Shut-off Valve Research Articles

Quantitative Risk Assessment of an Oil-Gas-Hydrogen-Electricity Integrated Energy Station in China.

This paper presents a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) study of an oil-gas-hydrogen-electricity integrated energy station in China. A comprehensive assessment of the station was made in terms of consequences and risks, respectively. Consequence analysis shows that the severity of hazardous chemical leakage accidents in the station is in the order of natural gas, hydrogen, gasoline, and diesel fuel, especially in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) storage tank areas, which may cause major accidents in the event of leakage. The results of the risk assessment showed that the individual and societal risks of the integrated oil-gas-hydrogen-electricity energy station exceeded the risk acceptance criteria. Moreover, the catastrophic rupture of LNG and CNG storage tanks is the main cause of the unacceptable risk. Additional mitigation measures for them, mainly including the installation of emergency manual shut-off valves, the installation of combustible gas detection and alarm devices, and pressure relief protection devices, can effectively reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

ОБЛАДНАННЯ ВХІДНОЇ МАГНІТНО-КАВІТАЦІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВОДИ ДЛЯ ТЕПЛОМЕРЕЖ

If high-quality water treatment for boilers is not organized, the impurities present in untreated water lead to a number of problems: large colloidal and mechanical impurities in the form of scale, rust, clay or sand quickly clog the pipes, significantly reducing their internal diameter. This causes the failure of shut-off valves and pumping equipment: hardness salts and other poorly soluble salts (carbonates, magnesium and calcium sulfates, silicates, various compounds of copper and manganese) settle, creating a crust on the metal walls of the equipment, which reduces its heat output. This contributes to a reduction in boiler power, increases energy costs, and significantly shortens the life of the equipment. Based on the analysis of the latest research, it is proposed to improve the quality and composition of water that comes from municipal water supply, artesian wells and reservoirs, before filtering and deaerating water, it is proposed to pre-treat it with hydrocavitation and a magnetic field in order to soften and change its properties. The essence of the operation of the proposed equipment is that the effect of sound hydrocavitation and a variable magnetic field on water is reduced to a single process - the splitting of water molecules in the cavitation cavity into active radicals. The essence of various processes, namely hydrocavitation and magnetic influence on the passage of chemical reactions, breaking of hydrogen bonds in water molecules, is considered. The design of the equipment for the incoming magnetic cavitation preparation of water with an additional hydrocavitation effect on water during the reciprocating movement of the liquid through the nozzle is proposed, which combines the effects of breaking hydrogen bonds in water molecules, oxidation of iron and calcium ions, increasing the Рn indicator, and after its after settling, it is fed to the ion exchange and deaeration units, and later to the heating mains.

Multi-Parameter Complex Control of Metal Coatings on Ball Plugs of Pipeline Shut-Off Valves

The greatest losses during gas transportation occur in the elements of shut-off valves, the operating parameters of which, among other things, depend on the thickness and hardness of the protective coating of the ball plugs. The study of the parameters of nickel–phosphorus and chrome coatings on ball plugs of serially produced shut-off valves, including control of their thickness and hardness, was carried out. Based on the test results, deviations in the actual parameters of coatings from the requirements of technological documentation were revealed, the necessity of their complex control was substantiated, recommendations on the choice of methods and equipment were formulated, and the main provisions of the test methodology were developed.

Analysis of methods of natural gas technical loss determination and technical loss norms in gas supply network

