SI Engine Research Articles

Multivariable EGR/Spark Timing Control for Thermal Efficiency Optimization under Combustion Variation Constraint in SI Engines

Multivariable EGR/Spark Timing Control for Thermal Efficiency Optimization under Combustion Variation Constraint in SI Engines

Research of CFR SI Engine and Dacia single cylinder SI engine equipped with LASER and Classical Spark Plug

Research of CFR SI Engine and Dacia single cylinder SI engine equipped with LASER and Classical Spark Plug

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Turbocharged SI Engine Using Petrol-Ethanol Fuel

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Turbocharged SI Engine Using Petrol-Ethanol Fuel

Determination of a Spark Ignition Engine’s Performance Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology

The combustion process in engines is highly influenced by the combined effect of various parameters. As far as the internal combustion engines are concerned, emission is the important parameters for which the other design and operating parameters have to be optimized. This paper studies the use of RSM (Response Surface Methodology) to optimize the performance parameters of a 4-stroke spark ignition engine. In this work, a description of the facilities developed for conducting experimental work on the test engine experiment was conducted. Theoretical evaluation, experimental evaluation, prediction of performance parameters using RSM and statistical evaluation of SI engine were performed. The study also explained how to build an analytical model for the complicated problem. The development of the incombustible gases concentration (part per million-ppm) as a function of engine speed (rpm), loading condition (%) and operating time (seconds) was done via 23 factorial designs of the experiment (DoE )and RSM. The results obtained from HC, CO and NOx emission models showed that the engine speed, loading condition and time were found to have significant influence on the emission. The HC, CO and NOx emission models have also proved positive response from the regression analysis of actual and predicted responses. In the error estimation with 95% confidence interval the equations are within the ranges. Thus, the response surface methodology provides useful information required for the experiment and also useful in predicting the response of engine parameters to engine emissions.

Performances of a Research CFR Octane Rating Unit Engine and Dacia Single Cylinder SI Engine Ignited by a LASER System

At this time, the severe legislation regarding the level limits of the waste and exhaust gases released by thermal engines and also the necessity of engines efficiency improvement boost the engine research domain to bring in front the use of new technologies that can be used to control the in-cylinder combustion process. Now, the new technologies is represented by LASER spark plug systems which can be successfully used at petrol engines. LASER spark plug technology can have many advantages for engine operation control, an ignition system that could provide improved combustion is the one using plasma generation and a Q-switched LASER that results in pulses with high MW power. The LASER spark plug device used in the current research was a LASER medium Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG ceramic structure made up of a 8.0-mm long, 1.0-at.% Nd:YAG ceramic, optically-bonded to a Cr4+:YAG c. It was developed and constructed similar to classical spark plug and could be assembled on a CFR Octane Rating Unit Engine as well as on a Dacia Single Cylinder SI Engine which led to several results among which: influences on in-cylinder pressure, combustion and pollutant emissions.

Modelling and analysis of spring return electromagnetic valve actuator for SI engine

Modelling and analysis of spring return electromagnetic valve actuator for SI engine

A Model-based Scenario Analysis for Assessing the Benefits of Fuel Cell Vehicle Hybridization

Abstract The paper presents model-based scenario analyses of micro and mild tri-hybrid vehicle configurations, related to existing conventional vehicles equipped with small power proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) systems and, eventually, additional battery pack. The analyses are intended to support short-to medium-term development of fuel cell powered Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs) technology and are useful for carmakers to quantitatively assess the potential advantages associated to the afore-mentioned opportunities in terms of short-term clean and cost-efficient production of hydrogen. The analyses are performed making use of a comprehensive vehicle model, based on a hybrid (black-box and lumped parameters) approach, of a medium passenger car equipped with a turbocharged SI engine. The model has been enhanced to account for the additional components of two different powertrain configurations, namely conventional powertrain with ICE and fuel cell Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) and hybrid powertrain ICE/FC. Simulations have been carried out vs. standard driving cycles for two energy management strategies. The results allow evaluating the impact of powertrain configuration on CO2 emissions, in case of both Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) and Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analyses.

