Shot Gun Research Articles

Black Girlhood in the Nineteenth CenturyAmerican Tomboys, 1850–1915

Black Girlhood in the Nineteenth CenturyAmerican Tomboys, 1850–1915

Target penetration and impact analysis of intermetallic projectiles

A High-velocity Impact-ignition Testing System (HITS) was developed to study the dynamic response of intermetallic projectiles penetrating through two aluminum plates at impact velocities up to 1300 m/s. The intermetallic projectiles are contained in a 0.410 caliber shot gun shell and launched from a propellant driven gun into a catch chamber equipped with view ports and imaging diagnostics. Penetration, impact, and reaction are monitored using high-speed cameras that provide macroscopic and localized perspectives of projectile and target interaction. Several key results include the following. The first-plate penetration of the projectile follows well established ballistic curve fits. Subsequent plate penetration shows significant deviations attributed to projectile damage resulting from the first plate impact. The damage imparted to the projectile transitions from significant plastic deformation to severe fragmentation as impact velocity increases. Penetration of the aluminum target plate is significantly affected by the fragmentation field and show a 45% increase in rupture size at the highest impact velocity case. Combustion within the fragmented projectile is observed starting at 850 m/s. These results show the transition in dynamic interaction between multiple target plates at increasing projectile impact velocity.

Protein Profile of Blood Monocytes is Altered in HTLV-1 Infected Patients: Implications for HAM/TSP Disease

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The endothelial breakdown and migration of leukocytes, including monocytes, to the spinal cord are involved in HAM/TSP development. Monocytes from HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibit important functional differences when compared to cells from uninfected donors. Using proteomic shot gun strategy, performed by nanoACQUITY-UPLC system, we analyzed monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of asymptomatic carriers (AC), HAM/TSP and uninfected individuals. 534 proteins were identified among which 376 were quantified by ExpressionE software. Our study revealed a panel of changes in protein expression linked to HTLV-1 infection. Upregulation of heat shock proteins and downregulation of canonical histone expression were observed in monocytes from HTLV-1-infected patients. Moreover, expression of cytoskeleton proteins was increased in monocytes from HTLV-1-infected patients, mainly in those from HAM/TSP, which was confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Importantly, functional assays demonstrated that monocytes from HAM/TSP patients present higher ability for adhesion and transmigration thought endothelium than those from AC and uninfected individuals. The major changes on monocyte protein profile were detected in HAM/TSP patients, suggesting that these alterations exert a relevant role in the establishment of HAM/TSP.

Deep learning models for bacteria taxonomic classification of metagenomic data

BackgroundAn open challenge in translational bioinformatics is the analysis of sequenced metagenomes from various environmental samples. Of course, several studies demonstrated the 16S ribosomal RNA could be considered as a barcode for bacteria classification at the genus level, but till now it is hard to identify the correct composition of metagenomic data from RNA-seq short-read data. 16S short-read data are generated using two next generation sequencing technologies, i.e. whole genome shotgun (WGS) and amplicon (AMP); typically, the former is filtered to obtain short-reads belonging to a 16S shotgun (SG), whereas the latter take into account only some specific 16S hypervariable regions. The above mentioned two sequencing technologies, SG and AMP, are used alternatively, for this reason in this work we propose a deep learning approach for taxonomic classification of metagenomic data, that can be employed for both of them.ResultsTo test the proposed pipeline, we simulated both SG and AMP short-reads, from 1000 16S full-length sequences. Then, we adopted a k-mer representation to map sequences as vectors into a numerical space. Finally, we trained two different deep learning architecture, i.e., convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep belief network (DBN), obtaining a trained model for each taxon. We tested our proposed methodology to find the best parameters configuration, and we compared our results against the classification performances provided by a reference classifier for bacteria identification, known as RDP classifier. We outperformed the RDP classifier at each taxonomic level with both architectures. For instance, at the genus level, both CNN and DBN reached 91.3% of accuracy with AMP short-reads, whereas RDP classifier obtained 83.8% with the same data.ConclusionsIn this work, we proposed a 16S short-read sequences classification technique based on k-mer representation and deep learning architecture, in which each taxon (from phylum to genus) generates a classification model. Experimental results confirm the proposed pipeline as a valid approach for classifying bacteria sequences; for this reason, our approach could be integrated into the most common tools for metagenomic analysis. According to obtained results, it can be successfully used for classifying both SG and AMP data.

