TR photons are located, which is supposed to improve the detection efficiency of TR. The Side-On TRD has been tested at CERN SPS and found the experimental results are significant.

Safety Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure in High-Speed Train Carriage with Full Passengers.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the safety of the electromagnetic environment in the carriage of high-speed trains exposed to power cables when the train is full of passengers. The electromagnetic model of a real carriage, two sets of power cables and the 84 passengers were set up by using COMSOL Multiphysics software based on CRH5. The distributions of induced electric and magnetic fields in the carriage, inside and on the surface of passengers were investigated. The results show that the induced electric and magnetic fields on the windows are greater than on the passengers and the max value of induced magnetic field is 2627.10 µT, and the max value of induced electric field is 2.0 × 105 mV m-1. The maximum values of the induced electric and magnetic fields in 84 passengers' brain tissues were obtained, and it was found that the maximum values occurred in the third row passengers. The distribution of induced electric and magnetic fields at the cross-section of passengers' heads in the third row was also obtained, and we found that the passengers at the window side were greater than those of aisle passengers. In the third row, the maximum values of the induced electric and magnetic fields in the head of two passengers near the window were 94.6 mV m-1, 90.9 µT, 96.3 mV m-1, and 90.4 µT, respectively. We also found the all data were below the ICNIRP Reference Levels, which indicates the electromagnetic exposure caused by power cables when the train is full of passengers will not threat passengers' health.

On-Glass Antenna for Connected Vehicle Communications

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper, an aperture coupled glass patch antenna suitable for 5 GHz WLAN/Wi-Fi, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is presented. The proposed antenna is embedded into a laminated vehicle window glass. The laminated vehicle window is formed of outer and inner glass plies bonded together by an interposed layer, preferably of a standard polyvinylbutyral (PVB) or similar plastic material. The patch antenna uses the inner layer glass and the PVB layer as antenna substrate. The ground plan of the patch antenna is a layer of silver screen printed onto inner surface of the inner glass. The patch antenna is fed by a coupled aperture on the ground plan; therefore, no hole is required on the glass to feed the antenna. The antenna is conformal to the glass and can be hidden under the black paint around the perimeter of the window glass. The simulated and measured results are shown for the patch antenna and the designed antenna shows good return loss from 5.1 GHz to 6.1 GHz. The antenna can be embedded into windshield, back window and side windows for a combined omnidirectional far field radiation pattern in terrestrial direction. Since the antenna is part of the window glass, no additional antenna packaging required. In addition the patch antenna can be embedded around the perimeter of window glass which offers more flexibility to package the antennas on the vehicle for reliable high speed data communication.</div></div>

Calculation of External Vehicle Aerodynamic Noise Based on LES Subgrid Model

A dynamic Smagorinsky–Lilly model (DSLM) subgrid model on the basis of the Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid model (SLM) was introduced in the OpenFOAM software. The flow field of the vehicle was simulated, and the pressure coefficient and sound pressure curve of the monitoring points were compared with the wind tunnel test results. The results show that the DSLM subgrid model with a wall function can achieve high simulation accuracy. The investigation of the flow field structure revealed an intermittent detachment of the turbulent vortex after the airflow passed through the rearview mirror, thereby resulting in a violent pressure pulsation on the side window around the rearview mirror. Airflow passed through the A-pillar, separated, and reattached on the upper side window, thereby producing aerodynamic noise. The research results can serve as a good reference for the simulation and test of aerodynamic noises outside the vehicle, and for the reduction of the aerodynamic noises of vehicles.

Co-deposition of silica and proteins at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions

In this work, we have simultaneously examined, electrochemically driven deposition of three proteins (haemoglobin, acid phosphatase, and α-amylase) and silica films at a polarized liquid–liquid interface. The interfacial adsorption of the proteins occurs efficiently within the acidic pH range (pH = 2–4). The interfacial charge transfer reactions recorded in the presence of fully positivity charged macromolecules were followed with cyclic voltammetry on the positive side of the potential window. Faradaic currents attributed to the presence of proteins in the aqueous phase appeared for concentrations equal to ca. 0.1 µM for haemoglobin and acid phosphatase and ca. 1 µM for the α-amylase. Concomitant deposition of silica films was achieved via the addition of tetraethoxysilane molecules to the organic phase (1,2-dichloroethane). The hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethoxysilane were controlled via the interfacial transfer of H+ coinciding with the potential for protein adsorption. The effect of tetraethoxysilane concentration – up to 50% by volume – revealed significant shrinkage of the potential window (the region where capacitive currents are recorded). The optimized platform was then used to prepare silica-proteins co-deposits. These could be easily collected from the interface and further analyzed with infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Daylight performance of horizontal light pipe with egg-crate reflector in the tropics

