Shortest Way Research Articles

An Effective Method of Acquiring Efficient-Critical Reading Skills For Students: Reading Group Activity

Today, one of the most important indicators of a country's development level is the reading rate of that country. Studies show that the reading rate is quite low in our country. This situation has many reasons such as social, psychological and traditional ones. One of the most important reasons is the lack of reading education. 
 Reading is a rich activity combining vision, recognition, comprehension, inquiry, comprehension, speaking, writing and production. Completing the process with all these actions makes the reader active reader. The effective reading of individuals who have acquired basic reading skills depends on the enrichment of activities with comprehension, speaking, writing and production activities during reading process. Effective one is a reader who likes reading, spends time with reading, questions what he reads, makes written and oral text, and can use his readings for himself and his community and makes inferences from the readings. Effective reading makes the reading activity of the person pleasant. The individual discovers something new like an exploration at every stage after basic reading through seeing, recognizing and understanding. These discoveries trigger creativity that includes imagination as well as past experiences. The easiest and shortest way of reaching the pleasure of producing something is experienced with effective reading.
 Giving importance to reading education in schools, teaching effective reading methods to students and providing them with feasible and sustainable reading projects will make a significant contribution to educating a generation who read, write, speak and produce in our country.
 In this study, the reading group activity, which is applied with a group of secondary school (high school) students, was introduced and the practicing results of the activity were evaluated.The target group of the students is 9th, 10th and 11th grade students. The target audience was firstly informed about effective-critical reading and reading group activity was introduced. The application based on voluntary participation was started with a reading group consisting of six people. In the following times, participation increased and fifteen reading groups, each consisting of six and seven individuals, were formed in the three months. During the reading process, groups were guided and process evaluations were made. In order for the groups participating in the event to share their reading experiences with other students, it was provided to make presentations in the Z-library and arrange a book interview. Moreover, the reading activities of the groups within the scope of the Libraries Week were presented to the visitors through posters and presentations. Presentations were recorded with photographs and videos. It has been observed that reading group activity, which became widespread in school in a short time, increased the interest of students in reading and library. Students have learned the effective-critical reading of the role-tasks offered by the group readings, and have gained other skills such as orienting their readings, making reading preferences, and distinguishing qualified works. Reading group activity is an effective reading method which can be applied in all schools under the guidance of Turkish and literature teachers and supports active-critical reading, reading habits and culture.

Classical Artinian Module and Related Topics

An R-module M is Artinian iff every non-empty set of submodules admits a minimal element. The aim of this paper, is studied three cases. The first case is to provide general properties about Artinian module. The second case is explaining the relationship between semisimple module and Artinian module and the third case is the study of Artinian module over division ring. In a short way, Artinian modules are characterized by the existence of minimal elements. This suggests a close analogy between Artinian module and other concepts. We proved that if M is projective, then it is Artinian. Also every Division module over Division ring is Artinian module. Any non-zero Sub-mod N of sem-simple R-module. If N is a non-zero Sub-mod of M, then N is Artinian as a module.

Teaching a Machine to Read Maps With Deep Reinforcement Learning

The ability to use a 2D map to navigate a complex 3D environment is quite remarkable, and even difficult for many humans. Localization and navigation is also an important problem in domains such as robotics, and has recently become a focus of the deep reinforcement learning community. In this paper we teach a reinforcement learning agent to read a map in order to find the shortest way out of a random maze it has never seen before. Our system combines several state-of-the-art methods such as A3C and incorporates novel elements such as a recurrent localization cell. Our agent learns to localize itself based on 3D first person images and an approximate orientation angle. The agent generalizes well to bigger mazes, showing that it learned useful localization and navigation capabilities.

