Shrimp Culture Research Articles

PENGARUH KEPADATAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN UDANG LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI PADA KOLAM BUNDAR MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK

This study aims to determine the effects of stocking density on the growth, survival rate, and the business of feasibility of the white shrimp culture using BFT in cylinder pond. The research method used was an experimental method, with a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment (5000, 7500, and 10000 shrimp/pond) was repeated 3 (three) times. The observations showed that the growth of absolute weight and length of the 5000 shrimp/pondtreatment gave the best results, 8.82 g (0.13 g / day) and 8.81 cm (0.126 cm / day). However, the analysis of variance indicate that the stocking density of L.vannamei in the range of 5,000 to 10,000 has no significant effect on differences in growth, both weight or length. Stocking density of L.vannamei was detected to give a significant on survival rate. One-way analysis of variance and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that the stocking density of 5,000 was significantly in their survival on the 7,500 and 10,000 shrimp/pond. Meanwhile, the 7,500 shrimp/pond was not significantly to the 10,000 shrimp/pond. Economically, the stocking difference is a direct consequence of costs and revenues. The results of the business feasibility analysis inform that the three treatments are included in the feasible category for development, and the stocking density of 5000 shrimp/pond provides the best profit

Correlation of Atmospheric Temperature with the Prevalence of White Spot Disease (WSD) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in the Philippines

The growing crustacean aquaculture industry in the Philippines is a significant contributor to the seafood production sector. However, several problems hinder the growth and overall market production, the main factor being diseases. Previous studies observed that temperature changes affect shrimp’s physiological and immunological responses to different pathogens and parasites; hence, this meta-analysis examined the correlation of white spot disease (WSD) and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) with atmospheric temperature changes. The analysis was conducted using the available data from the Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease report of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. Results indicated that temperatures ranging from 27–28 °C generally cause higher disease occurrences in the Philippines, as it facilitates optimum conditions for the infectivity of the causative agents of both diseases. Statistical analysis also has shown a positive correlation of temperature to the disease occurrence, indicating that temperature monitoring is crucial, especially in the culture of shrimps in a controlled environment. This information will serve as a guide to the fish health and aquaculture industry in mitigating possible disease outbreaks.

Effect from Combinations of Yucca schidigera extract with Bacillus Strains on the Growth of White Leg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), Density of Vibrio sp., and on the Ammonia and Nitrite Content of Culture Water

The water quality including toxic gas parameters and Vibrio density is a serious problem in intensive shrimp culture. Yucca schidigera extract and Bacillus sp. are considered as a practical solution to improve the water quality. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of combination of Yucca schidigera extract and Bacillus spp. on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite contents, Vibrio count, and the growth performance of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp (PL12) were assigned to seven treatments (triplicates) including treatments with combination of yucca extract and single strain of Bacillus (AY, B2Y, B3Y), combination of yucca extract and Bacillus consortium (ABBY), yucca extract only (Y), Bacillus consortium (ABB), and control treatment (C). Vibrio count was carried out by the spread plate technique every 7 days. TAN and nitrite contents were determined by using sodium nitroprusside, and sulphanilic acid with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, respectively, at 24 hours and 168 hours after adding Bacillus strains and yucca extract. The shrimp growth parameters include the final biomass, final body weight (FBW, g), weight gain rate (WGR, %), survival rate (SR, %), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded after 5 weeks. The results showed that the water quality (0.073 – 0.179 ppm of TAN, 0.187 – 0.934 ppm of nitrite, and Vibrio count of 2.552 – 3.038 log CFU/ml) of tanks treated with combination of yucca extract and single strain of Bacillus (AY, B2Y, B3Y) or Bacillus consortium (ABBY), and Bacillus consortium (ABB) was significantly controlled compared to the control and yucca extract only treatments. The ABBY treatment most significantly improved the shrimp growth parameters (FBW, biomass, WGR, FCR, and SR – 0.424 ± 0.010 g, 40.202 ± 1.510 g, 14048.902 ± 328.756 %, 1.100 ± 0.040, and 94.667 ± 1.856 %, respectively) compared to the other treatments. Overall, our study concluded that the combination of yucca extract and Bacillus consortium could control water quality (0.036 – 0.105 ppm of TAN, 0.187 – 0.604 ppm of nitrite, and Vibrio count of 2.553 – 2.624 log CFU/ml), reduce 46.49% of FCR and significantly increase the growth performance (approximately 92.73% of FWB, 163.19% of biomass, 93.93% of WGR, 46.49% of FCR) of P. vannamei (PL12) with density of 100 individuals/100L.