Horizontal Light Pipe (HLP) is one of a light transport system that can guide daylight deeper into building interiors. Improvement of HLP’s light distribution by installing an egg-crate reflector at its opening distribution was conducted. The study’s aim was to evaluate and explain the daylight performance of HLP with an egg-crate reflector at office space in the tropics. Experiment with physical scaled model 1:5 was used as a research method. Illuminance value, Daylight Factor (DF), uniformity ratio and diversity of illuminance of an office space lit by side window (base case) were compared to the office space lit by side window and HLP with an egg-crate reflector (case), simultaneously with daylighting standards. The results showed that HLP with egg-crate reflector improved daylight level and distribution. Improvement of DF and illuminance level were in the range of 16.6 % to 56.6 %. The uniformity ratio of the base case was in the range of 0.35 to 0.45, while in the case was in the range of 0.48 to 0.66. The diversity of illuminance of the base case at a low altitude of the sun (15:00) exceeded 5:1 while in the case was kept lower than 5:1 at all the measurement time.

Experimental analysis of hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure on automotive front side window

Both the hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure on automotive front side window have the potential contribution to the interior sound pressure of the vehicle. The corrected force analysis technique (CFAT) is employed to extract the acoustic pressure on front side window. The sensitivity of all pressure fluctuation inside and outside the vehicle to the variation of wind speed, yaw angle and the geometry of side mirror is analyzed. The scaling law of both hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure is derived, compared and used to confirm the validation of CFAT. The coherence function and contribution coefficient are used to analyze the relative contribution of hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure on front side window to the interior sound pressure. Results show that in the middle and high frequency range, although the magnitude of acoustic pressure on front side window is much smaller than that of hydrodynamic pressure, the acoustic pressure on front side window contributes much more than the hydrodynamic pressure into the interior sound pressure.

A General Perceptual Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Framework Based on Linear Filter and Side Window Filtering Technology

Recently, edge-preserving filters have achieved great success in infrared (IR) and visible (VI) image fusion field. However, most edge-preserving filters are complex. In this paper, with the side window filtering technology by which most filters can improve their edge-preserving capabilities, we propose a general perceptual IR and VI image fusion framework with simple linear filter. Firstly, the source images are decomposed into edge feature components, hybrid components and base components by using linear filter and its side window version. Then, these components are combined by max-absolute fusion rule and improved max-absolute fusion rule. Finally, the fused image is reconstructed by adding all the fused components. In our experiments, two popular linear filters, i.e., box filter and Gaussian filter, are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Experimental results show that the proposed fusion framework can obtain better perceptual fusion results than compared methods.

Social Security

Social Security Kathleen Lee (bio) Social Security You have to feel your feelings Right now I feel amused, uncomfortable, tolerant,with a twist in my heart, as if I'm applyingfor a visa to the country of unhappiness and sorrowwhich gets mixed reviews on Trip Advisor.In this waiting room, we are all seedy & hopelessand the elephant gray plastic chairs are lined up like headstones.From one corner, a man shouts at the government employeetrying to help him: We should get married, we spend so much time together.All the surfaces are hard, all the heads are bent as if in prayer.From the opposite corner every few minutesa man chants no no no NO. FUCK no. Outsidepeople are buying burritos, driving to the bank,hanging drywall; in here it's Pompeii and we are preservedin the ashes of our troubles. Then it's my turn to face a personon the other side of a small window. And the marriage endedin death? she asks, eyes fixed on her rose fingernailspoised to type my assent. It feels untruethough one of us is dead and that's a fact.Behind me, the room is listening. Behind her, a clattering printer halts.Through the uncanny silence the question falls and falls. [End Page 110] Kathleen Lee Kathleen Lee is the author of All Things Tending Towards the Eternal (Northwestern University Press, 2015) and Travel Among Men (University Press of Colorado, 2002). Copyright © 2020 Emerson College

Image dehazing based on side window box filtering and transmittance correction

Image dehazing based on side window box filtering and transmittance correction

Numerical assessment of occupant responses during the bus rollover test: A finite element parametric study

Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.