Metagenomic insights into the microbial diversity in manganese-contaminated mine tailings and their role in biogeochemical cycling of manganese

To extend the knowledge on the microbial diversity of manganese rich environments, we performed a clone library based study using metagenomic approach. Pyrosequencing based analysis of 16S rRNA genes were carried out on an Illumina platform to gain insights into the bacterial community inhabiting in a manganese mining site and the taxonomic profiles were correlated with the inherent capacities of these strains to solubilise manganese. The application of shot gun sequencing in this study yielded results which revealed the highest prevalence of Proteobacteria (42.47%), followed by Actinobacteria (23.99%) in the area of study. Cluster of orthologous group (COG) functional category has 85,066 predicted functions. Out of which 11% are involved in metabolism of amino acid, 9% are involved in production and conversion of energy while Keto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) functional category has 107,388 predicted functions, out of which 55% are involved in cellular metabolism, 15% are environmental and information processing and 12% are genetic information processing in nature. The isolated microbial consortia demonstrated visible growth in presence of high concentrations of Mn. Solubilisation studies resulted in 86% of manganese recovery after 20 days. The result presented in this study has important implications in understanding the microbial diversity in manganese contaminated mine tailings and their role in natural geochemical cycling of Mn.

Shot Gun Injuries of the Head and Maxillofacial Region in Children and Young Adults: Clinico-Epidemiological Profile

Shot Gun Injuries of the Head and Maxillofacial Region in Children and Young Adults: Clinico-Epidemiological Profile

Chloroplast phylogeography of AA genome rice species

Whole chloroplast genome sequence analysis of 58 wild and domesticated rice samples was used to investigate their phylogeny providing more detail on the biogeography of the major groups of wild A genome rices globally. An optimized chloroplast assembly method was developed and applied to extracting high quality whole chloroplast genome sequences from shot gun whole DNA sequencing data. Forty complete high quality chloroplast genome sequences were assembled (including; temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aus). South American, African wild rice relationship were conformed, while the Australian chloroplast type was found to extend north to the Philippines. The remainder could be divided into an African (O. barthii and the domesticated O. glaberrima) clade and the Asian taxa. The Asian taxa was placed in two distinct clades including the domesticated O. sativa ssp. indica and O. sativa ssp. japonica respectively. These two groups of wild rices had substantially overlapping distributions with the O. sativa japonica group extending further west into India. The aromatic rices had japonica chloroplasts as expected. A polyphyletic maternal genome origin of the cultivated aus group of rices was suggested by the identification of aus accessions in both the indica and japonica clades. The current distribution of the chloroplast types appears to differ significantly to that of the nuclear genome diversity suggesting a complex evolutionary history of the rice progenitors leading to the domestication of rice.

The claw: A novel intraocular foreign body removal forceps.

Removal of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) from the posterior segment of the eye is challenging. In addition to surgical skill, it requires specific instrumentation to grasp and remove the IOFB. Small metallic IOFB can be removed using intraocular rare earth magnets but metallic IOFB larger than 3 mm and nonmetallic IOFBs like shot gun pellets, stones, or large glass fragments require specialized IOFB grasping forceps for removal. We describe the design and case-based clinical applications of a novel IOFB removal forceps, “the claw” that consists of a titanium handle and a 27-mm, 19-G metallic shaft that houses four retractable prongs made of nitinol wire. When completely extended, the prongs measure 14 mm in length and open up to 8–8.5 mm in the widest extent. The four prongs offer a very secure grip without crushing or splintering the IOFB leading to minimal chances of IOFB slippage and inadvertent retinal trauma.

Last five years of bloodstain pattern analysis in the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey

Close range shot gun wounds of head produce a very devastating injury leading to evisceration of brain. Many a times it is misinterpreted as explosion injury. The current case discusses autopsy features and mechanism of this injury caused to a 12 year old boy who while playing misfired the shotgun accidentally and succumbed to death.