Molecular docking approaches of biomolecules extracted from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii against hemolysin protein of bioluminescence disease-causing bacteria Vibrio harveyi

Shrimp culture systems are being affected by bacterial diseases particularly Vibrios. Use of therapeutic agents in shrimp culture has lead to the resistance among aquatic bacteria. Accordingly, health management becomes of major importance in aquaculture. Under this situation, developing bio-inhibitors from natural marine resources which are most appropriate, which is considered as an unmatched reservoir of several biological products. Molecular docking is suited to a major approach in structural biology and computer-assisted drug design against the proteins of disease-causative agents. In the present study, marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii was used for developing inhibitors against bioluminescence disease-causing pathogenic bacteria Vibrio harveyi. K. alvarezii was collected from the Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India. Ethyl acetate based extract of K. alvarezii was tested against the growth and virulence factors of V. harveyi during Penaeus monodon larviculture. Further K. alvarezii extract was subjected to GC–MS analysis to identify the biomolecules. The homology modelling of the virulent protein, hemolysin of V. harveyi was designed during this study. Hence, it was aimed at molecular docking against the biomolecules identified from K. alvarezii extract. During shrimp larviculture, the extract of K. alvarezii (200 μg mL−1) exhibited a reduction on Cumulative Percentage of Mortality (29.70 %) in postlarvae against the challenge of V. harveyi infection. Among the compounds docked, an inhibitory effect was observed based on docking scores and were found the highest binding affinity/inhibiting activity in Cyclotetracosane with the least energy required with a docking score of binding energy −7.66 kcal/mol, inhibition constant 0.002 mM and intermolecular efficiency −0.32 kcal/mol. Using statistical analysis, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the growth and virulence factors of V. harveyi during shrimp larviculture trials. While considering these findings, it was determined that K. alvarezii extract can be replaced as an alternative bio-agents protecting against infections caused by V. harveyi and possibly other aquatic pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming systems.

Dynamic modelling of coastal aquaculture systems: A Review

Abstract Coastal aquaculture is an important economic activity in India dominated majorly by shrimp culture, which involves a range of interconnected processes that are challenging to analyse and optimise without a systematic approach. System dynamics modelling is a useful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of complex coastal aquaculture systems. Here, we review the status of dynamic simulation modelling works undertaken in aquaculture, which can provide directives for various researchers working on developing simulation models for shrimp aquaculture. There is a need to assess the impact of dynamic forces on the animals during the culture period which could be addressed through these models. System dynamic models assist decision-makers to augment potential measures for aquaculture-related problems under different possible scenarios. System dynamic models developed in aquaculture were related to feeding, water quality parameters, nitrogen dynamics, growth, etc. The strengths and limitations of software packages used in developing the simulation models are discussed. Considering the economic potential of shrimp aquaculture, it is important to develop an integrated dynamic model for predicting all the sub-processes of shrimp aquaculture.