Development and validation of PozQoL: a scale to assess quality of life of PLHIV

BackgroundAdvances in medical treatment for HIV are driving major changes in HIV policy and practice, including the encouragement of intake and adherence to HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) by people living with HIV (PLHIV) for both personal and public health benefits. However, there is increasing recognition that achieving these goals will require a concurrent focus on the broader psychological and social wellbeing of PLHIV. Increasingly calls are being been made to incorporate a stronger focus on quality of life (QoL) of PLHIV into HIV prevention policy.In order to achieve this goal, HIV community, support and healthcare services need a valid, short and practical way to evaluate QoL of PLHIV accessing their programs. Current QoL measures are either long, complex, restricted in their use, or expensive. To address these shortcomings, the PozQoL study aimed to develop, test and validate a short and freely available scale assessing QoL among PLHIV.MethodsDrawing on a literature review, the prioritisation of domains and development of the initial pool of items was conducted in consultation with PLHIV community organisations in Australia. The items covered health concerns, psychological, social, and functional wellbeing. Testing involved a baseline and a follow-up survey of 465 adult Australians living with HIV. Participants were recruited through social media and various community organizations nationwide. The survey included the pilot PozQoL scale and other validated measures of health and wellbeing.ResultsGuided by an Exploratory Factor Analysis and conceptual considerations, a 13-item scale was developed. The PozQoL scale demonstrated high levels of fit in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, very good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity with other measures that approximated different aspects of QoL.ConclusionThe PozQoL scale has been tested in a diverse sample of adult PLHIV living in Australia, demonstrating very good reliability and validity. The insights from PLHIV and other stakeholders supported the balancing of statistical rigour and conceptual accuracy. The scale is now ready to be implemented and field-tested across a range of community, support and healthcare programs for PLHIV. This will make a significant contribution to the evaluation and enhancement of programs for PLHIV.

An analytical analysis of Turkish digital forensics

The first glimpses of digital forensics (DF) starts back in 1970's, mainly financial frauds, with the widespread use of computers. The evolution of information technologies and their wider use made the digital forensics evolve and flourish. Digital forensics passed a short but complex way of “Ad-Hoc”, “Structured” and “Enterprise” phases nearly in four decades. The national readiness of countries might vary for those phases depending on the economy, legislation, adoption level, expertise and other factors. Today digital forensics discipline is one of the major issues of law enforcement (LE), government, defense, industry, academics, justice and other non-governmental organizations as stakeholders have to deal with. We wanted to assess the maturity level of “Turkish Digital Forensics” in view of the digital forensics historical phases, along with some specific institutional & organizational digital forensics issues. The current digital forensic capacity and ability, understanding and adoption level of the discipline, education and training forecasts, current organizational digital forensics framework and infrastructure, expertise, certification and knowledge gained/needed by digital forensics community, tools and SW-HW used in digital forensics, national legislation, policy making and standardization issues along with the anticipated requirements for near future are aimed to address by an online survey. This paper discusses the aforementioned national issues with respect to the digital forensics discipline. It does not examine all aspects of digital forensics. The general assessment we had reached for the maturity level of “National DF” is in between the structured and enterprise phases, with a long way to go but with promising developments.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF E-COMMERCE SYSTEM

Considerable numbers of people are limited to selling and buying their products in the brick-and-mortar market, otherwise known as physical market due to insufficient indigenous e-commerce systems, thereby facing the problems of distance to market, insecurity, traffic, choice and pricing. The purpose of this project is to create a platform that will bring sellers and buyers to interact and do business together. The research was carried out to develop a system that will provide the most convenient and shortest way to make an online trading, otherwise known as e-commerce. An investigation was carried out, and the system was analyzed, design using UML tools, then implemented using PHP, jQuery, MYSQL, CSS and HTML 5 on local host server (XAMPP).It was observed that with e-commerce system, people can post or make offer for items at any time.

Awareness of Paddy Farmers on Climate Change and Its Impact on Crop Production: A Study in Kalthota Irrigation Scheme