In modern times, the role of energy resources is very large. One of the important energy resources is natural gas. The biggest advantage of using natural gas as a fuel is its high heat capacity and complete combustion without the formation of harmful substances. The process of natural gas distribution in the gas supply network is observed with gas loss. This is an objective, natural situation and creates a number of difficulties for natural gas enterprises. The article focuses on gas consumption in technological processes in the gas supply network, gas purges from pipelines during pipeline repair works, gas flushing out from the pipeline and determination of gas technological losses during the removal of air from the pipeline. Determination of gas losses caused by non-hermeticity of external gas pipelines and equipment, gas pressure regulation station (GPRS), cabinet-type gas control points (GCP), universal pressure regulator (UPR) and gas losses occurring during repairing of other technological equipment are discussed. Also, the determination of technical losses of natural gas at meters, sampling nodes, safety valves, gas distribution stations (GDS) (from gas losses during the management of shut-off valves, during purge of process instrumentation and automatics, when taking gas samples, during purges proses of safety valves, apparatus and pulse lines) is discussed. The article describes the principle of formation of technical losses in the gas supply network. Technical loss sources of natural gas in the process of gas supply, methods of calculating loss norms, the amount of small loss of which is determined separately for each specified loss source, are mentioned. Keywords: gas supply; natural gas; technical losses; pipeline; GPRS; GCP; UPR; gas meters; safety valves; gas distribution station.

Effectiveness of countermeasure options for chemical facilities against the discharge of chemical substances into rivers caused by a large earthquake: case study of the Yodo river system in Osaka prefecture, Japan

Technological accidents triggered by natural hazards, which are commonly referred to as Natech events, are rare occurrences yet carry the potential for significant damage. Specifically, the release of hazardous chemicals into the aquatic environment and community water systems poses a grave threat to human health and society. Accordingly, we must conduct assessments that consider the potential consequences of these accidents. In this study, we examined the criteria for implementing spill protection measures to mitigate river spills of chemical substances using information on the amount of chemical substances and their toxicity. The countermeasure options readily available to employees at industrial plants and chemical storage sites where a chemical spill might originate included emergency shut-off valves, bunds and related spill containment structures, and other spill prevention measures. In this case study, a combination of countermeasure options was evaluated to examine the effectiveness of spill mitigation in the Yodo River located in the Kyoto Prefecture of Japan. Results of the case study showed that bunds were emerged as the most useful countermeasure option, reducing the probability of accidents occurring and impact of accidents. We also defined a methodology for calculating the chemical storage volumes appropriate for different countermeasures to ensure that the concentration of chemicals that could reach the water intake does not exceed the standard values. We believe that these methodologies can help chemical-handling companies make decisions when countermeasure options for responding to a chemical spill into a river. Chemical-handling companies can estimate the risk to downstream water treatment plants in the chemical spill, which can also help them consider mitigation measures.

BALL VALVE FORCE CALCULATION

Valves are devices that are installed in pipelines, used devices and change cross-sections and regulate the flow of liquid or gas. Valves are divided into a number of types depending on the purpose of use: connecting-regulating, regulating, protective, special. The ball valve belongs to the group of connecting and regulating valves. Other valves, including the ball valve, consist of three main parts. These parts are the body, the transmission and the working body. In terms of body structure, they are of two types: straight and angled. In models with a straight body, the direction of flow at the inlet and outlet remains the same, while in angled models the direction can change up to 90°. Valves are drawers, valves, taps, etc. There are many types. One of the most common types are stopcocks. Shutoff valves are used in the oil and gas industry to prevent open gushing when drilling wells or to completely shut off the pipe channel when decommissioning wells. Mixers have the ability to create high volume. Mixers have become widespread due to their small size and low flow resistance. Disadvantages include difficult rotation as the diameter increases and riveting at high temperatures. Faucets come in spherical, conical, and cylindrical, depending on the plug design. The valve strength report determines the safety margin and stress of the valve parts. The power due to the valve force, friction force between the moving parts of the valve, axial force, etc. must be determined. Keywords: valves, valve, ball valve, ball valve, power metering, plug connection.