Bioencapsulation Artemia with Bacillus subtilis and Sodium Alginate on Total Hemocyte and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Disease control in shrimp culture is mostly done by using probiotics such as B. subtilis. Immunostimulants are also widely used to improve the white shrimp immune system. One of the immunostimulants that can be used is sodium alginate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bioencapsulation of Artemia with the combination of B. subtilis and sodium alginate on total hemocytes and the survival of white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Hemocyte total and survival were measured at H0, H7 after bioencapsulation, H9 one day post-infection, and H16 seven days post-infection. The results showed that the total hemocytes H7 and H9 in treatment P3 were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) against all treatments, while the survival of white shrimp in H9, P1 and P3 treatment was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05), to the treatment of K- and P2. The conclusion of this study was that the bioencapsulation of Artemia with the combination of B. subtilis and sodium alginate could increase total hemocytes and the survival of PL white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus.

Implementation of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using BATMAN Routing Protocol (Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Network) for Salinity Monitoring in Vaname Shrimp Farms

Salinity is the key parameters in the shrimp culture environment. Conventional method is by visiting each pond plot. But,due to the large number and distance between the plots, this method is less effective. This ineffectiveness can lead to less than optimal yields. Manet is applied to increase the effectiveness of checking salinity using the BATMAN routing protocol. In this study, 2 units of laptops were used that act as Node 1 and Node 4, 2 units of Orange Pi Zero as Node 2, and 3. Each device is connected to a conductivity sensor to measure the salinity. The four devices are configured with an adhoc network using the BATMAN routing protocol. This research was conducted to provide an alternative for monitoring salinity to make it more effective. Based on the results of testing and analysis of network quality, the average delay value is 22.285 ms. The low delay value affects the percentage of packet loss in the four test scenarios with an average percentage of 0.999759613 %. Memory and CPU usage in testing 4 transition scenarios resulted in an average memory usage of 0.225% and CPU usage of 0.725%. The BATMAN routing protocol does not use a lot of memory and CPU usage because it only forwards data packets without the need to process data. From these data, it can be concluded that manet with batman routing protocol can be used as an alternative communication to provide communication network services in areas where there is no fixed network infrastructure.

SIMULTANEOUS PATHOGEN DETECTION OF SHRIMP VIRUSES ON CULTURED TIGER SHRIMPS (Penaeus monodon) IN INDONESIA

The multiple-pathogen infection causes severe economic impact to shrimp industry in Indonesia and worldwide due to mass mortality and multiple abnormalities of the survived infected shrimps. However, multiple-pathogen detection tools in shrimp diseases have not yet widely used. The purpose in this study was to develop and applied simultaneous detection system using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay from natural infections caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in Black tiger shrimp culture. To analyze multiple-pathogen infections in the shrimp, the study designed and used three pairs of specific primers targeting DNA virus from the shrimp diseases. All amplifications used a specific master mix for multiplex PCR assay and standardized extracted nucleic acid from the samples. This mPCR assay successfully amplified the DNA of three viruses in a single tube-run by multiplex PCR for each virus. Based on the results, the study confirms that multiple-pathogen infection contributes the highest mass mortality rather than from single infection by either WSSV, IHHNV or MBV. This study also confirms that the mPCR assay is a faster, cheaper, and efficient method to detect and subsequently prevent the spreading of multi-pathogen shrimp diseases.