Wind noise source filtering and transmission study through a side glass of DrivAer model

In order to study flow induced convective and acoustic pressure fluctuations around a car side window and their transmission characteristics and mechanism to the interior, a full-size DrivAer clay model equipped with a normal front left side glass was employed. In this way, the side glass is the exclusive transmission path for the exterior pressure to the isolated acoustic cabin behind the glass. By means of a compressible CFD simulation based on the Spalart-Allmaras DES model combined with an improved wavenumber decomposition algorithm particularly implemented in MATLAB, the two kinds of pressure fluctuations on the side glass of DrivAer model were separated successfully. Subsequently, their contributions to interior noise were calculated with SEA method individually. Since the predicted total interior noise level at the middle and high frequency range shows good agreement with the tested result, the reliability of the implemented wavenumber filtering approach was indirectly validated. The contributions of these two fractions indicate that the acoustic pressure fluctuations take much higher transmission efficiency than the convective one, especially for frequencies above the coincidence frequency of the glass, the contribution of the acoustic fraction is even absolutely dominant.

A hydrogen peroxide-activated Cu(II) pro-ionophore strategy for modifying naphthazarin as a promising anticancer agent with high selectivity for generating ROS in HepG2 cells over in L02 cells

Targeting redox vulnerability of cancer cells by pro-oxidants capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) has surfaced as an important anticancer strategy. Due to the intrinsic narrow therapeutic window and other dangerous side effects of ROS generation, it is highly needed and challenging to develop pro-oxidative anticancer agents (PAAs) with high selectivity for generating ROS in cancer cells. Herein we report a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-activated Cu(II) pro-ionophore strategy to develop naphthazarin (Nap) as such type of PAAs based on the H2O2-mediated conversion of boronate to free phenol. The boronate-protected Nap (PNap) can exploit increased levels of H2O2 in HepG2 cells to in situ release Nap followed by its efflux via conjugation with reduced glutathione (GSH), allowing that the Nap-GSH adduct works as a Cu(II) ionophore to induce continuously GSH depletion via a reduction-dependent releasing of Cu(I) by GSH. This strategy endows PNap with the unprecedented ability to hit multi-redox characteristics (increased levels of H2O2, GSH and copper) of HepG2 cells, leading to ROS generation preferentially in HepG2 cells along with their selective death.

Hepatic steatosis assessment using ultrasound homodyned-K parametric imaging: the effects of estimators.