ON THE RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OF GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VALVES

At the current stage of the development of society, including in our country, there is an accelerating urbanisation process. The increasing role of cities in the country’s development, on the one hand, contributes to social, scientific, and technical development, and on the other hand, creates new economic, ecological, informational, social, and other challenges. One of the features of urbanisation is the increase in energy use. One of the primary sources of energy is natural gas. Transportation of natural gas from deposits and gas storages and its distribution to consumers occurs with the help of gas transportation systems. One of the components of gas transportation systems is gas distribution systems. They have a broad range of components and elements and a long list of requirements for the conditions of their manufacture, operation, and repair, and they are under the influence of numerous external factors. Such multivariability necessitates the development of specific models, methods, and information technologies for monitoring their state in conditions of uncertainty to solve the problems of forecasting and planning repair work on gas transportation systems. During the study, we determined the main factors affecting the reliability of gas pipelines overall. We also analysed the operational characteristics of the shut-off valves of elements of gas distribution systems, typical malfunctions, and the main features of its diagnosis and repair. During operation, gas distribution system elements are under the influence of many factors that affect their reliability. Considering all the factors arising at different stages of the life cycle of the gas distribution system elements will ensure their operational reliability, indestructibility, and durability. The results of the analysis of individual parameters of shut-off fittings of gas distribution systems are applicable for creating models and methods of monitoring, forecasting, and planning repair work on gas transportation systems under conditions of uncertainty. Keywords: shut-off valves, models and methods of monitoring, reliability, repair, defects.

Pre-Qualification Assessment of Counterparties as a Factor in Effective Logistics Management System

At production enterprises the continuity, stability and uninterrupted production is due to the quality of the material and technical resources supplied and the services provided by the counterparties. To ensure the required level of quality, it is advisable to approach the process of selecting counterparties comprehensively. The purpose of the study is to form a methodological approach to the conduct of pre-qualification selection as a way to minimize tax and production and economic risks that have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the selection of counter-agents and the entire logistics system of enterprises of all forms of ownership. The object of study is a production enterprise supplying shutoff and control valves. The study was conducted using the following scientific methods: classification, generalization, comparative analysis, experiment, calculations and measurements. The results provided a detailed assessment of preliminary qualification selection as an important source of comprehensive information on the counterparty, a tool for filtering counterparties with the use of rating assessment. The practical significance and novelty lies in the systematization and classification of the assessment criterion and requirements for suppliers of materials and equipment, works, services based on the best industry practices and recommendations of the federal tax service, which allows achieving objectivity and transparency of the results of counterparties’ assessment. According to the author, the rating assessment allows not only to assess the financial and production activities of the counterparty, but also to determine the position of the counterparty relatively to other competitors in the industry. The author proposes to use several methods in building a system of rating assessment of counterparties. These are the systematization method, analytical, comparative method, coefficient methods and the method of paired comparisons. Based on the generalizing information and characteristics the author has formed a complex portrait of the counterparty, as well as directions of improvement of his activity. The obtained results were implemented in the logistics system of LLC “Company Vostsibugol”.

Application of modified seagull optimization algorithm with archives in urban water distribution networks: Dealing with the consequences of sudden pollution load

This study focuses on the optimization of consequence management actions in the urban water distribution network. The EPANET simulation model is employed in combination with the multi-objective modified seagull optimization algorithm (MOMSOA) based on archives for a more efficient optimization process. Two objective functions are developed: minimizing reactive activities (cost reduction) and minimizing consumed pollution mass. The utilization of shut-off valves and hydrants for isolating the network and discharging pollution is explored. Without consequence management, 84.5 kg of pollution is consumed. With 18 reactive activities, pollution consumption was reduced to 59.8 kg. Also, to compare the proposed method with other algorithms, the interaction curve between reactive activities and the amount of pollutant mass consumed was obtained using other methods, including MOSOA, NSGA-II, MOPSO, and MOSMA. According to the obtained curve, the proposed method performed better in reducing the mass of consumed pollution. Extracting optimal activities using MOMSOA and a maximum of 18 activities takes about 80 min. The MOMSOA with archive technique significantly shortens this time for real-time consequence management. The proposed approach demonstrates that increasing the archive population decreases the extraction time of interaction curves between objectives by up to 60 %. A small archive capacity slightly increases the time required to extract optimal activities due to searching for similar solutions. However, utilizing the archive capacity enables real-time optimization and consequence management in the network.