Integrated application of transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has caused a huge economic loss to shrimp aquaculture. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) is regarded as a major causative agent of AHPND in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. However, knowledge about how shrimp resist to AHPND is very limited. In order to learn the molecular mechanisms underlying AHPND resistance of shrimp, comparison between disease-resistant family and susceptible family of L. vannamei were performed at transcriptional and metabolic levels. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics on hepatopancreas of shrimp, the target tissue of VpAHPND, showed that significant differences existed between resistant family and susceptible family of shrimp. The susceptible family showed higher level of glycolysis, serine-glycine metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, but lower level of betaine-homocysteine metabolism in the hepatopancreas in comparison with the resistant family without VpAHPND infection. Curiously, VpAHPND infection induced up-regulation of glycolysis, serine-glycine metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway, and down-regulation of betaine-homocysteine metabolism in resistant family. In addition, arachidonic acid metabolism and some immune pathways, like NF-κB and cAMP pathways, were up-regulated in the resistant family after VpAHPND infection. In contrast, amino acid catabolism boosted via PEPCK-mediated TCA cycle flux was activated in the susceptible family after VpAHPND infection. These differences in transcriptome and metabolome between resistant family and susceptible family might contribute to the resistance of shrimp to bacteria. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) is a major aquatic pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and leads to a huge economic loss to shrimp aquaculture. Despite the recent development of controlling culture environment, disease resistant broodstock breeding is still a sustainable approach for aquatic disease control. Metabolic changes occurred during VpAHPND infection, but knowledge about the metabolism in resistance to AHPND is very limited. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed the basal metabolic differences exhibited between disease-resistant and susceptible shrimp. Amino acid catabolism might contribute to the pathogenesis of VpAHPND and arachidonic acid metabolism might be responsible for the resistance phenotype. This study will help to enlighten the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying shrimp resistance to AHPND. Also, the key genes and metabolites of amino acid and arachidonic acid pathway identified in this study will be applied for disease resistance improvement in the shrimp culture industry.

Designing a Water Temperature control and Monitoring System for Vaname Shrimp cultivation based on the Internet of Things ( IoT )

Vannamei shrimp cultivation (Litopenaeus Vannamei) is one of the rapidly growing industries in fisheries. Optimal water quality, including the appropriate water temperature, is a crucial factor in maintaining the growth and health of vannamei shrimp. Therefore, this research aims to design and implement a monitoring and water temperature control system using a microcontroller in vannamei shrimp cultivation. The research method involves the development of a system prototype consisting of water temperature sensors, microcontrollers, and temperature control modules. The water temperature sensor is used to measure the water temperature in the vannamei shrimp cultivation pond, while the microcontrollers are responsible for acquiring temperature data from the sensor and controlling the temperature control modules based on predetermined parameters. The research results show that the monitoring and water temperature control system using microcontrollers can accurately measure the water temperature with high precision. The obtained temperature data can be displayed in real-time through the microcontroller's screen or accessed via computer-based applications. Moreover, the system is also capable of adjusting the temperature according to the setpoint, utilizing LEDs lights (red, green, yellow) US indicators for activating and deactivating the heating and cooling device. in field trials, this system was implemented in vannamei shrimp cultivation ponds of a specific size.

Use of Enzyme Mixtures in Diets Based on Animal and Plant Ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei: Effect on Digestibility, Growth, and Enzyme Activity

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of adding a mixture of different exogenous enzymes at 0.005% (0.0025% for each enzyme; protease+xylanase [P/X], protease+cellulase [P/C], and xylanase+cellulase [X/C]) to diets, based on fishmeal (FM) or soybean paste (SP), on shrimp`s growth performance, survival, feed conversion, digestibility, and digestive capacity. Eight isoproteic experimental diets (FM, FM+P/X, FM+P/C, FM+X/C, SP, SP+P/X, SP+P/C, and SP+X/C) were evaluated with three replicates. Shrimps (1  0.2 g) were maintained in a recirculating system at 12 organisms/tank for 90 days. Significant differences (p ˂ 0.05) were found in all the productive parameters of L. vannamei. Compared with the control diets (FM and SP), shrimps fed with FM+P/C showed the highest final body weight (7.83 ± 0.34 g) and proteolytic activity (178.81 ± 24.49 U/mg protein), as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.71 ± 0.01). In contrast, the SP+X/C group presented the highest lipolytic activity (0.0235 ± 0.0028 U/mg) and apparent digestibility (94.12 ± 0.09%). In accord with its omnivorous trophic habits, enzyme mixtures included in animal and plant based-diets improved different productive variables of L. vannamei, representing a nutritional alternative to optimize feed use in shrimp cultivation.

