Showed Inhibition Zones Research Articles

English

The aim of the research was to investigate the antibacterial activities and the phytochemical properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Mango (Mangifera indica) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C, in Lafia, Nigeria. The agar well diffusion technique was used and the analyses were done in triplicates. At the highest aqueous and ethanolic extract concentration of 80 mg/ml, S. typhi, showed inhibition zones of 29.4±0.1mm and 30.0±0.01 mm respectively, while S. paratyphi A, B and C, exhibited inhibition zones of 14.4±0.2, 21.2±0.4, 13.4±0.1 mm and 18.0±0.03, 20.0±0.04, 21.0±0.04 mm, respectively. At aqueous and ethanolic lower extract concentration of 10 mg/ml, S. typhi, exhibited inhibition zones of 8.4±0.01 and 9.0±0.1 mm, respectively, while S. paratyphi A, B and C, showed inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 9.1±0.01, 6.2±0.01 mm and 9.0±0.01, 9.0±0.01, 9.0±0.01 mm, respectively of Neem leaf extract. The MIC and MBC, of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against organisms were 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml, respectively. The qualitative phytochemical results showed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. Conclusively, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the studied medicinal plant exhibited bactericidal activities against all tested organisms, and this supports the claim by traditional medical practitioners and vendors of the use of the plants for the cure of typhoid fever. Further studies are recommended on the toxicity and safe dosage regimen of the plants since the infusion of the plant is taken orally by people for cure of typhoid fever.   Key words: Salmonella organisms, typhoid fever, phytochemical constituents, bacteria, medicinal plants.

Antimicrobial thermoplastic starch reactive blend with chlorhexidine gluconate and epoxy resin

An antimicrobial thermoplastic starch (TPS) was developed by melt-mixing TPS with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and epoxy resin (Er). The tensile strength and hardness of the TPSCh blend increased with the addition of Er (TPSCh/Er), especially at 5 wt% Er (TPSCh/Er5) (19.5 MPa and 95 %, respectively). The water contact angle of TPSCh/Er was higher than those of TPS and TPSCh because of the improved interfacial tension. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the reaction between the epoxy groups of Er, hydroxyl groups of starch, and amino groups of CHG. TPSCh/Er5 exhibited a significantly lower CHG release than TPSCh owing to the rearrangement of TPSCh chains via Er crosslinking. TPSCh/Er0.5 and TPSCh/Er1 showed inhibition zones against both tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), whereas TPSCh/Er2.5, TPSCh/Er5, and TPSCh/Er10 showed inhibition zones only against S. aureus. Moreover, TPSCh and TPSCh/Er0.5–2.5 exhibited inhibition zones with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Natural Rubber Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles

In this study, porous natural rubber (NR) films loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by the solvent casting method. The porous structure of the NR films was formed with hydrophilic substances such as glycerol, pectin or carrageenan. The film properties including morphology, mechanical test, hydrophilicity evaluation, water absorption, release study, and antibacterial activity were determined. From the results, the morphology of films was a continuous porous structure on the surface of films. The pectin and carrageenan enhanced porosity, hydrophilicity, and water sorption of the porous NR films. The developed porous NR films could sustain the release of Ag+ ions for 2 days and showed inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, these porous NR films have the potential to be used as chronic wound dressing.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of an Extract with Dermatological and Nosocomial Activity from Agave nuusaviorum, a Mexican Endemic Plant

The revolutionary development of green technology, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, has had a significant impact on the extraction methods of natural compounds with pharmacological potential. These methods are considered green because they are environmentally friendly, minimizing the use of toxic solvents, energy consumption, and CO2 generation. Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem. Pathogens of dermatological and nosocomial relevance are more frequent because they are resistant to antimicrobials. Agave nuusaviorum leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat onychomycosis and inflammatory processes. Here, the antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic extract of A. nuusaviorum leaves obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 14 pathogens with dermatological and nosocomial relevance by the agar diffusion technique. The extract exhibited an antimicrobial effect on all microorganisms tested, showing inhibition zones of 9–16 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and eleven isolates of Trichophyton. The extract’s minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 0.5 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.25–1 mg/mL for yeast, and 0.4–1.25 mg/mL for molds. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenes, phenolic acids, tannins, carbohydrates, and steroids in the extract. The results showed that A. nuusaviorum leaves have broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential.