Рационализация технологической обвязки резервуарного парка при нерегулярной смене сорта нефти

Due to the growing demand for the construction of tank farms and the need to reduce the cost of equipment used irregularly (quarterly) when changing the nomenclature of grades of oil or petroleum products, it is advisable to improve the maintainability and cost-effectiveness of standard technological strapping projects. The paper describes the replacement of standard shut-off valves with a rotary plug (obturator). The economic justification for the choice of rotary plugs in a typical RVS design is given. The analysis of normative and technical documentation and methods of calculation of obturators is carried out. It is established that the introduction of rotary plugs provides an increase in the reliability of standard projects.

Productivity Analysis on Liquid Nitrogen (LIN) and Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Production Using Objective Matrix (OMAX) Method

The amount of liquid nitrogen (LIN) and liquid oxygen (LOX) production capacity experienced significant fluctuations, so it took several months before it reached the production target implemented by the company. It is necessary to measure productivity on the production floor. This study aims to determine the level of productivity of the production section, and the results of this measurement can be used to evaluate the company's productivity level. Productivity measurement using the Objective Matrix (OMAX) method. The criteria used in this study are material productivity, energy productivity, labor productivity, and finished product productivity. The highest productivity values achieved during measurements from January to December were 900 in LIN production in July and 790 in LOX production in January. Factors that cause low productivity are workers who are less careful or negligent in handling machine damage, the absence of a quality control system in checking raw materials before being placed in the storage warehouse, the lack of a shut-off valve between pipes, causing free air to enter, causing products to be rejected and also machines that work continuously for 24 hours.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УЧАСТКА МАГИСТРАЛЬНОГО ТРУБОПРОВОДА С РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕМ ДРОССЕЛИРОВАНИЕМ

The aim of the work is to develop a mathematical model of the technological section of the main pipeline, which reflects the main hydraulic processes in the pipeline, namely Q-H characteristics of pressure and main pumping units, their connection diagrams, characteristics of the electric drive part, characteristics of the linear part (length, diameter, thickness of the pipeline ), shut-off linear valves, throttling valves, including a frequency converter, an electric motor with a gearbox and a hydraulic part (flow characteristic). The task is to develop a mathematical model of the main pipeline technological section for further use as part of a simulation stand for an automatic pressure control system (APCS). Research methods are used such as the system analysis method, technical hydraulics, mathematical modelling of operating the main oil pipeline section, considering the switch on and off of the main pumping units and changes in the opening degree of the throttling unit. The research results state that the developed mathematical model of the main pipeline technological section takes into account the basic hydraulic processes and can be used in the simulator software for automatic pressure control systems. The novelty of the work consists in building a mathematical model of the main pipeline technological section with throttling control, adapted for real-time operation for the simulator programmable logic controller. The paper findings state that the proposed mathematical model of the main pipeline technological section with throttling control has some assumptions necessary for the software to operate in real time and reflects the main hydraulic processes occurring in the oil pipeline. Switching the main pumping units and control valves is successfully modelled. The simulation results can be used in the computer program for the software and hardware complex (SHC) of the automation testing simulator and the SHC for setting up the APCS.

Transient Test-Based Techniques for Checking the Sealing of In-Line Shut-Off Valves and Capturing the Effect of Series Junctions—Field Tests in a Real Pipe System

In-line valves are devices typically used for isolation or flow regulation in pipe systems, playing a key role in the operational management of transmission mains (TM). However, there is no fast and expeditious procedure available for checking the efficacy of the sealing mechanism, and its ability to prevent leakage, unwanted flow or partial blockages, which is a crucial action for any maintenance operation. Due to the different values of the conveyed discharge, the diameter changes along the TM at a series junctions which therefore makes diameter changes a very common singularity. This paper has two aims. The first one is to evaluate the feasibility of Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) for checking the sealing of in-line valves. In particular, the primary objective of the numerical model is to identify the distinctive features of the measured pressure signals that correspond to the status of an in-line valve, discerning whether it is fully sealed or partially closed. The second objective is to use Direct Analysis (DA) of the pressure signals to appropriately capture the transient response of the series junctions. To address these issues, safe transients have been generated in a real TM by means of a Portable Pressure Wave Maker (PPWM) device, refined at the Water Engineering Laboratory (WEL) of the University of Perugia, Italy. The results of the field tests and numerical model point out that the positive pressure wave reflected by the in-line valve is smaller than the one expected if it were perfectly sealed. Moreover, the transient response of the series junction has been properly captured by the DA of the pressure signal. Accordingly, the proposed procedures have been demonstrated to be suitable tools for the management of long transmission pipelines.