NURSERY OF WHITE SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) WITH BIOFLOC SYSTEM

White shrimp culture (Litopenaeus vannamei) has very good prospects to be developed so that the availability of quality juveniles with a sustainable quantity is very necessary for aquaculture activities. White shrimp nursery has several constraints because in the implementation process it uses high stocking density so the amount of feed needed is higher. The condition of using high feed can have an impact on the quality of aquaculture used. Waste products from metabolism and uneaten feed residues, especially nitrogen waste can be toxic to shrimp. To reduce the risk of toxic waste in shrimp there are several technologies that can be used, one of which is biofloc technology. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate (SR) of white shrimp nursery using biofloc technology. The study was conducted using a permanent ponds container coated with a tarpaulin with a size of 3m x 5m x 1.2m as much as 2 pieces. Each pond filled with seawater with a salinity of 30 ppt as much as 12,000 liters is equipped with 24 aeration points and a microbubble. White shrimp juvenile used Post Larva size 10 with an average weight of 0.01 grams with a stocking density of 1,500 ind/m3(18,000 ind/pond). Maintenance time for 28 days. During maintenance, commercial feed is given at a dose of 100% -5% of the total weight of biomass per day. The results showed an average final length and weight are 5.15 cm and 2.32 gram/ind with a Survival rate (SR) of 89.7%.&#x0D; &#x0D;

IoT based Vaname Shrimp Cultivation System Model

IoT based Vaname Shrimp Cultivation System Model

Land Suitability Evaluation for Vannamei Shrimp Farming (L. vannamei) in Sendang Sikucing, Rowosari, Kendal

The development of vannamei cultivation in Kendal Regency mostly in intensive farming should be evaluated since the carrying capacity of the environmental seems getting decrease. Land suitability evaluation using GIS can determine the suitability of land for its designation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability and area of ​​vannamei cultivation in Sendang Sikucing. The method used in this study is survey method combined with quantitative approach. Survey method was conducted to obtain primary data in the form of water physico-chemical data (DO, temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, depth, and brightness). A quantitative approach is used in weighting and scoring land suitability values ​​using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The results of water parameters obtained DO ranging from 5.9-7.4 mg/L, temperature 27.2-28.9 C, pH 7.67-8.39, salinity 15-26 ppt, ammonia 0.08- 0.6 mg/L, nitrite 0.015-2.03 mg/L, nitrate 1.1-4.3 mg/L, phosphate 0.19-2.96 mg/L, depth 70-120 cm, and brightness 17 -45 cm. Evaluation of land suitability for vannamei in Sendang Sikucing found that the area with the S1 category (suitable) was 38.99Ha and the S2 category (moderately suitable) was 0.28Ha out of a total land area of ​​39.27Ha. This shows that the Sendang Sikucing can be used for the development of vannamei shrimp cultivation.

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ANALYSIS OF FEASIBILITY VANAME SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) IN PLASTIC PONDS IN TELUK PAMBANG VILLAGE

This study aims to determine and describe the feasibility of vannamei shrimp cultivation in Teluk Pambang Village, Bantan District, Bengkalis Regency. This type of research is descriptive. In this study, interview techniques were used to collect data. Researchers are interested in studying how the business feasibility study on the vannamei shrimp farming business of the Cooperative Produksi Generasi Mandiri is seen from two indicators, namely non-financial aspects and financial aspects. According to research results and conclusions, non-financial aspects have several indicators, namely: technical aspects, environmental aspects, marketing aspects, management aspects, economic and social aspects, human resource aspects, and legal aspects. From the non-financial aspect, it is stated that it is very feasible to run because it has met the assessment criteria for several non-financial aspect indicators. From a financial point of view, it is analyzed using the profit/loss (L/R) method at IDR 2,095,090,000, the benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio) of 1.47, and the break-even point (BEP) at a BEP price of IDR 549,000,000. With a total of 8,280 units and a payback period (PP) of 1.2 years, the Vannamei shrimp farming business of the Mandiri Production Cooperative is declared very feasible to run.