Analysis of Nitrogen-Containing Hydrocarbons in Exhaust Gas of a SI Engine

Analysis of Nitrogen-Containing Hydrocarbons in Exhaust Gas of a SI Engine

Modelling and analysis of spring return electromagnetic valve actuator for SI engine

In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing is one of the most important parameters that affects engine performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emission. In all engine speed values, electromechanical valve actuators (EVA) are needed for variable valve timing. EVAs allow the intake and the exhaust valves to be opened and closed at the right time by the camshaft. The valves can be opened and closed by the magnet circuits and the opening and closing time can be controlled without depending on the camshaft present in all engines. The most critical part for EVA design is the solenoid in terms of the limited space on the cylinder head, the magnetic force required to open and close the valve, the coil temperature and the valve speed. This study proposes a comprehensive design of piston-type EVA and an analysis of its performance. The simulation results of the analysis with finite element method have been verified with the experimental test results. In addition, the conventional valve profile has been compared with the EVA valve profile.

Evaluation of properties on performance and emission to turbocharged SI engine using fusel oil blend with gasoline

Biofuel has the potential to be used as an alternative fuel compared to petroleum gasoline for the purpose increase performance and reducing emissions. The objective of the study is to evaluate performance and emission on properties of 10–30% fusel oil blends with pure gasoline (Ron 95) at 3000 rpm. In this experiment, three fuels were designed from fusel oil to test engine performance and emission. The haltech ECU was an escalation to set ignition, injection timing and injection mass when using fusel oil blends to reach stoichiometric level. In this study, pure gasoline was set as a reference. The experiments were conducted on 1.8L turbocharged 4-cylinder, spark ignition engine, port injection and coupled with 100 kW eddy current dynamometer. During engine testing, the throttle position was applied to 10–40%. As a result, averaged BMEP increase at 11.9%, 17.8% and 21.3% for F10, F20 and F30 respectively compared to gasoline. The VE and BSFC averaged increased 8.3% and 6.17% compared to pure gasoline for 10–40% engine load. The emissions for CO and HC on these observations increased while the NOx decreased when fusel oil blends were utilized. The recommendation used in study is low proportion blends to assess different properties for engine test.

Comparative research results of CFR Octane Rating Unit Engine and Dacia Single Cylinder SI Engine equipped with classical Spark Plug and LASER Ignition

Comparative research results of CFR Octane Rating Unit Engine and Dacia Single Cylinder SI Engine equipped with classical Spark Plug and LASER Ignition

The Impacts of Ethanol - Gasoline Blended Fuels on the Pollutant Emissions and Performance of a Spark - Ignition Engine : An Empirical Study

The blending of ethanol with imported gasoline types has been compulsory since January 1, 2018, with the Communiqué No. 30098 published in the Official Gazette in Turkey. In line with this, it is aimed to determine the effects of gasoline-ethanol blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions resulting from the use of an SI engine. The experiments were performed at different speeds for different ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E10 and E20) under full load in a four-stroke, single-cylinder engine. As a result, air-fuel mixture ratios, torque, power, vibration and noise values, specific fuel consumption, harmful gas emissions (CO, HC, CO2 and NOx) was measured. Measurements were obtained with 96% accuracy. In this study, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions increased by the addition of ethanol to gasoline. On the other hand, the addition of ethanol has also led to a certain increase in brake specific fuel consumption, vibration and noise levels.

Effect of inlet air temperature on SI engine fueled with diethyl ether-gasoline blends

In this study the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition genset engine fueled with gasoline and diethyl ether (DEE) blends are carried out. The DEE blends are varied from 3%, 6% and 9% by volume in gasoline. A four-stroke single cylinder constant speed spark ignition engine is used for the experiments. The variation in fuel consumption and exhaust emission with respect to two different inlet air temperatures are studied. The concentration of exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, NOx is observed. The parameters such as inlet air temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, relative air to fuel ratio are also measured. It is noticed that 6% DEE blend in gasoline reduced almost reduced HC emission about 57% and also considerable reduction in CO emission at lower air intake temperature. The addition of diethyl ether has an improvement in performance and significant reduction in HC, CO and NOx emissions.