Pilon Fractures of Middle Phalanx Managed with Lag Screw and Early Mobilisation

Background: Injury following proximal interphalangeal joint fracture dislocation is determined by the direction of force transmission and the position of the joint at the time of impact. Dorsal dislocations with palmar lip fractures are the most frequently encountered. The degree of stability is directly determined by the amount of middle phalangeal volar lip involvement and the degree of commination of the base of the middle phalanx.Methods: Case series of five patients who presented between Jan to June 2015 with pilon fracture of the middle phalanx. Mechanism of injury was axial loading onto to the proximal interphalangeal joint, while playing Australian football. All of them presented within 3 days of their initial injury with fracture of the volar lip of base of middle phalanx with dorsal subluxation along with commination of the base of middle phalanx appreciated on CT scan. All of them underwent open reduction via the shot gun approach and fixation with 1.3 mm lag screw. Also bone graft from the Lister`s tubercle of distal radius was used to realign the joint congruity in cases with severe comminution.Results: Post operatively they underwent early mobilisation within the volar plate protocol and good outcome in terms of proximal interphalangeal joint function and stability.Conclusion: Early intervention in the form of open reduction and internal fixation with or without bone graft in cases of pilon fractures restores the joint congruity and helps in achieving good functional outcome.

High Efficiency Gene Correction in Hematopoietic Cells by Donor-Template-Free CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing.

The CRISPR/Cas9 prokaryotic adaptive immune system and its swift repurposing for genome editing enables modification of any prespecified genomic sequence with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency, including targeted gene repair. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted repair of patient-specific point mutations in the Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain gene (CYBB), whose inactivation causes chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD)—a life-threatening immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the inability of neutrophils and macrophages to produce microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that frameshift mutations can be effectively repaired in hematopoietic cells by non-integrating lentiviral vectors carrying RNA-guided Cas9 endonucleases (RGNs). Because about 25% of most inherited blood disorders are caused by frameshift mutations, our results suggest that up to a quarter of all patients suffering from monogenic blood disorders could benefit from gene therapy employing personalized, donor template-free RGNs.

A novel library of -arylketones as potential inhibitors of \u03b1-glucosidase: Their design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo studies

α-glucosidase is an essential enzyme located at the brush border of intestines. It is an important therapeutic target for type II diabetes. Herein we have designed a library of novel α-arylketones as inhibitors of α-glucosidase (yeast origin) via scaffold hopping and bioisosteric modification of known inhibitors of α-glucosidase. The design was validated through molecular docking that revealed strong binding interactions of the newly designed compounds against α-glucosidase. A library comprising of 15 compounds was synthesized in a combinatorial fashion, where the advanced amide intermediates were accessed through “shot gun” synthesis. The final compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C-NMR and with high resolution mass spectroscopy. In vitro screening of the compounds against yeast α-glucosidase revealed substantial inhibition with IC50s in the range of 4–10 μM (the standard drug acarbose inhibits α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 9.95 μM). Reaction kinetics suggested mixed type inhibition. Finally, in vivo studies of the most active compound 3c against Streptozotocin induced male albino Wistar rats revealed that its administration in the rats for about 4 weeks lead to a highly significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the fasting blood glucose (FBG) compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Moreover, lower dose of 3c had better control over FBG in contrast to high-dose.

Microbiota as a new indicator of colorectal cancer (CRC) heterogeneity.

3615 Background: Location and somatic gene signature of CRCs may impact prognosis and therapy response. The aim was to characterize colon Microbiota in CRC patients regarding location, gene markers and outcome. Methods: Patients (N = 173) signed consent for whole metagenome (shot gun sequencing on Illumina HiSeq2500) analysis of stool DNA: 72 CRC (53 sporadic-S, 19 Lynch-L), 87 asymptomatic subjects (normal colonoscopy), 14 first degree healthy relatives from Lynch families. "MOCAT" pipeline was used, library sorted (Phred quality score ¡20 Alientrimmer v0.4.0) after exclusion of &lt; 35 nt, human genes or phage sequences. Quality sequences were aligned (REFMG.V13) and most abundant genes constructed (MBMA program v0.1). The Shaman program (shaman.c3bi.pasteur.fr) was used. The number of bacteria was estimated (REFMG program). The linear model (GLM) was implemented in the DESeq2 R kit. Dfferences between Control (N = 87) and CRCs (N = 69), between L (N = 19) and S CRCs(N = 50), and between LCRC (N = 19) and Healthy Lynch relatives were obtained after interaction of age, BMI and gender was considered (GLM model). The P &lt; 0.1 value was retained after correction (Benjamini and Hochberg). The specific taxonomic composition of the control and CRC groups was subjected to random analysis ( Caret's R package) with two optimization parameters (precision and kappa) in the model. Results: There was no difference for gender, age (p = 0.08) and BMI (p = 0.187) in the L and S CRCs. Significant differences were observed between Normal and CRCs, C-CRC and L-CRC, L-CRC and first degree relatives based on the common component (similarity of sequences): 13 species differentiated Normal and CCRs, two were more prevalent in L-CRCs. The panels of bacteria linked with location, MSI, Ras mutations, methylation phenotypes and survival were identified. No significant link was observed with TNM Staging: I (N = 17, 2L and 15S), II (N = 12, 5L and 7S), III (N = 20, 10L, 10S), IV (N = 22.1L, 21S). DFS might be dysbiosis dependent. Conclusions: CRC dysbiosis is location-dependent. Several bacteria are associated with Ras mutation, MSI, and methylation status. They may directly or through therapies impact the prognosis. Microbiota signature should be taken in consideration in trials.