Zinc-Silver Doped Mesoporous Hydroxyapatite Synthesized via Ultrasonic in Combination with Sol-Gel Method for Increased Antibacterial Activity

Bone materials are mainly composed of an inorganic constituent called hydroxyapatite (HA). In the current study, mesoporous Zn2+/Ag+ doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Zn-Ag doped HA) with high antibacterial activity were synthesized through ultrasonic coupled sol-gel techniques under calcination temperatures of 600 °C for 4 h and 1100 °C for 1 h. The variance in the molar ratio of Zn2+/Ag+ in Ca9.0Zn1.0−xAgx(PO4)6(OH)2 (x = 0.0, 0.25 to 1.0) and its effects on the chemical and physical properties of the powdered samples were investigated. The results show that the hexagonal framework of HA incorporated both the Zn2+ and Ag+ ions and the rhombohedral structure of β-TCP. The main functional groups of HA and Zn-Ag doped HA samples were hydroxyl and phosphate. All samples have mesoporous characteristics with a Type IV isotherm. The agar well diffusion process was used to examine antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. cereus and B. subtilis. Effective antibacterial activity was displayed by Zn-Ag doped HA. Excellent antibacterial performance was shown by Ca9.0Zn0.75Ag0.25(PO4)6(OH)2 against all tested bacterial strains, except P. aeruginosa. This material showed inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 11 mm, implying that it is a suitable material with an antibacterial action for environmental applications, specifically for water purification.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles usingCeratonia siliqua L.aqueous extract: improvement of colloidal stability by optimizing synthesis parameters, and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

AbstractThis study focused on the colloidal stability enhancement of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of theCeratonia siliqua L.(carob pod) by optimizing the synthesis parameters. The synthesis parameters were determined as the concentration of iron ions, the concentration of extract,pHof extract, temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time. The significance of the studied factors in controlling the particle size distribution of nanoparticles was quantitatively evaluated via analysis of variance (ANOVA). Iron oxide nanoparticles were produced with an average zeta potential of +41 ± 0.8 mV, hydrodynamic size of 78 ± 22 nm, and a polydispersity value of 0.42 ± 0.06, respectively. As a result of the stability study by measuring the zeta potential, it was determined that the colloidal stability was maintained for 3 months. Green iron oxide nanoparticles (gIONPs) showed inhibition zones of 24.27 ± 0.12 mm and 20.83 ± 0.11 mm in 250 mg/mL concentration against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains, respectively.S. aureuswas susceptible to the gIONPs according to the standard antibiotics of Cefotaxime (≥23 mm), Tetracycline (≥19 mm), Gentamicin (≥15 mm), and Cefoxitin (≥22 mm).E. coliwas susceptible to the gIONPs according to the standard antibiotics of Tetracycline (≥19 mm) and Gentamicin (≥15 mm), but showed resistance to the Cefotaxime (15–22 mm) and Cefoxitin (≤21 mm) standard antibiotics. This study suggests that the green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles could be used as an antimicrobial agent and a promising candidate for usage in sensor, biomedical, and electronics applications for being in a highly stable structure.

Bacillus sp. extract used to fabricate ZnO nanoparticles for their antagonist effect against phytopathogens.

In order to achieve the food demand of a growing population, agricultural productivity needs to be increased by employing safe strategies. In the present study we have evaluated ZnONPs that were synthesized from the culture supernatant of Bacillus subtilis. Bio mimetically synthesized ZnONPs showed a surface resonance peak of 355nm corresponding to NPs formation. Further, NPs were examined for their size, shape and element confirmation by DLS, AFM, SEM, TEM and EDAX, which confirmed the synthesized NPs were nearly spherical in size with average diameter of 32nm by TEM. Surface charge of + 34.3 mV was observed for NPs with a low poly-dispersity index of 0.21. In vitro efficacy studies against fungi Colletotrichum capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria solani and Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cicero showed up to 99% mycelial growth inhibition at 0.125% ZnONPs. Further, in-vitro disk-diffusion assay showed inhibition zones of 23 ± 0.4mm and 12.67 ± 0.24mm forXanthomonasaxonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) bacterial cultures. Plant toxicity study was observed that ≤ 0.14% NPs concentration was safe under greenhouse conditions. Overall, the present study emphasizes the potential effect of ZnONPs against agricultural pathogens which play an important role in agriculture production.

