Shortest Way Research Articles

Almost impossible $E_8$ and Leech lattices

We start this short note by introducing two remarkable mathematical objects: the E_8 root lattice Lambda8 in 8-dimensional Euclidean space and the Leech lattice Lambda24 in 24-dimensional space. These two lattices stand out among their lattice sisters for several reasons.The first reason is that these both lattices are related to other unique and exceptional mathematical objects. The E_8 lattice is the root lattice of the semisimple exceptional Lie algebra E_8 . The quotient of Lambda8 by a suitable sublattice is isomorphic to the Hamming binary code of dimension 8 and minimum distance 4, which in its turn is an optimal error-correcting binary code with these parameters. The Leech lattice is famously connected to the exceptional finite simple groups, monstrous moonshine [7] and the monster vertex algebra [1].Another reason is that Lambda8 and Lambda24 are solutions to a number of optimization problems. The E_8 and Leech lattice provide optimal sphere packings in their respective dimensions [5, 23]. Also both lattices are universally optimal, which means that among all point configurations of the same density, the Lambda8 and Lambda24 have the smallest possible Gaussian energy [6].The third reason for our interest in these lattices is less obvious. The optimality of the E_8 and Leech lattices can be proven in a rather short way, while the solutions of analogous problems in other dimensions, even dimensions much smaller than 8 and 24, is still wide open. Finally, this last property seems to be inherited by other geometric objects obtained from Lambda8 and Lambda24 , such as Hamming code, Golay code and the sets of shortest vectors of both lattices.

Nosocomial Infections: Pathogenicity, Resistance and Novel Antimicrobials

Background. The fight against the spread of infectious diseases creates the problem of resistance to pathogens and the most resistant of them – the propagators of nosocomial infections – are formed in hospitals because of a number of reasons. The solution of the problem lies in different areas, but the search of new effective means for the treatment of such diseases remains relevant right today. The shortest way to do this is to find the "pain points" of the pathogens themselves, i.e. the factors of their pathogenicity and resistance to which the action of novel antiseptics should be directed. Objective. We aimed to analyse and evaluate the main factors of pathogenicity and resistance of pathogens of nosocomial infections to determine modern approaches to the development of novel antimicrobials. Methods. Search and systematization of new scientific data and results concerning pathogenic factors of microbial pathogens that can be used as targets for the action of drugs. Results. Over the last 10–20 years, due to the development of new research methods in biology, it has become possible to clarify the features and additional conditions for the detection of pathogenic factors of nosocomial infections. Additional mechanisms of manifestation of resistance, adhesiveness, invasiveness, transmission of signs, secretion of toxins by pathogens are shownthat determines the general increase of their resistance to the action of currently used means. The general idea of ​​creating antiseptics that will not increase the resistance of pathogens can now be implemented by using substances with multidirectional or indirect mechanisms of action that minimally affect the metabolism of the cell and significantly reduce its resistance and pathogenicity. Conclusions. Factors of pathogenicity of propagators of nosocomial infections and mechanisms of their implementation can be considered as the main targets for the action of novel antiseptics that will inhibit the spread of pathogens without increasing their resistance. The promising substances for such drugs, among other things, are bacteriophages and their modifications, enzybiotics, immunobiotics, autoinducer inhibitors, quorum sensing-system inhibitors, b-lactamase inhibitors and others. Some of these substances in combination with the new generation of antibiotics significantly enhance their effectiveness and together they are able to overcome the resistance of even multidrug-resistant pathogens.

The Impact of Gelatin on the Pharmaceutical Characteristics of Fucoidan Microspheres with Posaconazole.

Fungal infections and invasive mycoses, despite the continuous medicine progress, are an important globally therapeutic problem. Multicompartment dosage formulations (e.g., microparticles) ensure a short drug diffusion way and high surface area of drug release, which as a consequence can provide improvement of therapeutic efficiency compared to the traditional drug dosage forms. As fucoidan is promising component with wide biological activity per se, the aim of this study was to prepare fucospheres (fucoidan microparticles) and fucoidan/gelatin microparticles with posaconazole using the one-step spray-drying technique. Pharmaceutical properties of designed fucospheres and the impact of the gelatin addition on their characteristics were evaluated. An important stage of this research was in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of developed microparticles using different Candida species. It was observed that gelatin presence in microparticles significantly improved swelling capacity and mucoadhesiveness, and provided a sustained POS release. Furthermore, it was shown that gelatin addition enhanced antifungal activity of microparticles against tested Candida spp. strains. Microparticles formulation GF6, prepared by the spray drying of 20% fucoidan, 5% gelatin and 10% Posaconazole, were characterized by optimal mucoadhesive properties, high drug loading and the most sustained drug release (after 8 h 65.34 ± 4.10% and 33.81 ± 5.58% of posaconazole was dissolved in simulated vaginal fluid pH 4.2 or 0.1 M HCl pH 1.2, respectively).