The homodyned-K (HK) distribution is an important statistical model for describing ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics. HK parametric imaging has shown potential for characterizing hepatic steatosis. However, the feasibility of HK parametric imaging in assessing human hepatic steatosis in vivo remains unclear. In this paper, ultrasound HK μ parametric imaging was proposed for assessing human hepatic steatosis in vivo. Two recent estimators for the HK model, RSK (the level-curve method that uses the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), skewness, and kurtosis based on the fractional moments of the envelope) and XU (the estimation method based on the first moment of the intensity and two log-moments, namely X- and U-statistics), were investigated. Liver donors (n=72) and patients (n=204) were recruited to evaluate hepatic fat fractions (HFFs) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and to evaluate the stages of fatty liver disease (normal, mild, moderate, and severe) using liver biopsy with histopathology. Livers were scanned using a 3-MHz ultrasound to construct μ RSK and μ XU images to correlate with HFF analyses and fatty liver stages. The μ RSK and μ XU parametric images were constructed using the sliding window technique with the window side length (WSL) =1-9 pulse lengths (PLs). The diagnostic values of the μ RSK and μ XU parametric imaging methods were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. For the 72 participants in Group A, the μ RSK parametric imaging with WSL =2-9 PLs exhibited similar correlation with log10(HFF), and the μ RSK parametric imaging with WSL = 3 PLs had the highest correlation with log10(HFF) (r=0.592); the μ XU parametric imaging with WSL =1-9 PLs exhibited similar correlation with log10(HFF), and the μ XU parametric imaging with WSL =1 PL had the highest correlation with log10(HFF) (r=0.628). For the 204 patients in Group B, the areas under the ROC (AUROCs) obtained using μ RSK for fatty stages ≥ mild (AUROC1), ≥ moderate (AUROC2), and ≥ severe (AUROC3) were (AUROC1, AUROC2, AUROC3) = (0.56, 0.57, 0.53), (0.68, 0.72, 0.75), (0.73, 0.78, 0.80), (0.74, 0.77, 0.79), (0.74, 0.78, 0.79), (0.75, 0.80, 0.82), (0.74, 0.77, 0.83), (0.74, 0.78, 0.84) and (0.73, 0.76, 0.83) for WSL =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 PLs, respectively. The AUROCs obtained using μ XU for fatty stages ≥ mild, ≥ moderate, and ≥ severe were (AUROC1, AUROC2, AUROC3) = (0.75, 0.83, 0.81), (0.74, 0.80, 0.80), (0.76, 0.82, 0.82), (0.74, 0.80, 0.84), (0.76, 0.80, 0.83), (0.75, 0.80, 0.84), (0.75, 0.79, 0.85), (0.75, 0.80, 0.85) and (0.73, 0.77, 0.83) for WSL = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 PLs, respectively. Both the μ RSK and μ XU parametric images are feasible for evaluating human hepatic steatosis. The WSL exhibits little impact on the diagnosing performance of the μ RSK and μ XU parametric imaging. The μ XU parametric imaging provided improved performance compared to the μ RSK parametric imaging in characterizing human hepatic steatosis in vivo.

Study on characteristics of fire plume in building facade window under lateral blow.

The overflow of the flame plume from the window is the main cause of the vertical spread of the fire on the facade of the building. This paper considers the geometry of the window by taking measures to prevent the flame from propagating along the vertical wall. In this paper, a residential building is taken as an example to evaluate the flame plume characteristics through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The objective of the present study is to study the flame plume characteristics under the air blow on the outer window side of the building. The theoretical equations of the flame tilt angle, non-dimensional temperature and non-dimensional velocity are derived. A series of experimental tests were carried out in a reduced-scale building model corresponding to the changes of lateral blow ventilation velocity. Reduced scale numerical simulations were conducted to verify the experiments. Results showed that the flame tilt angle increases with ventilation velocity increases. Meanwhile, the experimental results were compared with the reduced-scale tests and numerical simulations. These showed a good agreement between experimental results and numerical simulations. All these findings provide theoretical basis for building fire prevention outside window.

A parametric study on the impact of integrating solar cell panel at building envelope on its power, energy consumption, comfort conditions, and CO2 emissions

This paper presents a parametric study on the impact of solar cells at the building envelope on the generated power, energy consumption, comfort conditions (interior temperature, relative humidity, discomfort hours, and lighting), and CO2 emissions within a building. It considers the cell position on the facade (cell inside window, two cells outside the window), orientation direction (north, east, south, west), and location (wall, roof). The study is performed under the meteorological conditions in the city of New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt. The numerical solution of the physical model is solved using the Design-Builder software and is validated through an experiment. The results reveal that solar cells on the facade and roof decrease the annual energy consumption inside the facility by approximately 15% and 40%, respectively, compared to a facility without cells. A cell installed on the roof facing south has the highest annual generated power. For a solar cell on the wall, a cell facing south produces the highest annual generated power and a cell facing north produces the lowest. The temperature inside the facility is lower when the solar cells are installed, and a cell facing south provides comfortable interior conditions in all the investigated cases. A cell located inside the window produces the lowest light intensity and a cell facing north produces the lowest CO2 emissions.