Synthesis of PMCA (P-Methoxy Cinnamic Acid) using Perkin Reaction and Its Activity as Photo Protective and Antifungal Agent

<p class="Standard"><span>This study aimed to synthesize p-methoxy cinnamic acid through the Perkin reaction and to determine its activity as a photoprotective and antifungal agent against Candida albicans. The PMCA compound was synthesized by reacting p-methoxy benzaldehyde with acetic anhydride using a sodium acetate catalyst in a sonicator at 50oC for 60 minutes. The synthesized was a white precipitate with a % yield of 2.09% and a melting point of 172-175<sup>o</sup>C. ATR-FTIR identified this compound with several functional groups, C=O, OH carboxylic acid, para-substituted benzene, and C=C. Analysis by GC-MS showed a single peak at a retention time of 11.710 minutes with m/z 178. Characterization of this compound by 1H-NMR spectrometry showed several chemical shifts showing the presence of OH groups of carboxylic acids, C=C groups, aromatic benzene groups, and methoxy. The results of this characterization indicated that the synthesis product was PMCA. The antioxidant activity of PMCA using the DPPH radical gave IC50 at a concentration of 352.6138 ppm. In vitro sunscreen activity against PMCA compounds provided high protection at a concentration of 30 ppm with SPF 32,505. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans showed inhibition zones of 0.257cm± 0.044, 1.397cm± 0.093, and 1.533cm± 0.111, respectively at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The PMCA compounds can be synthesized through the Perkin reaction assisted by ultrasonic waves and can potentially be photoprotective and antifungal agents.</span></p>

Formulation, In Vitro Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Decorated Cream Containing Bacitracin for Topical Delivery.

(1) Background: Bacitracin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is used against various microorganisms. Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been widely investigated as an antimicrobial agent for preventing and treating infections owing to its intrinsic antimicrobial properties, as well as its ability to effectively deliver extrinsic antimicrobial compounds to infected areas. Topical drug delivery offers important benefits for improving the therapeutic effect and reducing systemic side effects of administered compounds/drugs. The topical use of chitosan-decorated bacitracin-loaded cream improves the permeation of the drug across the skin and enhances the drug bioavailability by prolonging the residence time of the drug when applied topically, as well as producing synergistic effects and reducing the side effects of the drug. Topical chitosan-decorated cream can be a promising approach to administer the drug more efficiently and enhance the efficacy of treatment in wound healing and antibacterial activity. (2) Methods: This study was conducted to prepare, assess and investigate the synergistic antibacterial activity of a chitosan-coated bacitracin cream. The results were compared to the antibacterial activity of simple bacitracin-loaded cream. The prepared cream was evaluated for various in vitro characteristics such as rheology, pH, viscosity, drug content and antibacterial activity studies. (3) Result: The formulations were found to be stable regarding color, liquefaction and phase separation at all accelerated conditions. It was observed that with time, substantial variations in the pH of the preparations were found. The introduction of chitosan results in controlled release of the drug from the formulations. The antibacterial activity of the formulated creams was assessed with the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC), Escherichia coli (STCC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC). The strains, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and B. cereus were susceptible to 50 µg chitosan-decorated bacitracin cream, showing inhibition zones of 10 ± 0.6, 34 ± 1.5, 31 ± 0.76 and 21 ± 2.02 mm, respectively. The zones of inhibition for simple bacitracin-loaded cream were significantly smaller than chitosan-decorated cream, at 2 ± 0.2, 28 ± 0.92, 15 ± 0.5 and 11 ± 1.25 mm (ANOVA; p < 0.05), respectively. (4) Conclusion: It was observed that the zones of inhibition of simple bacitracin-loaded cream were significantly smaller than those of chitosan-decorated bacitracin-loaded cream. Chitosan synergistically improves the antimicrobial activity of bacitracin. Hence, the developed formulation was effective and should be considered as a suitable candidate for topical management of skin infections and wound healing.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of red (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and white (Hylocereus undatus) dragon fruits