Maximum Ride: Angel by J. Patterson

Patterson, James. Maximum Ride: Angel. New York: Little Brown, 2011. Print. In "Angel", Max and her flock are 98% Human and 2% Bird, so they can fly. The flock's names are Fang, Nudge, Gazzy, Angel, and Iggy. They were all created in a lab and called "Experiments". There is also another type of Experiments called an "Eraser". They are half Human and half Wolf. Jeb helped Max and the flock escape the school but then disappeared for 2 years. Max and the Flock stay in a safe house Jeb got them in the middle of nowhere. Since Fang disappeared to go start a gang and Dylan promises Max to fight by her side and keep her safe since Fang is gone. Dylan is a clone of some other Dylan that died somehow and he isn't a part of the Flock. How Max met her half-sister Ella was Max and Fang were looking for Angel so then Max hears screaming and she goes to investigate and leaves Fang so when she gets there this guy is yelling at Ella and Max stops and she tells him to stop and he tries to hurt her but she is dodging the attacks so Max kicks him into the car and he grabs a shot gun and shoots her in the shoulder near her wing is. Then Fang comes down and takes care of the guy and Ella takes Max to her mom’s house to save her and when she wakes up Fang is outside and she sees Dr. Martinez which is Ella's mom who patches up Max's shoulder and Max Seems to have a tracking chip inside her ribcage that was planted inside her when she was little. I rate this book a 5 because it is the best book series ever.Highly recommended: 5 out of 5 stars Reviewer: Shanyce My name is Shanyce. I am 11 years old. I like to read James Patterson and Zac and Heather Brewer books. My favorite book from James Patterson is the Maximum Ride series and the Witch and Wizard Manga series. My favorite book from Heather/Zac Brewer is The Chronicles of Vladimir Tod Series. Right now I'm reading "Angel" by James Patterson.

Firearm injuries - a study of 110 cases

Study Design: It is a perspective study of 110 cases of firearm injuries presenting at accident and emergency department Jinnah Hospital Lahore. The medicolegal services or provided by the department of forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore. Material and Method: Consecutive 110 cases of firearm injuries were recruited in the study presenting in the Accident and Emergency Department of Jinnah Hospital Lahore during period October 1998 to September 2000. Results: Out of the total of 110 cases, 100 cases were males (91%). And 10 were female (9%). The age ranged from 0 to above 60 years. The maximum numbers 42 (38%) were found between 21 to 30 years. Rifled weapon was used in 96 cases (87.3%) and non rifled weapon (shot gun) in 14 (12.7%) near distance fire was in 23 (21%) and for distance fire in (79%). Body parts involved were also analyzed i.e. head face neck, chest abdomen and limbs. Conclusion: The gravity of situation reemphasized and suggestions made to the relevant authorities for better, healthy and peaceful society.

Guns, laws and public shootings in the United States

ABSTRACTSince the late 1990s, there have been increasing numbers of public shootings carried out with firearms in the United States. These tragedies continually renew the regulatory debate concerning public safety while considering civil liberties. Using a unique data set, we investigate whether laws correspond to whether an event occurs and the effects of event-specific characteristics on public shooting outcomes. In particular, we analyse how state-specific gun laws, the types of firearms, the shooting venues and the mental health of the gunman impact the outcomes of public shootings. Results show that most gun laws are unrelated to whether an event occurs. In addition, common state and federal gun laws that outlaw assault weapons are unrelated to the likelihood of an assault weapon being used during a public shooting event. Moreover, results show that the use of assault weapons is not related to more victims or fatalities than other types of guns. However, the use of hand guns, shot guns and high-capacity magazines is directly related to the number of victims and fatalities in a public shooting event. Finally, the gunman’s reported mental illness is often associated with an increase in the number of victims and fatalities.

Editorial: Marching Toward 100% Whole Genome Sequencing.

Editorial: Marching Toward 100% Whole Genome Sequencing.