is one of the most important sectors in the Sri Lankan economy and contributes 7.9% for the national GDP. As the staple food, paddy production is playing a key role in the agricultural sector, contributing 0.9% to national GDP. However, Sri Lanka as a small island is more susceptible to most of the climatic change impacts like increasing temperature of land and sea surface and changes of the rainfall pattern, extreme drought and flood conditions. Nevertheless the agriculture sector ishighly sensitive to climate change in both short and long-term ways and it is important to pay attention on the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector in Sri Lanka.The study assessed the awareness of recent changes in the extreme climatic events and its impact on paddy production in the Kalthota irrigation scheme which is recorded as the second largest paddy producer in Rathnapura district and the highest water consuming area for paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka. It further explored the perception of paddy farmers on the impact of climate change, existing adaption methods and limitation factors that affected the adaption measures.Simple random sampling technique was used to select 63 paddy farmers and primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and direct observations. Journal articles and reports of Meteorology Department were used as secondary data sources. The collected data were analysed by using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results indicated that majority of the paddy farmers (92.1%) were aware of the climatic change effect on the crop yield, however, only 38.1% were practicing different adaption methods such as using drought-resistant varieties and changing harvesting time.However the results also indicated(31.7%) that the farmers have an inclination on performing various spiritual activities believing that these supernatural practices have an impact on changes of climate and adaption for the rainfall pattern changes based on their experience. Inadequate information on adaptation practices and income options act as barriers in shifting to different adaption measures. Nevertheless, the study revealed that even though the farmers are aware on the detrimental effects of the climate change, adapting different strategies to mitigate climate is not taken in to account. The study also revealed that the responsible authorities should implement different strategies to educate farmers on the various adaption techniques. Keywords:Climate change, Agriculture, Paddy, Adaptation, Sri Lanka

Dried blood spots and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction–A simple combination of microsampling and microextraction

In this paper, parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) was used for the first time to clean-up dried blood spots (DBS) prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Fundamental studies exploring amongst others desorption from the DBS in alkaline or acidic aqueous conditions, total extraction time and absolute recoveries were executed. Desorption and PALME were performed using a set of two 96-well plates, one of them housing the sample and the other comprising the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and the acceptor solution. In one procedure, amitriptyline and quetiapine (basic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS using 250 μL of 10 mM sodium hydroxide solution (aqueous), and subsequently extracted through the SLM consisting of 4 μL of 1% trioctylamine in dodecyl acetate, and further into an acceptor solution consisting of 50 μL of 20 mM formic acid. In a second procedure, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen (acidic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS into 20 mM formic acid, extracted through an SLM with dihexyl ether, and further into an acceptor solution of 25 mM ammonia. Within 60 min of PALME, both basic and acidic model analytes were effectively desorbed from the DBS and extracted into the acceptor solution, which was injected directly into the analytical instrument. Recoveries between 63 and 85% for the six model analytes were obtained. PALME provided excellent clean-up from the DBS samples, and acceptor solutions were free from phospholipids. Linearity was obtained with r2 > 0.99 for five of the six analytes. Accuracy, precision and UHPLC-MS/MS matrix effects were in accordance with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. Based on these experiments, PALME shows great potential for future processing of DBS in a short and simple way, and with the presented setup, up to 96 DBS can be processed within a total extraction time of 60 min.

Adam Smithhs Maximizing Prudent Behavior (Minimize Losses) Versus Jeremy Benthamms Maximizing Utility (Money)