Application of The Chain Code and Fourier Analysis Techniques for The Investigation of Wrinkles and Distortions on Early Flames

The study of flame commencement and growth in SI engine has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its strong dependence to the in-cylinder flow and its capability to influence flame propagation characteristics in SI engines. Optical visualisation has been one of the prominent techniques utilized in this study of the early flame properties. This work shows the application of Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) and image processing tools for the investigation of the early flame details from its shape features. An endoscopic ICCD camera was used to capture the flame images, at an interval of 2° CA starting from ignition onset for a period of 30° CAs (about 3 ms), from a CNG DI single cylinder SI engine operation in stratified and homogeneous charge conditions. The intake configuration was adjusted to acquire tumble or swirl induction, and engine speed was made to vary between 1500 and 2100 rpm. The sequences of collected images were processed to investigate wrinkles, distortion and growth rate of the early flame within the 3 ms combustion duration. Some tools of image processing, such as intensity enhancement, filtering, thresholding and boundary tracing, were applied. Once the flame boundary identified, it was chain coded, and elliptic Fourier function was utilised to characterise the contour. For this purpose, a computer programming code was proposed by the authors for automatic processing of the flame image data. The application of the elliptic Fourier analysis was found useful in the investigation of the early flame characteristics from its shape features; led to the portrayal of wrinkles and distortion levels quantitatively in a simpler way.

The effect of additive on combustion characteristics and cycle to cycle variations on si engine fueled by gasoline and bioethanol

Currently, the main energy source is heavily dependent on fossil energy. The current transportation technology also uses fossil-derived energy sources to make vehicle engines are ignited. Also, the electricity that is currently enjoyed by billions of people resulted enormously from the use of fossil energy. Limitations of existing fossil energy sources and the issue of global warming have led many to expand on renewable energy and energy conservation to maintain energy availability. One of an alternative energy source that is currently being developed is the use of bioethanol as a mixture or replacement of fossil fuel. The use of bioethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) as a substitute for a mixture of fossil fuels affects the efficiency of the engine produced by fuel. This study examines the effect of a mixture of bioethanol gasoline (RON 80) on a single-cylinder spark ignition (SI) 125 cc engine that is carried out with variations in fuel mixtures (E0, E5, E10, and E15) with the addition of 0.5 vol % oxygenated cyclohexanol and this experimental test is carried out as much as 800 cycles for each fuel mixture, with throttle opening, maintained 100 %, and variations in engine speed at 4,000 rpm up to 8,500 rpm with engine speed increases every 500 rpm. Engine performance is measured by connecting a machine with a dynamometer, and the variation of cylinder pressure combustion is measured by a pressure transducer. The test results are expected to prove that the mixture of fuel with oxygenated cyclohexanol can reduce COV IMEP in the cycle to cycle variations (E10++ which is 4.24 %), so that torque fluctuations do not occur which results in reliable engine performance or vehicle driveability increase, besides that the performance of both power and torque becomes better

Thermal Engineering Manual

In this laboratory, students will have the opportunity to study the working principle of IC engines (both SI and CI engines), performance and characteristics in terms of heat balancing, economical speed variations, air-fuel ratio influence on the engine to reinforce classroom theory by having the student perform required tests, analyze subsequent data, and present the results in a professionally prepared report. The machines and equipment used to determine experimental data include cut models of 4stroke diesel engine, 2stroke petrol engine, 4stroke and two-stroke petrol engines with required specifications, Multi-cylinder SI engine, Single cylinder Diesel engine for performance and speed test which is suitable to tests on variable compression ratios.