Analysis of the chloroplast genome of a coffee relative from northern Australia

Coffee is a major crop of economic importance. A reference nuclear genome sequence for Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) has been developed by an international consortium. Recent revisions of the coffee genus have included a species from north Queensland, Coffea brassii. This species grows at low altitudes and may be a source of very different coffee quality and production traits. We have developed efficient techniques for the extraction and assembly of complete chloroplast genome sequences from shot gun sequencing of total DNA from plant preparations. We now report the application of this approach to the analysis of this coffee wild relative. Phylogenies based upon the whole chloroplast sequences provide a useful tool for analysis of evolutionary relationships and allow evaluation of crop wild relatives.

Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Chrysomelidae: Alticinae (Flea Beetles)

Diversity in Peru: 84 genera, 370 species. Classification: Flea beetles (Alticinae in this work) are regarded by some as a tribe of Galerucinae (Alticini) based on lack of larval differences and some molecular evidence (see review in Hua et al., 2014). One significant problem with available phylogenetic datasets is the small taxon sampling relative to the group’s extraordinary diversity (estimated 10,000 species and over 600 genera); we are far from reasonable estimates of the true phylogeny. The present work treats flea beetles as a subfamily, i.e., Alticinae (following Furth and Suzuki, 1994; Furth and Suzuki, 1998; Mohamedsaid and Furth, 2011). The Galerucinae (sensu stricto) are treated separately in the Beetles of Peru series (Chaboo and Clark, 2015). Recognition: Flea beetles are recognized by their enlarged hind femora (metafemora) that contain a metafemoral spring (Furth, 1980; Furth, 1982; Furth, 1988; Furth and Suzuki, 1998). Habitat: The larvae are rather poorly known, but the majority of those that are known are root-feeding; some are also foliar-feeders (e.g., Altica, Blepharida, some Disonycha, Macrohaltica). Larvae and adults are usually on the same host plants. Most species are oligophagous, with the species in most genera feeding on related plant families, presumably because of the secondary chemical compounds that often serve as feeding attractants or stimulants for adults. Adult feeding damage on host leaves appears like many tiny round holes on the leaf surface (“shot gun pattern”). The following is a list of species based solely on the literature, especially using Heikertinger and Csiki (1939, 1940), Blackwelder (1946), Bechyne and Bechyne (1971a/unpubl.), and Alata (1973). Seeno and Wilcox (1982) is a good reference for genera, as well as Nadein (2012–2014) (http://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Coleoptera/rus/ alticinw.htm). Some of the species in this checklist are endemic to Peru; however, the distribution of the species is so poorly known at this point that it would not be reliable to indicate these now. According to Seeno and Wilcox (1982), only two genera (Conococha Bechyne, Eugoniola Csiki) are known from Peru. A “?” after a species name indicates that there is some question about the report of the species or about it being found in Peru. The genus Aphthona (in the true sense) does not exist in the Western Hemisphere; therefore, the species listed in the present checklist from Peru need to be transferred to other related genera as was pointed out in Furth and Savini (1996) and as was done for Mexican Aphthona in Furth (2006).

Generation of silver stained TE-AFLP markers in tea (Camellia sinensis) and their assessment in filling gaps with construction of a genetic linkage map

Silver stained TE-AFLP markers were generated in tea (Camellia sinensis). Thirty six primer combinations were screened leading to identification of five primer combinations which showed high polymorphism (average 43.75%) among 17 tea accessions studied. The efficacy of these five primer combinations was evaluated using four parameters, namely Polymorphic Information Content, Effective Multiplex Ratio, Marker Index and Resolving Power. The selected five primer combinations were employed for further study on construction of preliminary linkage maps based on a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy in a F1 population of bi-clonal seed stock TS463 (TV1 and TV19 clones) of tea. A total of 153 markers were detected of which 100 markers segregated in a 1:1 ratio. TV1 parent map consisted of 36 loci, spread over 10 linkage groups spanning a total length of 388.9cM while in TV19 map, 30 loci were distributed in 11 linkage groups spanning over 410.7cM. The observed genome coverage was determined, i.e., 50.76% and 45.91% for TV1 and TV19, respectively. Furthermore, sequences of the TE-AFLP fragments were subjected to BLAST analysis. Many of the sequences showed positive hit with the database of whole genome shot gun contigs of tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis). The identification of markers in these linkage maps may be an important resource for further research and would be helpful for marker-assisted selection breeding programmes in tea.