Maximizing Prudent Behavior (practicing the Virtue of Prudence) is what Smith means by the concept of self-interest (caring for one’s self). The primacy of the virtue of Prudence was established by Aristotle based on earlier discussions by Plato. All of the other major founders of different systems of virtue ethics (for example, Confucius or Buddha or Aquinas) have emphasized prudence, since it is not possible to give anything to anyone else if you have not been successful in attaining income or financial resources yourself. There can thus never be any conflict between Self-interest (Prudence) and Benevolence (Beneficence), since these virtues deal with different situations confronted by a follower of virtue ethics at different times in their lives. Applying the virtue of Beneficence can only possibly occur after the practice of prudence has been implemented successfully. There will always be a significant lag in time during which the prudent individual has been successful in attaining financial resources and circumstances occurring which will allow him/her to later practice beneficence. Only after they have successfully attained significant financial resources through prudent behavior will they be in a position to practice benevolence (beneficence). Smith would have considered it obvious that the baker, brewer and butcher had to practice the virtue of prudence first, and be successful, before that could practice the virtue of benevolence (beneficence) second. Bentham’s maximizing utility is strictly concerned with maximizing one’s own utility. Self-interest for Bentham begins and ends with one’s self regarding the acquisition of money. Bentham made it clear that the way to measure utility was in terms of how much money one had gained or lost. Thus, making money is his definition of good and losing money is his definition of bad or evil. This is one of the basic principles that underlies hedonism and egoism. Smith, like Aristotle, Augustine (near the end of his life), and Aquinas rejected egoism, hedonism, and utilitarianism. Supporters of Invisible Hand arguments are basically using Bentham’s argument, not Smith’s. The Invisible Hand argument concerns the belief that self-serving, selfish, individual, micro behavior is magically transformed through the magic of the market place into a macro, optimal, socially beneficial result for all. There is nothing in the Wealth of Nations linking this argument to Smith. Smith, as pointed out repeatedly by Kennedy (2008), would reject any such conclusion linking him to Bentham and/or utilitarianism or any such Invisible Hand argument. There is nothing in The Wealth of Nations supporting such an argument, since it leads directly to the very Benthamite, Laissez Faire position that Bentham simply described that Government should “be quiet” and “stay out of my sunshine”. There is only one economist, whose work I am familiar with, who has been consist and unbending in his conclusion that the term, Invisible Hand, meant very little to Smith. It certainly had nothing to do with his views on micro or macroeconomics. It was a short cut way of allowing Smith to discuss an issue, choosing either the domestic trade or foreign trade, without providing an in-depth explanation of how the merchants choice was related to and reflected a concern with, the questions of the roles of probability, risk aversion, and uncertainty aversion in his mind. Smith might have considered appending a footnote of his earlier discussions on pp.105-113 that dealt with risk, uncertainty, and probability. As pointed out by Kennedy, the great influence of Samuelson’s textbook, Economics, starting in 1948 and continuing in all later editions, has led to a severe misinterpretation of Smith. Samuelson’s erroneous summary of Smith’s Invisible Hand theory has become a standard belief in the economics profession. Exactly how this damaging error can be corrected is completely unclear to me at this time. For over ten years, Kennedy has constantly been engaged in correcting well over 1000 articles and books proclaiming Smith’s Invisible hand theory at his internet site, Adam Smith’s Lost Legacy. I draw the pessimistic conclusion that Smith’s legacy appears to have been lost.

Maximizing aesthetics on single implants

Maximizing aesthetics on single implants

Cyclotomic polynomials at roots of unity

The $n^{th}$ cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n(x)$ is the minimal polynomial of an $n^{th}$ primitive root of unity. Hence $\Phi_n(x)$ is trivially zero at primitive $n^{th}$ roots of unity. Using finite Fourier analysis we derive a formula for $\Phi_n(x)$ at the other roots of unity. This allows one to explicitly evaluate $\Phi_n(e^{2\pi i/m})$ with $m\in \{3,4,5,6,8,10,12\}$. We use this evaluation with $m=5$ to give a simple reproof of a result of Vaughan (1975) on the maximum coefficient (in absolute value) of $\Phi_n(x)$. We also obtain a formula for $\Phi_n'(e^{2\pi i/m}) / \Phi_n(e^{2\pi i/m})$ with $n \ne m$, which is effectively applied to $m \in \{3,4,6\}$. Furthermore, we compute the resultant of two cyclotomic polynomials in a novel very short way.

Колхозная система и рефеодализация советской экономики в 1930-е — начале 1950-х гг.: пределы и возможности источниковедческого анализа

