SI Engine Research Articles

ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY ALTERNATIVE BIOFUEL PRODUCTED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Egypt still depends largely on petrol and diesel to run internal combustion engines with its attendant problems of scarcity, pollution of the environment, and contribution to global warming, and cost. The aim of the current research is the ability to apply the biofuel produced from agriculture waste bioethanol and biogas to generate the electricity by operating the two stroke Gasoline Generator. The bio-ethanol produced from the potato’s wests in 2014, Faculty of agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University was mixed with Gasoline fuel to obtain the three different percentage 0%, 20 % and 50%. As well as the study included that the ability to produce the biogas. The biogas production unit consists of main reactor tank from plastic with capacity 1000 L fixed at ground and the collecting gas tank put into the top of main reactor tank. The gasoline with octane 80 was used as a control fuel at two different throttle fuel positions. The main treatment were the two bioethanol fuel E20 (20 %) and E50 (50%) to test at half and full open throttle valve compared to application of biogas to generate the electricity at full open fuel throttle valve. Bachrach Fylite Insight Plus ® model 374 analyzer is used to measure the exhaust gases. This current research will discuss the potentials, obstacles and necessary framework conditions for the utilization of biogas for small scale electricity generation in Egypt. The results showed that the bioethanol and biogas may able to operate two stroke SI engine. It is clearly that, the electrical energy decreases when the ethanol was added to the Gasoline fuel Oct. Nr. 80 at full and half throttle position. The electrical power for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel was 720 W compared to 680 W, 540 W and 320 W for E20 and E50 bioethanol fuel and biogas respectively at full throttle position. Also the maximum electrical power generated from biogas was 332.6 W for around 57 min operating time/day. The percentage of the CO2 in exhaust gases were 9.1 %, 7.3 %, 5.9 % and 4.2 % for gasoline Oct.Nr.80 fuel, bioethanol E20, E50 and biogas respectively at full throttle position. The biogas may be reducing the exhaust gases emissions of the CO and CO2 compared with the Gasoline fuel and bioethanol E20, E50 blend fuel.

The influence of exhaust system leak on the operating parameters of a turbocharged spark ignition engine

Turbocharging of an internal combustion engine is the most common technique to improve an engines’ performance. In present it is not hard to meet vehicles on the road with turbocharged SI engines, which have a high mileage, and because of this fact there is a high risk of exhaust systems leak. This might have its influence not only on the emissions, but also on the vehicles performance. Thereby this dissertation shows the comparative analysis of the influence of exhaust system leak in the catalyzer input on the exhaust gasses composition in the catalyzer output and the operation parameters of an turbocharged SI engine. During the research some parameters were recorded and compared, e. g.: the engines power and torque, the injec-tors opening time, the oxygen sensors voltage signals in the input and in the output of the catalyzer, the concentration of harmful gasses in the exhaust tailpipe. The research was conducted with the use of a single roller MAHA MSR 500 chassis dynamometer. A series of torque measurements was performed. Under these measurements a simulation of the exhaust system leakage of a turbocharged SI passenger car engine was made. As a result three variations of the wideband oxygen sensor acting were reached. The wideband sensor is mounted between the turbocharger unit and the input of the catalyzer. In the test the influence of the leakage on the injector’s opening time and the composition of harmful exhaust substances were pointed.

The effect of the leakage of the engine arrest engine and emissions of harmful substances

In this article, the issues related to vehicular traffic in big cities and heightened harmful substance emissions stemming from it were described. In the research part, the effect of air leakage in the SI engine intake manifold on substance emissions was investigated. The manifold was customized to simulate air leakage in each of its air ducts. Same ratio of leakage was assumed for each duct, and substance emissions were measured in full range of engine rotational speeds. A difference in exhaust gas composition was shown for each researched variant, being the result of varying cylinder filling ratio due to simulated air leakage.