Isoquinolone-4-Carboxylic Acids by Ammonia-Ugi-4CR and Copper-Catalyzed Domino Reaction.

Highly substituted isoquinolone-4-carboxylic acid is an important bioactive scaffold; however, it is challenging to access it in a general and short way. A Cu-catalyzed cascade reaction was successfully designed involving the Ugi postcyclization strategy by using ammonia and 2-halobenzoic acids as crucial building blocks. Privileged polysubstituted isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones were constructed in a combinatorial format with generally moderate to good yields. The protocol, with a ligand-free catalytic system, shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance toward excellent molecular diversity. Free 4-carboxy-isoquinolone is now for the first time generally accessible by a convergent multicomponent reaction protocol.

Artificial Intelligence based Intelligent Tourism System-Go My Way

At the moment, we find that tourists usually spend more time planning their trip because they need to spend every minute. In this context, this application aims to identify the main computer needs to support the improvement of the tourist promotion point, using the mobile application proposal. Currently, for regular tourists and travelers they spend a lot of time planning and deciding on their trip to achieve maximum satisfaction. In this case, the app aims to identify the main computer needs to support the development of the tourist promotion point. This paper suggests a model for use in an intelligent visitor information system. It uses the concept of knowledge-base. The model will be based on a study of human behavior as a tourism guide. It builds a relationship between an information-based system and a guide, to provide a service to any visitor who meets their needs and the purpose of obtaining location information. There are different modules, different methods of acquisition methods and a shorter way to acquire the ingenuity of the artificial intelligence in this thesis. The proposed system should be designed in such a way that it works on most devices namely palmtop and mobiles. So it can be helpful when visiting new places. This application will find the route using user terms. The short-term method of finding an algorithm should work well and in the right way in most cases. The system must find a method that fulfills the user's terms, indicating the name of the item, images related to a brief description of the location. It should also be able to find the distance, time and travel costs to your destination and over time the user can also make bookings using the app interface only.

Managing public buses transportation considering environmental emissions

Transportation systems and the environment are conflicting issues in nature with the main factor behind emissions of most pollutants and their impacts on the environment. The public transportation contributes by reducing negative effects of traffic and environmental pollution, as well as, its positive effects on the total transport economic costs. The aim of this paper focuses on managing the transportation network for public buses, by implementing some scientific planning techniques such as, working networks to reach maximum flow of the passengers, and minimum path method to choose the shortest way. Three parameters are considered in the problem solution these are; the maximum flow of passengers, the minimum distance and the minimum CO2 emissions. The case study of the research focuses on two main crowded areas in Baghdad governorate and theirs group transportation lines to be managed; these areas are The University of Technology and Al Mustanseria University in Baghdad/ Al Risafa. The flows of passengers between the two campuses were studied with the aim of getting minimum distance and maximum flow of passenger. Distance in kilometers and Population Density for each path were studied to calculate CO2 Emissions in Tons to fulfill the third parameter. The results shows that for minimum distance the best route is route no.15; while for maximum passenger flow, the best route is route no.10. For minimum CO2 emissions, the best route is route no.15. The conflicting results emphases on the choice for the most important target according to the governorate strategies decisions.

Pedal equation and Kepler kinematics

Kepler’s laws are an appropriate topic to highlight the significance of the pedal equation in physics. There are several articles that obtain Kepler’s laws through conservation and gravitation laws. This can be shown more easily and ingeniously if one uses the pedal equation of an ellipse. In fact, the complete kinematics of a particle in an attractive central force field can be derived from one single pedal form. Though many articles use the pedal equation, the classical procedure (without proof) for obtaining the pedal equation is mentioned only in a few because the classical derivations can sometimes be lengthier and are not simple. In this paper, using elementary physics, we derive the pedal equation for all conic sections in a unique, short, and pedagogical way. Later, from the dynamics of a particle in the attractive central force field, we deduce the single pedal form, which elegantly describes all the possible trajectories. Also, for the purpose of completeness, we derive Kepler’s laws.