The article reveals specifics of formation and interpretation of еру document collections that bespeak of a return to the methods of non-economic coercion and optimization of surplus product during the collectivization in the USSR. The article is to offer a source study analysis of problems of studying kolkhoz system as an instrument of re-feudalization of Soviet economy in the period of forced industrialization. Development of application methodology for systematic study of the history of agrarian system in the USSR of 1930s-1950s is the most important achievement of the author. In her opinion, the creation of kolkhozes opened before Soviet state a short and radical way of transit to modernity (i.e. commodification, intensification of production, and transformation of the social structure) and secured resources for mobilization economy, which became a model for adapting Soviet system to global challenges. Adaptation mechanism was based on restoration of archaic administrative practices, which had been characteristic for the period of formation of Russian absolutism. Sources corpus is formed by documents collections: normative documents and record keeping documentation, mass sources and letters. They show two sides of the social experience: practice of decision-making and their implementation, on the one hand, and ‘depot’ of social reactions, perception of policies, dynamics and nature of peasant resistance to agrarian despotism, assimilation of new meanings, and innovations in the system of kolkhoz social images, on the other hand. After the research, the author concludes that drawing on the experience of traditionalization can only be partially effective for solving problems of modernity. Although the Russian state had successfully approbated similar tools in the past, in 1930s – early 1950s administrative pressure, disparity of repressive practices and social resistance they fought, and high social cost of the project outweighed all its institutional merits and turned the history of Soviet peasants a national tragedy and made agriculture a major factor in crisis and collapse of Soviet economic model.

Emerging Political Economy of CPEC Future Dynamics and Perspectives for Pakistan

The study focuses on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a great regional, political and economic force, which would lead the region to a prosperous future. The route of CPEC is not only a connection between Gwader and Khunjrab but it is also "a motorway of political economy" which would become a track to development and sustainable prosperity. No doubt, the route leads to cooperation in the transition of resources and increase the bilateral trade partnership but there emerge various questions. The present study provides detailed analysis of how the route connects Asia to Europe and provides access the local markets. The study further recommends that Gwadar Port is one of the shortest ways for China rather than Strait of Malacca or any other international route. At the end, based on an in-depth critical evaluation, the study recommends the strategy of boosting its Political Economy on emergency basis.

Emerging Political Economy of CPEC – Future Dynamics and Perspectives for Pakistan

The study focuses on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a great regional, political and economic force, which would lead the region to a prosperous future. The route of CPEC is not only a connection between Gwader and Khunjrab but it is also "a motorway of political economy" which would become a track to development and sustainable prosperity. No doubt, the route leads to cooperation in the transition of resources and increase the bilateral trade partnership but there emerge various questions. The present study provides detailed analysis of how the route connects Asia to Europe and provides access the local markets. The study further recommends that Gwadar Port is one of the shortest ways for China rather than Strait of Malacca or any other international route. At the end, based on an in-depth critical evaluation, the study recommends the strategy of boosting its Political Economy on emergency basis.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF VOICE TRAINING İN TURKEY AFTER THE DECLARATION OF REPUBLIC

This research was conducted in order to explain the historical process in a short, simple and plain way, compiling it together with the source scans of the information which has been going on for years, and to benefit the students who are still growing and the people who are interested in this field. For this, firstly the earliest historical development of sound education was briefly mentioned about the birth and study of it according to the schools, and the way of voice education firstly came to Turkey and tried to explain the way that it spread rapidly after the Republican period.

ES reglamentai: leksinių samplaikų vertimo iš anglų į lietuvių kalbą tendencijos

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian]
 Based on the theoretical framework of lexical bundle research developed by Biber et al. (2004) and on Sinclair’s (1991) observations on the compositionality of meaning and delexicalisation of formulaic language, the present study analyses four-word lexical bundles found in English EU legal discourse, focusing on their structural and semantic properties and tendencies of their translation into Lithuanian. The study examines a selection of 43 lexical bundles with a total of 791 unique instances in the corpus, extracted from a self-designed 59,579-word corpus representing EU legal English comprised of five regulations on health claims and food labelling. The results show that lexical bundles can be rendered into Lithuanian as single lexical or function words, phrases, dependent clauses, through the grammatical category of case, or omitted altogether. The length of the translated bundles suggests that there is a tendency to choose a shorter way of rendering them into Lithuanian. High variability of the translations of some lexical bundles points to a lack of their stability in Lithuanian, which might be due to a number of reasons, including a lack of agreement among translators and a much shorter tradition of legal translation into Lithuanian.