The effect of LPG installation setup on operating parameters of an internal combustion SI engine

High fuel prices cause vehicle users to seek cheaper alternatives for fuelling IC engines. The most popular way of reducing fuel costs is the instalation of an LPG gas system. Correct operation of a bi-fuel engine powering system is dependent on proper installation and setup of the LPG system, including proper regulation of LPG management unit parameters. The focus of this work was to investigate the effect of short- and long-term adjustments performed by the engine management unit. By interfering with LPG management unit parameters, disadvantageous adjustments in fuel-air ratio were made to investigate harmful substance emissions. Substantial differences in exhaust gas composition were shown before and after adjustments were made. The research results included the effect of short- and long-term adjustments on both engine power and exhaust gas composition.

Experimental Setup of Water Injection in Four Stoke SI Engine

Experimental Setup of Water Injection in Four Stoke SI Engine

Relative Change in SI Engine Power and Economy with Variable Valve Timing: Simulation and ANOVA Analysis

In this research, a comparison between the performance of Ricardo E6/T variable compression ratio engine was conducted at constant and variable valve timing. This was done at three different speeds. The inlet and exhaust valves timing was varied and the performance was tested using specialized software. Results showed strong dependency of engine power and economy on valve timing and lift for all speeds. Further, higher lifts and durations are favorable for good power and the opposite are favorable for good economy. Valve overlap is affecting the engine power and economy in opposite direction as other factors.

Investigation of CO2 Capturing Capacity of Solid Adsorbents (PEIs) Polyethylenimines from Automotive Vehicle Exhausts System for 4-Stroke SI Engine

Investigation of CO2 Capturing Capacity of Solid Adsorbents (PEIs) Polyethylenimines from Automotive Vehicle Exhausts System for 4-Stroke SI Engine

Effects of H2/CO addition on knock tendency and lean limit in a natural gas SI engine

Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation is an attractive way to improve the performances of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are primary combustible components in the reforming cylinder. Detailed knowledge of the effects of H2/CO on knock tendency and intensity and even lean limit is essential for the better utilization of this sort of technologies. In this paper, the influences of H2/CO on knock characteristics and lean limit are experimentally investigated. The experimental results indicate that the lean limit could be extended by 5–10% with 1% and 2% H2/CO addition, respectively and meanwhile their addition significantly decreases THC and CO emissions despite of the slight increase in NOx emission. The knock-limited spark advance angles are determined using a pressure-based method. H2/CO addition significantly increases knock tendency and intensity due to the increased energy density and faster flame propagation speed. Knock intensity increases linearly as knock onset angle is advanced towards to top dead center (TDC) due to higher end-gas temperature. However, the increase in knock intensity caused by H2/CO addition is closely related to faster flame propagation speed. The sensitivity analysis reveals the crucial reaction in promoting flame propagation with H2/CO addition is the branching reaction H + O2 = O + OH. And their addition also increases the reaction rates of another two dominating reactions CH3 + HO2 = CH3O + OH and CO + OH = CO2 + H. 1% and 2% H2/CO addition extend lower equivalence ratio limits by 14% and 26% which is beneficial for further efficiency improvement and emission reduction.

Performance and Emission Assessments for Different Acetone Gasoline Blends Powered Spark Ignition Engine

Acetone-gasoline fuel is considered as one of the promising alternative fuels in recent years and it is promoted as being able to overcome the difficulty of simultaneously reducing the exhaust emissions and improving of gasoline engine performance. This manuscript experimentally investigates the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions for a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition engine powered by gasoline fuels of two different acetone-gasoline blends namely AC5 (5 vol. % acetone + 95 vol. % gasoline) and AC10. The experiments were conducted in the speed range from 1000 to 3600 rpm. The SI engine was connected to eddy current dynamometer with electronic control unit (ECU) and an exhaust gas analyzer. It was found that, in general, as the percentage of acetone added to gasoline increases in the blends, the engine performance improved. Numerically, it was found that the AC10 had a higher engine brake power, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and BSFC with 4.39%, 6.9%, 7.2% and 5.2 percent respectively than those of pure gasoline. Furthermore, the use of acetone with gasoline fuel reduces exhaust emission concentrations by 26.3%, 30.3%, 6.6% and 4.4% for CO, UHC, NOx and CO2 respectively