Методика и алгоритм расчета местных потерь напора в трубопроводах

The article is devoted to the hydraulic calculation of pipelines. For the storage of liquid products used in the national economy, there are tanks, which are usually combined into tank farms. Equipment for transporting liquids within the tank farm includes pumping units, pipelines, shut-off and control devices, etc. The growing needs of the economy create the necessity of build new and expand existing storage facilities for liquid products at industrial and transport objects. Hydraulic calculation is an important part of the tank farms pipeline systems design. This paper presents a methodology and algorithm for determining of local fluid pressure losses in pipelines. The calculation is based on the characteristics of pipeline system sections in which local hydraulic resistance occurs: a change in the diameter or direction of the pipeline, installation locations of auxiliary devices, etc. The Weisbach formula is used to calculate the local pressure losses. This takes into account the values of the local resistances coefficients and average flow velocities in the respective sections. The average flow velocities are determined by the given values of the flow rates and flow profiles on the sections. The local losses coefficients, depending on the type of resistance, are also found according to the calculation formulas, or are set as the initial values. Local pressure losses are calculated for curved sections of pipelines, conical transitions (confusers and diffusers), inlet and outlet sections, shut-off, control and safety valves, instrumentation, branches.

Operation Simulation for a Check Valve Used in High-Performance Systems

This research aims to increase the reliability and safety of pipeline systems by creating an improved model range of Butterfly Check Valves (BCV). Pipes through which working fluids are transported, parts related to shut-off and control valves, control measuring instruments, fasteners, anticorrosion elements, and other structural components are the main elements that make up pipelines. Fittings can be of different types; BCV refers to protective ones. These devices protect pipelines by disconnecting the working line in the event of a sudden change in the transported fluid parameters (pressure, flow direction), resulting in the failure of the entire system. Based on an analysis of the key requirements for valves, namely reliability, tightness of a closed system, ensuring safe operation, and analysis of existing BCVs, the design of the presented valve was created. Improved overall dimensions and tightness, both in the open and closed states, as opposed to the existing analogs, are distinctive features of the developed design of butterfly check valves. To confirm the results, the authors, using the finite element method, calculated the stress–strain state of the structure under normal conditions and with regard to the maximum temperatures of the working fluid. The reliability indicators of the developed elements were also calculated to confirm their operability. As a result, it was concluded that after the developed valves have passed acceptance tests, the research findings will make it possible to increase the reliability and safety of the valve itself and the entire pipeline system by introducing these structures into enterprises. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-12-017 Full Text: PDF

Comparative Analysis of Numerical and Analytical Calculation of the Sound Pressure Parameters during Operation of Shut-Off Valves with a Gaseous Medium

Comparative Analysis of Numerical and Analytical Calculation of the Sound Pressure Parameters during Operation of Shut-Off Valves with a Gaseous Medium

Performance optimization design of wide-body aircraft pressure refueling system

In order to reduce the wide body aircraft refueling process time-cost and improve the airport operation efficiency, pressure refueling system design strategy was innovated. The shutoff valves’ operation sequence in refueling process was optimized. The diameter of the orifices on the pressure refueling system fuel line was designed. Pressure refueling performance was simulated and analyzed at different scenarios. The results show that it can improve the pressure refueling system performance at different scenarios by optimizing the pressure refueling process strategy design including optimizing the fuel line orifice design and optimizing the wing tank inner side shut-off valve operation sequence.