Ergonomic Requirements for the Formation of Visual Communications for Low-Mobile Population Groups

Informativeness was analyzed as one of the main ergonomic requirements to the quality of life of low mobility groups. The main functions of the visual information tools are indicated. The principles of the organization of the system for visual communications for low-mobility groups of the population are formulated: complexity, purpose orientation, ease of perception, safety, reliability, economy, and aesthetics. Determined the requirements for visual information that allows people to easily navigate in space ; Be coherent, simple in configuration, well illuminated in the evening and easy to perceive; for visually impaired persons, it is possible to use signs with big letters and place them at a height of 1,5 m above ground level so that they can be felt by hand; determine the location of service establishments; mark entrances to the building and their functional purpose; inform about services and help to choose the shortest ways to move around. Requirements for signboards (their form, color, font, and illumination), dynamic information signs, additional directions on the streets, visual diversity of the recreation zone are given.

Consistency and flexibility in solving spatial tasks: different horses show different cognitive styles

Individual animals vary in their behaviour and reactions to novel situations. These differences may extend to differences in cognition among individuals. We tested twenty-six horses for their ability to detour around symmetric and asymmetric obstacles. All of the animals were able to get around the barrier to reach a food target, but varied in their approach. Some horses moved slowly but were more accurate in choosing the shortest way. Other horses acted quickly, consistently detoured in the same direction, and did not reliably choose the shortest way. The remaining horses shifted from a faster, directionally consistent response with the symmetric barrier, to a slower but more accurate response with the asymmetric barrier. The asymmetric barrier induced a reduction in heart rate variability, suggesting that this is a more demanding task. The different approaches used to solve the asymmetric task may reflect distinct cognitive styles in horses, which vary among individuals, and could be linked to different personality traits. Understanding equine behaviour and cognition can inform horse welfare and management.

An Extensive Method for Maintenance of Sterility in Mammalian Cell Culture Laboratory Routine

Cell culture laboratories are designed to secure sterile environments for biological studies, and its susceptibility to biological contaminants is a major problem for researchers. Contamination can generally be overcome by frequently disposing of contaminated materials, cleaning and maintaining the sanitation of working areas, but in some cases, it is hard to eradicate the source(s) of contaminating agents completely. In particular, mold and fungal-based contaminants could be a devastating problem for any laboratory. Therefore, various contamination types can repeat over time and result in an increasing problem in the lab. To control and eliminate possible contaminations, a periodic cleaning treatment with disinfectant materials should be a routine procedure of every specialized laboratory, regardless of the existence of any contamination. The conventional method for maintaining hygiene in cell culture laboratories is to clean all surfaces with 70% ethanol; however, this may not be the complete solution. This paper presents a short and easy way to check whether any contamination source(s) are present in laboratories. After identification of the most contaminant-rich areas, without any distinction, each laboratory surface where the culturing samples were taken was comprehensively treated with suggested concentrations of ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and Virkon-S solutions. The method might be useful to regularly check and maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of entire cell culture laboratories to enable the control of possible contaminations in advance.

Study of orbital transfers with time constraint and fuel optimization

Over the decades, with the advance in computational power and the development of new optimization techniques, a new opportunity arose for a reviewed approach and analysis of already existing solutions to orbital transfer problems. With that in mind, a study was proposed over Lambert’s problem of bi-impulsive orbital transfers with time constraint for the execution of minimum fuel maneuvers between coplanar and non coplanar elliptical orbits. In order to achieve this goal, a genetic search algorithm was developed to determine the minimum fuel trajectory with an iterative variation of two Keplerian elements of the final orbit, one of them being the mean anomaly and the other a choice between the eccentricity, the inclination or the argument of periapsis. A number of six simulations were performed under these conditions, using different values - on each simulation - for the Keplerian elements of the final orbits not being iteratively varied. Remarkable sections were noted regarding the behaviour of fuel consumption values of the minimum fuel trajectories. One of which was a noted relation between the lowest cost minimum fuel transfers and the ratio of the semi-major axis and eccentricity of these transfers’ initial and final orbits, considering both the orbits have the same value of argument of periapsis. Amongst all simulations, it was important to identify the choice between short or long way for the determination of the minimum fuel transfer, analysing the implications of that choice on the transfer time.