Derivation of Specific Heat Rejection Correlation in an SI Engine; Experimental and Numerical Study

Derivation of Specific Heat Rejection Correlation in an SI Engine; Experimental and Numerical Study

Anhydrous bioethanol gasoline blends at high altitude above sea level in a SI engine: performance and specific emissions

ABSTRACTFuel in Colombia for spark ignition internal combustion engines (SI-ICEs) is composed of a mixture of 90% gasoline and 10% bioethanol (by percentage volume) called E10. Some of the largest cities in Colombia are located above 2200 m above sea level (masl). However, information regarding the emissions and performance of SI-ICEs fueled with E10 or other gasoline–bioethanol blends at such altitudes is almost non-existent in the literature. Testing was performed with an SI engine fueled with gasoline and anhydrous bioethanol ratios of E10, E15, E20, E40, E60, E85 and E100. These tests were conducted in the city of Bogotá, which is located at 2600 masl, with the engine operating at 3600 rpm and at various engine loads. The results show that the most efficient blend for these conditions is E40, resulting in a decreased brake specific fuel consumption of 2.5% compared to results obtained with the E10 blend. This change also leads to reductions in the specific emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) of 52.88, 73.66 and 9.72%, respectively, while increasing the specific emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 106.25%.

Case Study on Design Modifications in the Conventional 4-Stroke Si Engines for its Compatibility to 6-Stroke Water Injection Engine

The rapid depletion of the fossil fuels have posed an alarming situation in the current fuel scenario. This has led to the developments of alternative fuels and fundamental design improvements in the conventional 4-stroke engines to develop 6-stroke water injection delivering two power strokes and improving specific fuel consumption (SFC). In the current study design modifications are made in the conventional 4-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) for its compatibility for 6-stroke engines. These modifications induce design and functional changes in the transmission valve opening and intake mechanism of a 4-stroke SI engine. The working fluid employed is steam due to its abnormal increase in the specific volume in vapour phase.

Development of the Design and Manufacturing Technologies of the Experimental Four-Valve SI Engine for In-Cylinder Air Flow Study Using the Laser Based Flow Diagnostic Techniques

Development of the Design and Manufacturing Technologies of the Experimental Four-Valve SI Engine for In-Cylinder Air Flow Study Using the Laser Based Flow Diagnostic Techniques

Heat Transfer Rate Enhancement of an Air Cooled Four Stroke SI Engine by Geometrically Modified Fins-A Review

The engine cylinder is one of the major I C engine components, which is subjected to high temperature variations and thermal stresses. To cool the cylinder, fins are provided on the surface of the cylinder to increase the rate of heat transfer. By doing thermal analysis on the engine cylinder fins, it is helpful to know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder. The main aim of the paper is to increase the heat dissipation rate by using the invisible working fluid of air. It is observed that, by increasing the surface area the heat dissipation rate increases, further the main purpose of using these cooling fins is to cool the engine cylinder by air. This paper presents a review to increase heat transfer rate in a four stroke S I engine by using geometrically modified fins

Effect of hydrogen addition using on-board alkaline electrolyser on SI engine emissions and combustion

In this study, an electrolyser was used to supply hydrogen to the SI engine. Firstly, the appropriate operation point for the electrolyser was determined by adjusting the amount of KOH in the electrolyte to 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% by mass, and applying 12 V, 16 V, 20 V, 24 V and 28 V voltages. Tests were first carried out with the gasoline without the use of an electrolyser, followed by operating the electrolyser at the appropriate point and sending obtained H2 and O2 to the engine in addition to the gasoline. The SI engine was operated between 2500 rpm and 3500 rpm engine speeds with and without hydrogen addition. Cylinder pressure, the amount of gasoline, H2 and O2 consumed by the engine and the emission data were collected from the test system at the aforementioned engine speeds. Furthermore, indicated engine torque, indicated specific energy consumption, specific emissions and HRR values were calculated. According to the results obtained, improvement in ISEC values was observed, and CO and THC values were improved by up to 21.3% and 86.1% respectively. Even though the dramatic increase in NOx emissions cannot be averted, they can be controlled by equipment such as EGR three-way catalytic converter.