Dragon fruit belongs to the genus Hylocereus of the Cactaceae family. There are two species that are commonly cultivated; Hylocerues polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus that have the same red skin but different flesh colours, red and white respectively. Although from the same genus, the phytochemical contents and bioactivities of both fruits may not be the same. This study aims to compare the phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of H. polyrhizus and H. undatus to help consumers better choose nutritional fruits and to explore potential natural preservatives. The fruit samples were extracted using 50% ethanol and later were subjected to phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial assays. The phytochemical contents were determined using Folin Ciolcalteu and aluminium chloride methods for total phenolic and total flavonoid respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined using diphenyl-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Disk diffusion method was performed to evaluate antibacterial activities against two food-borne pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. H. polyrhizus showed to contain significantly higher phenolic content (p&lt;0.05), while H. undatus had significantly higher flavonoid content (p&lt;0.05). Comparison of antioxidant activities in both fruit samples indicated higher activities were observed in H. polyrhizus and both fruit extracts showed inhibition zones against the tested bacteria with H. polyrhizus extract was able to inhibit at lower concentration. The results suggest that H. polyrhizus may have higher bioactivities compared to H. undatus due to the significantly higher phenolic content.

Preparation and shape change of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded on the dialdehyde cellulose by in-situ synthesis method.

With the improvement of medical and health care level in our society, the demand for antibacterial materials is increasing. In this work, we prepared the antibacterial materials by loading silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with in-situ synthesis method. DAC was prepared by pretreating cellulose fiber with sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4) to convert the hydroxyl group into aldehyde group, and then reacted with silver nitrate (AgNO3) to obtain AgNPs loaded on DAC. UV–Vis results show that the characteristic absorption peak of AgNPs at 428 nm appeared in the AgNPs-loaded-DAC. It was observed by SEM that the spherical AgNPs were distributed uniformly on the DAC surface without obvious flocculation. The color of DAC was not changed significantly, indicating that a small amount of AgNPs was loaded. In addition, sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) was added in the reaction of DAC and AgNO3 and its effect on the formation of AgNPs was studied. The results demonstrated that the color of DAC turned deeper and finally dark yellow with reaction time extended. When the reaction time was 60 h, the spherical AgNPs were gradually grown and transformed into triangular prism on the DAC surface. The antibacterial properties of AgNPs showed inhibition zones of 4.90 mm and 7.35 mm (60 h) against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus), respectively, which increased by 40.00% and 14.85% compared with spherical AgNPs (2.5 h) obtained without Na3C6H5O7. The research of AgNPs-loaded cellulose-based materials promotes the development prospect of new nano-antibacterial materials.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-022-04692-6.

Bio_Fabricated Levan Polymer from Bacillus subtilis MZ292983.1 with Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Burn Healing Properties

The biopolymer levan has sparked a lot of interest in commercial production and various industrial applications. In this study, a bacterial isolate with promising levan-producing ability was isolated from a soil sample obtained from Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University in Saudi Arabia. The isolate has been identified and submitted to GenBank as Bacillus subtilis MZ292983.1. The bacterial levan polymer was extracted using ethyl alcohol (75%) and CaCl2 (1%) and then characterized using several approaches, such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The IR spectrum of the levan polymer showed characteristic peaks confirming characteristics of polysaccharides, including a broad stretching peak of OH around 3417 cm−1 and aliphatic CH stretching was observed as two peaks at 2943, and 2885 cm−1. In addition, the FTIR spectrum featured an absorption at 2121 cm−1, indicating the fingerprint of the β-glycosidic bond. Based on 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis, six unexchanged proton signals related to fructose as a forming monomer of levan were observed. Evaluation of levan’s antibacterial effect against two pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus (ATCC 33592) and E. coli (ATCC 25922), showed inhibition zones of 1 cm and 0.8 cm in diameter, respectively, with MICs of more than 256 μg mL−1 for both strains. Moreover, the antibiofilm property of the levan polymer was assessed and the results showed that the inhibition rate was positively proportional to the levan concentration, as the inhibition percentages were 50%, 29.4%, 29.4%, 26.5%, and 14.7% at concentrations of 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mg mL−1, respectively. Levan showed a significant role in burn healing properties since it accelerated the process of healing burn-induced areas in rats when compared with those either treated with normal saline or treated with the cream base only.

Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum against the Five Most Common Microorganisms in the Oral Cavity.

Syzygium aromaticum (clove) has been used as a dental analgesic, an anesthetic, and a bioreducing and capping agent in the formation of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in oral microorganisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed with aqueous extract of clove through an ecofriendly method “green synthesis”. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and ζ potential, while its antimicrobial effect was corroborated against oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, as well as yeast that is commonly present in the oral cavity. The AgNPs showed absorption at 400–500 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, had an average size of 4–16 nm as observed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and were of a crystalline nature and quasi-spherical form. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed inhibition zones of 2–4 mm in diameter. Our results suggest that AgNPs synthesized with clove can be used as effective growth inhibitors in several oral microorganisms.