Experimental study the effects of various compression ratios and spark timing on performance and emission of a lean-burn heavy-duty spark ignition engine fueled with methane gas and hydrogen blends

To investigate effects of various compression ratios (CRs) and spark timing on characteristics of performance and emissions, a high CR six-cylinder heavy-duty compression ignition diesel engine was modified into the port fuel injection hydrogen and liquefied methane gas lean-burn heavy-duty SI engine and tested by using 13.6 and 14.0 CRs. Combination of alternative fuels, high CRs and control strategies was implemented in this study. Results indicated that the equivalent fuel consumption (EFC) dramatically decreased with increase of the hydrogen energy share. Additionally, the EFC reduced as higher CR was adopted. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) firstly increased and then declined with increase of the hydrogen energy share. Besides, the BTE increased with CR. The maximum additional 1.8% of BTE was obtained by employing higher CR (14.0) for a specific operating condition. Furthermore, the NOX emissions remarkably ascended while the HC emissions significantly declined with increase of the hydrogen energy share. The CO emission formation did not show a strong relationship with the hydrogen energy share and the CR. However, the CO2 emission gradually declined with increase of the percentage of hydrogen and CR.

Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics in dual-fuel dual-injection engine

Dual-injection strategy combined with dual-fuel can provide flexible and instantaneous blend ratios according to engine demands under different operating conditions. Furthermore, ethanol direct injection has the potentials to increase the engine compression ratio and thermal efficiency by taking advantages of ethanol fuel such as the high octane number and latent heat. Therefore, in order to maximize the charge cooling effect, a dual-fuel (gasoline and ethanol) dual-direct injection system is proposed and investigated in this paper. In current work, different injection modes in terms of knock suppression and combustion performance are compared and studied on a single-cylinder SI engine with stoichiometric air/fuel ratios. The results show that the new injection strategy of dual-fuel dual-direct injection mode can significantly expand engine load compared with conventional modes of gasoline direct injection plus ethanol port injection and ethanol direct injection plus gasoline port injection. Direct injection ethanol mode can reduce knocking tendency. However, with higher brake mean effective pressure, dual-fuel dual-injection mode shows higher knock tendency. Dual-fuel dual-injection mode can increase brake mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency simultaneously. However, the brake thermal efficiency behavior is non-linear when increasing brake mean effective pressure and direct injection ethanol mass fraction. The equivalent heat value brake specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase of direct injection ethanol ratio, and dual-fuel dual-injection mode has superior fuel conversion efficiency. Relatively high maximum pressure can be found in dual-fuel dual-injection mode. With the increase of ethanol ratio, the combustion phasing is further advanced, resulting in better combustion, which contributes to higher thermal efficiency.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion Events in The Natural Gas Fuelled SI Engine With VVT

Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion Events in The Natural Gas Fuelled SI Engine With VVT

Effect of modified shrouded intake valve on performance and emissions of spark ignition engine

Strategy of lean burn for reducing fuel consumption and emissions can be achieved by incorporating swirling motion in the incoming fluid entering the cylinder of the engine. In this backdrop, the application of shrouded intake valves gets the upper hand over the conventional poppet valve because of their capacity of producing intake-generated swirl flow. In the existing literature, a modified shrouded intake valve capable of producing significant amount of swirl with relatively smaller restriction to the incoming fluid has been reported. But, no work has been done to determine the effect of using modified shrouded intake valve in the emissions and performance of an SI engine. Thus, the effect of using the modified shrouded intake valve on the emissions and performance of an SI engine is studied and compared with that of poppet intake valve and 100°, 140°, and 180° shrouded intake valves. From the study, it is seen that the engine with modified shrouded intake valve produces lowest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions for maximum power condition, whereas the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, and NOx emissions of the engine are quite close to the engine using poppet intake valve which is the best performing valve–engine combination for the same. For minimum brake specific fuel consumption condition, the engine with modified shrouded intake valve produces the highest brake power with the lowest brake specific fuel consumption, whereas the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions of the engine are similar to the engine using 180° shrouded intake valve which is the best performing valve–engine combination for the same.