Improving the partial-load fuel economy of 4-cylinder SI engines by combining variable valve timing and cylinder-deactivation through double intake manifolds

The SI engines in passenger cars run in the partial-load conditions in the most time especially in the urban driving cycles; thus it is particularly important to improve the partial-load fuel economy. Cylinder deactivation (CDA) and variable valve timing (VVT) could be applied to improve the fuel economy in the middle to low load region. Current CDA technologies are realized by deactivating all intake and exhaust valves (CDAV) of the inactive cylinders with special mechanisms increasing system cost and complexity. An innovative CDA method is proposed for 4-cylinder SI engines through double intake manifolds (CDAM). A novel load control strategy combining the CDAM and VVT along with late intake valve closure (LIVC) has been investigated. The results show that the pumping loss decreases by 58.9–65.6% and 24.5–35.3%; and the fuel economy improves by 5.5–17.6% and 3.1–9.2% in the CDA mode at 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm, respectively. The fuel economy in the full-cylinder mode also improves by 0.68–2.95% because of the application of the double intake manifolds. The strategy is more effective in the low speed range and more suitable for the urban driving cycles. Although a less fuel economy improvement than the CDAV method, the CDAM method can be realized with less cost and complexity.

Extended expansion linkage engine: a concept to increase the efficiency

In a broad-based survey, the reciprocating piston engine with extended expansion stroke was found to have the highest efficiency potential for passenger car propulsion. To confirm the predicted efficiency, three different prototype engines were built and measured on testbed. Measurements were complemented with thermodynamic simulations. Investigations focused on naturally aspirated and supercharged SI engines. It could be shown that a naturally aspirated SI engine with an expansion ratio gamma of 2 gains an efficiency improvement of 7 percentage points compared to a conventional crank train engine. It was also found that the extended expansion has no inherent effect to combustion, emission formation and wall heat transfer. Major effort was made to assess the Miller cycle as a thermodynamic alternative to the crank train with extended expansion. Measurements and simulations revealed that Miller suffers in a way from higher wall heat and gas exchange losses cutting a substantial share of the efficiency potential of an equivalent crank train solution.

乱流燃焼ダイアグラムを用いた スーパーリーンバーンSI エンジンにおける燃焼形態の検討

乱流燃焼ダイアグラムを用いた スーパーリーンバーンSI エンジンにおける燃焼形態の検討

The injector location impact on the fuel combustion process in a direct gasoline injection system

The article contains an analysis of the fuel dose combustion phenomena and exhaust emissions in a direct injection system of an SI engine for variable injector location in the combustion chamber. The research performed is a continuation of the research presented in the article CE-2018-104. The tests were performed using the AVL Fire 2017 simulation environment. 27 injector placement combinations in three planes were analyzed: axial distance from the cylinder axis, injector depth relative to the head and angular position relative to the cylinder axis. An optimal solution was chosen, taking into account the significance of individual indicators. It was shown that the greatest impact in terms of the most advantageous combustion process indicators is the injector setting depth in the combustion chamber cavity, while the distance from the cylinder axis is of secondary importance. The smallest changes in the combustion and emission factors values are seen with the change of the injector placement angle (in the value range used in this study).

Performance and Optimization of Nox Reduction by Urea Spray Formation in SI Engines

Performance and Optimization of Nox Reduction by Urea Spray Formation in SI Engines