Short Communication: Effectiveness of cinnamon leaf extract to control anthracnose disease on large chilies in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Darmadi AAK, Suriani NL, Ginantra IK, Sudirga SK. 2022. Short Communication: Effectiveness of cinnamon leaf extract to control anthracnose disease on large chilies in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2859-2864. The use of synthetic fungicides for plants is very dangerous because it has a negative impact on the environment. In the context of implementing eco-friendly, sustainable agriculture, efforts need to be made to reduce the negative impact caused by the use of synthetic fungicides. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of a crude extract of cinnamon leaves, observe the inhibition effect on fungi by scanning electron microscope, and test the formulation of cinnamon leaf extract against anthracnose disease on large chilies in the field. Cinnamon leaf crude extract showed inhibition zone of 35 mm diameter against Colletotrichum acutatum. The extract showed strong inhibition so further used as biofungicide in field experiments. Based on scanning electron microscopy, cinnamon leaf extract can damage to the fungal cell wall. Cinnamon leaf extract formula was found effective in reducing disease percentage and intensity of anthracnose disease in experimental fields. In the treatment, a concentration of 0.5% to 1.5% can inhibit the percentage of disease ranging from 29.4% to 100%. Concentrations of 0.5% to 1.5% can prevent disease severity from 35.8% to 100%.

Antimicrobial Activity of Local Rhizobial Isolates Against Some fungi

In this study, three isolates of Ensifer fredii bv. fredii were isolated from root nodules of Vigna unguiculata L. (Cowpea) which collected from different cultural areas in Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. The rhizobial colonies were purified and their agronomic and biochemical characteristics were studied. Microscopic examination results showed rod negative Gram stain bacteria, whereas the three isolates showed ability to grow on rhizobial minimal medium (RMM), motility on TY semi-solid medium, gelatin liquefaction, citrate utilization as a sole carbon source, as well as the isolates showed a positive result for Triple Sugar Iron (TSI). Antimicrobial activity study of local rhizobial isolates against fungi showed a clear effect on studied fungi. The filtrate culture of Ensifer fredii bv. fredii ORM1 showed inhibition zone effect with average 12.6, 10.3 and 12.0 mm against Aspergillus niger MR1, Fusarium solani MR2 and Penicillium spp. MR3, respectively, whereas the filtrate culture of Ensifer fredii bv. fredii ORM13 showed inhibition zone effect with average 10.0, 13.3 and 13.0 mm against Aspergillus niger MR1, Fusarium solani MR2 and Penicillium spp. MR3, respectively. A filtrate culture of Ensifer fredii bv. fredii ORM23 showed less effect against each of Aspergillus niger MR1 and Penicillium spp. MR3 which inhibition zone average 8.6 mm, whereas there is no inhibition effect were recorded for culture filtrate against Fusarium solani MR2.

Analysis of total phenolic contents, flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Croton macrostachyus root extracts