Metoda eksperymentalnego badania charakterystyki siła-odkszałcenie sprężyn Beleville w zespole odcinającym zasuwy klinowej

The article presents research methods and appropriate equipment for conducting experiments, as well as the analysis of the results. Studies on the hardness of the microstructure, elastic deformation and parts and samples were carried out using hardness testers, microscopes PMT-3, MIM-8 and devices for measuring the “force-strain” characteristic. The results of the study wer used to establish the dependence of the elastic properties of Belleville springs on the heat treatment modes, while also determining the microstructure and layer depth using various research methods. Every work studying the elastic properties and measurement of the static compressive force of a spring at a given strain value has been studied theoretically. Depending on the operating conditions, disc springs can be installed singly or assembled into packages, forming an elastic element working under compression. The research materials will be used in the work to improve the tightness of straight-through valves and the durability of the shut-off assembly parts. The dependence of the spring compression force and its deformation on the geometrical parameters of the disc springs has been established. Comparison of experimental and theoretical dependences has been made. It has been established that the residual deformation of the Belleville spring after captivity has a negative effect on the tightness of the shut-off valve assembly. The influence of various technological processes and modes of thermal treatment of disc springs on their elastic properties has been studied. Practical recommendations for improving the technological process of thermal treatment of Belleville springs have been proposed. The tasks of further research and implementation of the obtained results have been determined. Search work has been carried out to improve the technology of hardening processing of parts of the shut-off unit (gate and seat) of direct-flow valves. The possibility of using accelerated nitrocarburizing in a triethanolamine medium with induction heating by high-frequency currents at a temperature range of 950°С for boriding and borochroming has been established. Samples were made from standard steel grades 40, 40Kh and 38Kh2MYuA, subjected to hardening by the considered methods, and a study was made of the hardness, depth and microstructure of the hardened layer. Research in this direction should be continued in order to study the tribological characteristics (friction coefficient and wear resistance) of hardened parts. Each operation of the spring manufacturing technology has been studied, and deviations that have a significant impact on the operation of the spring and the sealing of the shut-off valve assembly have been identified.

Function Optimization of Self-shutoff Protection System for -Valve Chambers of Long-distance Natural Gas Pipelines

The rate of pressure drop set value of shut-off valve in gas pipeline is uncertain to a certain extent, and the function of self-shutoff protection may disable under some leakage conditions. A gas pipeline leakage model is established using simulation software, to simulate the leakage, flow rate reduction, and crossover, and obtain the pressure changes in upstream and downstream shut-off valve chambers under different working conditions[1]-[3]. The rate of pressure drop is calculated by using the rate of pressure drop algorithm adopted by Line Guard 2300 system. Simulation results indicate that the gas transmission volume has little influence on the rate of pressure drop, and the leakage diameter has great influence on the rate of pressure drop, showing a positive correlation. When the pipeline runs in parallel, it is necessary to avoid opening the crossover valve under large pressure difference. Finally, the recommended rate of pressure drop threshold at the trunk line shut-off valve chamber is given, and the leakage condition of 1/2 diameter at 32km upstream can be detected under this recommended value.The simulation software is first applied in multinational pipelines, which can effectively protect pipeline defect points. Reduced methane cold venting, greatly improving the contribution to achieving emission reduction goals.

Research and Application of HSE Control System for High Consequence Area Water Injection Pipeline

In view of the fact that the safety management technology prevention and control capabilities are weak in the safety management technology such as long operating life, high pipeline operating pressure, large control area, difficulty in detecting abnormal phenomena, slow valve opening and closing speed, and difficulty in quickly handling emergencies in oilfields, the HSE control system of water injection pipelines in high consequence areas is developed and designed with the help of technical means such as Internet of Things and edge gateway computing, which realizes real-time monitoring of water injection pipeline pressure in high consequence areas, remote control of shut-off valves, timely elimination of hidden dangers, and timely control of dangerous situations. Purpose of expeditious disposal. This research project was tested in the field of a branch of a water injection line in a typical high-consequence area. The verification results show that the system has the functions of real-time monitoring of water injection pressure and remote control of shut-off valve, which is of great significance for improving the HSE technical defense system of oilfield and improving the ability of oilfield to deal with emergencies.