VANAME SHRIMP MARKETING STRATEGY AT PT DPP KAUR REGENCY

Cultivation of vaname shrimp ponds is conducted by PT. DPP exclusively, but many other companies are also involved in the vaname shrimp cultivation business center, which creates competition. To compete with other shrimp pond businesses, a marketing strategy is needed. The methods used are EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary) and IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary) analysis, SWOT analysis, and QSPM analysis. Based on the results of the SWOT matrix analysis, it is evident that the strategic position is in quadrant (I) where the strength factor is greater than the weakness factor and the opportunity factor is greater than the threat factor, thus indicating an aggressive strategy (Growth-Oriented Strategy). This means that PT DPP vannamei shrimp company is in a potential position, making it highly likely to continue doing business optimally. The prioritized alternative marketing strategies for vaname shrimp are: 1) maintaining good relations with consumers by fulfilling consumer orders according to demand, and 2) utilizing adequate facilities and infrastructure to maintain products in accordance with sales standards.

Immune responses and histopathological analyses of giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, De Man 1879) challenged with a sub-lethal dose of decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) and chemical control investigation.

Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a lethal virus that has a significant influence on the shrimp and prawn culture industries. The mechanism through which infected prawns respond to the DIV1 virus is currently unknown. Here, we examined in detail the clinical signs, histopathology, and humoral, cellular, and immune-related gene responses after a sub-lethal dose of DIV1 during the acute infection period of 0-120h post infection (hpi). Interestingly, at the end of the experiment, DIV1-infected prawns had black lesions on several external regions. The DIV1-infected prawns also exhibited few karyopyknotic nuclei in the gills and intestine tissues and exhibited increasing immunological responses, as revealed by significant increases in all examined parameters, including total hemocytes, phagocytosis, lysozyme, and overall bactericidal activity, from 6 to 48 hpi. In addition, between 72 and 120 hpi, all immune response activities of DIV1-infected prawn were impaired compared with those of normal prawns, indicating negative impacts on immunological parameters. A viral load analysis of various tissues by qPCR indicated that hemocytes were the dominant initial viral target tissues, followed by the gills and hepatopancreas. An expression analysis of crucial immune-related genes by qRT‒PCR revealed various expression patterns in response to DIV1 infection; in particular, fold changes in the relative expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), prophenoloxidase (proPO), lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) were observed. Additionally, five common chemicals, calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] at 16.25-130ppm, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 8.75-70ppm, povidone iodine (PVP-I) at 3-24ppm, benzalkonium chloride (BKC) at 20-160ppm, and formalin at 25-200ppm, had a significant effect on the killing of DIV1 particles in vitro within 24h after exposure. These data will be helpful for determining the health status and immune defense mechanisms of giant river prawns during DIV1 infection periods. The study performed the first application of very common disinfectants, and the obtained information will be useful for implementing effective strategies to prevent and control DIV1 infection in both hatchery and grow-out ponds.

Water management model of Sei Teras fishpond irrigation area in the Central Kalimantan food estate program

This study aims to apply semi-technical irrigation technology as an intermediate plan before an advanced development of the Sei Teras fishpond Irrigation Area can be established. Results of the previous study show that the availability of saline and freshwater sources enables the Sei Teras fishpond irrigation area to be developed into a semi-intensive advanced cultivation level. This study evaluates an alternative scheme of fresh and saline water management, which enlarges channel capacity and introduces gates. The evaluation compares the alternative schemes of hydraulic and water quality performance against the existing conditions using the HEC-RAS. The boundary conditions for modelling are obtained from measurement and Secondary data of the previous studies. The measured data are salinity, tides, and channel flow velocity. The parameters being compared are the discharge capacity, tidal water level, and salinity. The evaluation points are located at the Primary and Secondary channels. The simulation results show that enlargement of the channel capacity can increase the discharge to 129,22% at the evaluation point, but no significant water level change. Furthermore, the salinity level can maintain the aquaculture requirement by assigning the gates. Therefore, the alternative development scheme of the pond irrigation system is feasible and supports shrimp cultivation.