A Promising Physical Pest-Control System Demonstrated in a Greenhouse Equipped With Simple Electrostatic Devices That Excluded All Insect Pests: A Review

Applied electrostatic engineering can be used to construct greenhouses that prevent entry of insect pests. Two types of electric field screen were used to exclude pests from the greenhouse: single- and double-charged dipolar electric field screens (S- and D-screen, respectively). The S-screen consisted of iron insulated conductor wires (ICWs) arrayed in parallel (ICW-layer), a grounded metal net on either side of the ICW-layer, and a direct current voltage generator. S-screens were attached to the side windows of the greenhouse to repel whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) that approached the nets. The D-screen was installed in a small anteroom at the greenhouse entrance to capture whiteflies entering through it. The ICW-layers of the D-screen were oppositely charged with equal voltages and arrayed alternately, and an insulator board or grounded metal net was placed on one side of the ICW-layer. The ICW-layers captured whiteflies entering the electric field of the double-charged dipolar electric field. Three screens equipped with yellow or gray boards or a grounded metal net were installed in the anteroom based on the airflow inside the room, as most whiteflies were brought in by air when the door was opened. Two D-screens with boards were useful for directing the airflow toward the wall with the netted D-screen. This screen eliminated the insects and the pest-free air was circulated inside the greenhouse. The D-screen with the yellow board attracted the whiteflies and was effective for trapping them when there was no wind. Our method kept the greenhouse pest-free throughout the entire period of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation.

Numerical simulation of hybrid ventilation for underground subway depot with superstructures

This study proposed a hybrid ventilation mode for underground subway depot with superstructures and described the construction of a calculation model for estimating the smoke-exhaust efficiency of ventilation systems in such buildings. The hybrid ventilation system consisted of natural ventilation, a flow deflector, and mechanical fans. The smoke-layer height, smoke temperature, gas-flow routes, and velocity distribution under the ceiling were recorded, and the smoke-exhaust efficiencies of the three ventilation modes were calculated and compared. The results revealed a lower ceiling temperature in hybrid ventilation than in mechanical ventilation or natural ventilation systems, with no smoke accumulation in the bottom layer or interlayer. Therefore, the thickness and stability of the smoke layer was determined to be more desirable in hybrid ventilation than in the other two ventilation systems. Gas-flow routes demonstrated that air from outside flowed in through the side window along the ceiling of the bottom layer to the exhaust fan. The dispersion of hot smoke was thus impeded, and smoke was entrained into the fan. The smoke-exhaust efficiencies of hybrid ventilation and mechanical ventilation systems were similar, and both were higher than that of natural ventilation.

Warm Forming Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Sheet in Manufacturing of Window Regulator Rail

Recently, as the demands to improve automotive fuel efficiency grow, several attempts are being conducted on the development of lightweight automotive components using magnesium (Mg) alloy sheets having the highest specific strength among metal materials. In a window regulator module which is a switchgear that raises and lowers the automotive side window pane, the weight of the rail accounts for about 40 % of the total weight, while the production cost of the rail is about 10 % of the total cost, that is the weight reduction effect is higher than the cost burden. Therefore, the application of Mg alloy sheets to the window regulator rails is more likely to be commercialized. The aim of this study is to investigate the warm forming behavior of Mg alloy sheets in the manufacturing of window regulator rails at the temperature range from 150 to 250 °C. AZ31B Mg alloy sheets with a thickness of 1.4 mm were used, and their mechanical properties were evaluated at the warm temperature range. The warm forming behavior was predicted by the finite element simulation. Based on the simulation results, the Mg alloy window regulator rail was successfully manufactured without fracture using the warm forming.

Formation analysis of soiling for side windows and the rear view mirrors of vehicle

The article provides a classification of soiling sources of side windows and rear view mirrors, taking into account different weather conditions. Criteria for assessing soiling degrees are presented. The analysis of soiling mechanisms from various sources is carried out. Visualization of the trajectories of liquid droplets in the air flow is presented. The processes of interaction of droplets with the car surface and the movement of fluid on given surfaces are considered. The main soiling sources of side windows and rear view mirrors have been identified. The results of modeling the precipitation of droplets on the front door glass are presented when analyzing the movement of flows overcoming obstacles in the form of two generations of rear-view mirrors. Two different designs LADA Kalina / Granta demonstrate a significant difference in their ability to prevent soiling.