Smart Gateless System using RFID Technology in Universiti Malaysia Perlis

This paper describes a smart monitoring gate-less system by using RFID technologies that had been implemented in Universiti Malaysia Perlis. The objective of this system is to ease the security to monitoring the cars-in and cars-out from the main gate manually. The security can check and manage the staff by system management in PC. This smart monitoring gate-less system consists of RFID tag antenna that be attached at sticker’s staff, RFID reader and software management application. For the software management application, this project used LabView as a simulation tool for the data acquisition. The data which contains of name, staff number, number plate, car model and color will be stored in cloud-based storage. All the information data can be accessed from any location because the security management can access it through mobile. This project will present how efficient the vehicle control application on campus which enable the security guard to check a car sticker either legal or illegal in a shortest way.

SYNTACTICAL ASPECT OF ELLIPTICAL DIRECT DIRECTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

One of the ways to utter the directive illocutionary act is by directly saying the intention explicitly using specific imperative structure. In other words, the directive illocutionary act has the linked structure and the function to the imperative structure that is to cause the hearer does the action speaker wants. However, In order to emphasize the direct directive illocutionary act, the speaker utters only the prior clause to convey the message. This notion is specified as the elliptical imperative. However, the structure uttered by the speaker does not always in full sentence, it could only consist of prior clause; verb phrase, object, adverb of time, etc. From that notion, this paper aims to discover the deep structure of the elliptical direct directive and the choice of prior clause as Searle (1976: 17) elaborated the structure of the directive illocutionary act as: I Verb You + You Fut.Verb (NP) (Adv). In order to analyze the data, the Qualitative descriptive is used in this paper. In conclusion, the direct directive illocutionary can be uttered in a short way by only uttering the prior clause of the locutionary such as: the verb, adverb of time, adverb of manner, and subject. Furthermore, the speakers should; utter previous locutionary as the reference for the short directive, utter the short directive when the action is performed by the hearer.

The Use of GPS Technology to Improve the Arrival Time of Customers to the Work Site

At present, there are many countries with a medium economic level and also a low level that has no public transport network such as the tram or metro, not even a bus network or School Bus Routing but transportation is done by private efforts that the state does not participate in. These efforts may be represented by taxi owners and owners of medium and small private buses that adopt to transfer Students, employees, and workers from their homes to places of work with monthly wages. nThis private transportation process faces several problems on the part of the user, who is the student, employee, or worker, such as the difficulty of finding the driver near the place of residence or finding a group of participants in the same vehicle whose places are near his place of residence, or if their housing is located on the road leading to the workplace like school or university, the time also if suits to everyone in terms of time to start work and time to end work. From the other part the vehicle owner, he finds it difficult to find better customers in terms of their nearest to the place of residence of the vehicle owner, or it is located on the road leading to the place of work. The second problem is finding the shortest road that passes through all the subscribers in the vehicle with less time and less cost which has been treated in an application called Ishtraki whereby the participants from students, employees, and workers are distributed to the closest vehicle driver and then find the best road for each vehicle driver as a road map to use it to reach all his participants as the shortest way.

Superunification Theory: The Shortest Way to The Unified Field Equations

This continues previous articles on the unified theory published in this journal and intends to discuss the general principles of the theory, again. The Final theory, if any, shall necessarily be the most original scheme grounded upon certain postulates intuitively clear to us. The universal system of mathematical harmony begins with the

WITHDRAWN: A review of approaches and associated dimensions with greedy method for research implementations

While solving any optimization problem, many possible solutions may exist, as well as diversified methods and techniques to solve the problem. To any problem, the objective is to move towards a best solution or at least near to it. Greedy's technique proposes a gourmet procurement of the best possible alternative in the expectation that a series of ideal municipal elections can provide an overall solution to the whole thing. The covetous solution resolves the issue of optimisation in steps. A decision is taken at any point in order that the selection process can be based on an optimization measure to take into account the inputs. Prim's algorithm and Kruskal's is gullible algorithms provides worldwide optimal solution. Any established hobby algo to try for an Euler loop, in comparison, could not find the shortest way to solve the travelling dealer problem, for example. For example. Another example of a greedy algorithm that finds an ideal solution is the Dijkstra algorithm. This paper illustrates the implementation and performance issues associated with the greedy method to solve the combinatorial optimization problems.