Sustainable practice for a zero-discharge outdoor earthen shrimp pond based on biological nitrogen waste carrying capacity

In this study, we proposed a sustainable practice for managing an environmentally friendly outdoor earthen ponds for shrimp biomass production based on biological nitrogen treatment processes. A 26-day bottom soil acclimation was operated under appropriate oxygen (> 5 mg/L) and alkalinity (100–150 mg-CaCO3) concentrations, followed by a 76-day Penaeus vannamei cultivation in small (0.04 ha; pond I) and large (0.16 ha; pond II) ponds without water exchange and the addition of probiotic bacteria. With the proper pond preparation, the nitrification process was promoted during the pond acclimation period, as demonstrated by the conversion pattern of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) oxidation to nitrite. During shrimp cultivation, the acclimated ponds were able to control TAN and nitrite concentrations below acceptable limits (< 0.2 mg-N/L) while the TAN build-up was reported when the feeding rate exceeded 220 kg-feed/ha/day, indicating the limitation of the nitrogen waste carrying capacity. Additionally, pond acclimation encouraged bacterial activities, especially assimilation and nitrification processes, with higher rate indices of TAN removal (0.048–0.069 g-N/m2/h) compared to photoautotrophic uptake (0.014–0.028 g-N/m2/h). The overall TAN carrying capacity was extrapolated to be 1.31–2.00 g-N/m2/day. Biological treatment processes all contributed to low dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) accumulation (4.8–6.0%) and high unidentified nitrogen loss (54.7–59.3%). The pond ecological balance also promoted phytoplankton growth at chlorophyll-a concentration of 122.34–169.66 mg/m3. Oxygen evolution index by photosynthesis (2.65–2.98 g-O2/m2/h) was sufficient for the consumption of both water (1.85–1.96 g-O2/m2/h) and bottom soil (0.09–0.12 g-O2/m2/h); however, mechanical aeration was necessary during a light absence period due to lower rate of extrapolated daily photosynthesis (31.81–35.81 g-O2/m2/day) compared to the respiration rate indices of water and bottom soil (45.88–47.57 g-O2/m2/day). High shrimp production of 7.9–9.2 t/ha/crop was achieved with the average daily gain (ADG) of 0.29–0.31 g/day and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.13–1.28. These findings contributed to the strategic development of pond acclimation and the sustainability of outdoor earthen shrimp ponds in terms of both ecosystem balance and the profitability of high biomass production.

KNOWLEDGE OF SHRIMPS COMPOSITION AND THEIR IMPLICATION IN FOOD SECURITY IN DRYLAND AREA IN BURKINA FASO (WEST AFRICA)

In West Africa, particularly in Burkina Faso, shrimp are an important natural resource with high economic and nutritional value for rural populations. However, the knowledge of shrimp composition and their potential use in fisheries are still very limitedin Burkina Faso. To fill this gap,we examined the shrimps composition and addressed their potentiality in fisheries, and for farming in Burkina Faso. To do so, keys environmental variables were measured, and shrimp were collected using a hand net and a cast net, and identified using taxonomic manuals and keys. From our findings, seven species belonged to genus (Macrobrachium) were identified, with two more species reported for the first time in Burkina Faso. The results showed that dryland lakesbear a high shrimps species richness due to good habitats conditions, and many efforts need to be done to boost shrimps production, both artificially and naturally in rural areas of Burkina Faso,where hunger and malnutrition are the recurrent issues.Thus, the implementation of water resources policy by promotingcrustaceans fisheries, encouragingscientific researches and providing technical and financial supportsmightbe the future challenges for scientists and policy makersto boost shrimp fisheries and cultivation for the well-being of poor population in rural areas.