Plants are good sources of various bioactive substances and have significant importance for the discovery of new drugs. In this study, Croton macrostachyus plant roots from six different sites in the Central Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, were collected; and their phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities were investigated. Total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the root extracts were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method. Moreover, the antibacterial activities were evaluated by disk diffusion method. Results revealed that total polyphenols and flavonoid contents were in the range of 802 ± 53–1557 ± 75 mg GAE/100 g and 342 ± 26–745 ± 32 mg CE/100 g, respectively. Root extracts of C. macrostachyus were found to have higher antioxidant activities ranging from 3.53 ± 0.38 to 6.38 ± 0.62 mg AAE/g sample. They also showed inhibition zones of 5.8, 6.2, 5.9 and 6.0 mm for Staphylococcus aurous, Staphylococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, and had equivalent potency with the reference Gentamicin antibiotic. Pearson correlation result indicated a strong relationship between total polyphenol contents and their respective antioxidant activities. This study articulates that the root extracts accumulated a substantial quantity of polyphenols and bears a considerable antioxidant activity.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Turmeric Extract (Curcuma longa) From Madura Island Against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria, a normal flora of the body that can cause infection in various organs and has the potential to become resistant to antibiotics. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is one of the herbs that has antibacterial effects and is often used by Madurese people as a traditional medicine. It is suspected that geographical differences and the natural conditions in which turmeric grows can affect its compounds and properties. This study aims to analyze the ethanolic extract of turmeric from Madura as an antibacterial against S. aureus. An in vitro laboratory research using agar well diffusion method was conducted with the concentration of turmeric extract used 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100%. The positive control used was penicillin. The negative control in this study was 100% DMSO. The results showed inhibition zone at concentrations of 20% (11.86 mm), 40% (12.04 mm), 80% (12.53 mm), and 100% (10.97 mm). The diameter obtained was lower than the positive control penicillin which was 27.59 mm. Turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) from Madura has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Screening of Foeniculum Vulgare L, Coriandrum Sativum L, Pegnum Harmala L. and Achilleae Millefolium L Collected from Balochistan Against Fungi Causing Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is referred to as fungal nail infection or toe nail infection generally caused by Trichophyton, Candida albicans , Microsporum and Aspergillus species. The Aim of the study was to investigate antifungal potential of four medicinal flora of Balochistan namely, Foeniculum vulgare L. , Coriandrum sativum L. , Pegnum harmala L. and Achilleae milefolium L. against causative fungal strain of nail infection. Different fractions were prepared using different solvents such as hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate and antifungal activity was determined through agar well diffusion method against fungal strain candida albicans. For the qualitative determination of phytochemical composition different tests were carried out including tests for alkaloids, terpenoids , carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The highest inhibition zone were observed in aqueous 80% crude methanolic extracts of Foeniculum vulgare L. i.e 26 mm and Coriandrum sativum L. 30mm respectively. Aqeous layer of the crude extract of both plants showed potent activity that were 24 mm and 25mm for Foeniculum L. vulgare and Coriandrum sativum L.. the ethylacetet fractions showed inhibition zone 19mm and 18mm in Foeniculum vulgare L. and Coriandrum sativum L. Chloroform and hexane fractions showed least activity against fungi causing onychomycosis. An Antifungal activity highest inhibition zones were observed in aqueous 80% crude methanolic extracts of Pegnum harmala L. i.e 39 mm and Achilleae millefolium 34 mm respectively. Aqeous layer of the crude extract of both plants showed potent activity that were 32 mm for Pegnum harmala L. and 25mm for Achilleae millefolium L. The choloroform fractions showed inhibition zone 19mm in Pegnum harmala L. while 16mm in Achilleae millefolium L. Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Pegnum harmala L. and Achilleae millefolium L. showed least activity against fungi causing onychomycosis. Keywords: Onychomycosis , Phytochemical composition , Candida albicans, Agar well diffusion, Antifungal activity.

Oleanane and Stigmasterol-Type Triterpenoid Derivatives from the Stem Bark of Albizia gummifera and Their Antibacterial Activities

Chromatographic separation of methanol extract of stem bark of Albizia gummifera led to the isolation of two oleanane-type triterpenoids (1 and 2), a stigmasterol derivative (3), and stigmasterol (4). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and comparing with reported literature values. The crude extract and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against five bacterial strains. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed marginal antibacterial activity with the growth inhibition zone ranging from 6.8 to 13.2 mm against the tested bacterial strains, with compounds 2 and 4 showing significant inhibition (13.0 and 13.2 mm) against S. flexneri and S. typhimurium, respectively. While, the standard drug, gentamycin showed inhibition zone 20.0 and 24.0 mm against S. flexneri and S. typhimurium, respectively.

Antibacterial efficacy of lactic acid bacteria and bacteriocin isolated from Dadih’s against Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteriocin, a peptide produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely used as a natural and safe preservative in food products. This work aimed to evaluate the characterization of bacteriocin from dadih’s LAB and to study its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Supernatant from 12 LBA strains could inhibit S. aureus growth with different inhibition zones. Only nine strains showed inhibition zones of > 3.5 mm and were further evaluated for their antibacterial compounds. Three strains had antimicrobial activity derived from organic acids, especially lactic acid, and six strains had antimicrobial compounds in the form of bacteriocin. Bacteriocin strain R-55 showed the highest activity against S. aureus, with an average inhibition zone of 8.43 mm. The molecular weight of the purified isolated bacteriocin from the R-55 strain was 14.4 kDa. Bacteriocin obtained from St. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-55 is a promising natural preservative to prevent the growth of S. aureus as foodborne pathogens.