Design and implementation of a stability control system for TCP/AQM network

<p><span>In this work, we used a new approach as active queue management (AQM) to avoid data congestion in TCP/IP networks. The new approach is PSO-PI controller which use the proportional-integral controller as a control unit and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm as an optimization technique to improve the performance of the PI controller and therefore improving the performance of TCP/IP networks as a required goal. The optimization control (PSO-PI) is characterized by access to design and choosing the optimal parameters of </span>(K_1 and K_p) <span>to reach optimal solutions in a short way (fewer iterations). The implementation of the PSO algorithm is achieving by using the mathematical system model and M-file and SIMULINK in Mathlab program. Simulation results show good congestion management performance with PSO-PI controller better than the PI controller as AQM in TCP networks, and the proposed method was very fast and required few iterations.</span></p>

NEW COMPUTATIONS OF OSTROWSKI-TYPE INEQUALITY PERTAINING TO FRACTAL STYLE WITH APPLICATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to provide novel estimates of Ostrowski-type inequalities in a much simpler and shorter way of some recent significant results in the context of a fractal set [Formula: see text] By using our new approach, we established an auxiliary result that correlates with generalized convex ([Formula: see text]) and concave functions for absolutely continuous functions with second-order local differentiable mappings. Moreover, we derived some companions of Ostrowski-type inequalities belonging to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in local fractional sense. Our results generalize and offer better bounds than many known results in the existing literature associated with trapezoidal and midpoint formula. As an application perspective, we derived several estimation-type outcomes by the use of generalized [Formula: see text]-type special means formula provided here to illustrate the usability of the obtained results. Our study contributes to a better understanding of fractal analysis and proves beneficial in exploring real-world phenomena.

Parallel disassembly approach with recycling rate calculation of industrial products

Design activity is the initial step in manufacturing. In smart factory, these activities should be interconnected. The final cost of a product is affected by decisions which are made in these activities. Since 1980, Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) approaches has been developed to guide planners to produce products which are easy to fabricate and assemble. Designing products for recyclability is constrained by environmental and economic targets. Numerous Design for Assembly (DFA) laws and parameters can be employed to measure the recyclability index of product designs. Parallel assembly and disassembly techniques using human and robot collaboration can also improve the design quality by choosing the shorter way to completely dismantle the product or to dismantle wear parts. The implementation of these approaches has created a revolution in today’s industry, by many improvements as reduce product cost, shorter time to market, better quality, and few suppliers of standard parts. In this paper, a novel method to parallel dismantle a product is presented. To improve the design quality of the product, a set of assessment metrics were considered as recyclability for reusing aspect, total disassembly time of the product, parallelism aspect, and design efficiency. A comparative example is used to demonstrate the added value of the proposed approach.

Formation Mechanisms for Phosphorene and SnIP.

Phosphorene—the monolayered material of the element allotrope black phosphorus (Pblack)—and SnIP are 2D and 1D semiconductors with intriguing physical properties. Pblack and SnIP have in common that they can be synthesized via short way transport or mineralization using tin, tin(IV) iodide and amorphous red phosphorus. This top‐down approach is the most important access route to phosphorene. The two preparation routes are closely connected and differ mainly in reaction temperature and molar ratios of starting materials. Many speculative intermediates or activator side phases have been postulated especially for top‐down Pblack/phosphorene synthesis, such as Hittorf's phosphorus or Sn24P19.3I8 clathrate. The importance of phosphorus‐based 2D and 1D materials for energy conversion, storage, and catalysis inspired us to elucidate the formation mechanisms of these two compounds. Herein, we report on the reaction mechanisms of Pblack/phosphorene and SnIP from P4 and SnI2 via direct gas phase formation.

PLANT LEAF IMAGE RECOGNITION SYSTEM

Plants play a vital role in our day-to-day life. Hence, a good understanding of plants is needed to help in identifying new or rare plant species. Such identification will in turn improve the drug industry, balance the ecosystem as well as the agricultural productivity and sustainability. We often come across various plants with different variety of leaves and flowers every single day. We try to recognize it, but we fail. So we need some system which can tell us about the leaf/flower instantly. So, to solve such problems, we introduce a plant recognition system (PRS) which tells you the details about a leaf by just uploading the image of the leaf. For this system, we use image processing and some identification techniques which can recognize the leaf by its structure, colour, shape etc and fetch the details about it and provide the details of it to the user. This paper gives a understanding about the different methods used under image processing and various methods and algorithm used to identify that leaf in a short and simple way. Object recognition and detection are techniques with similar end results and implementation approaches. Therefore, it requires heavy pre-processing and implements various processes to obtain the end results.

Implementation of Collaborative Multi-Robot System Carrying Cargos Autonomously

The paper presents implementation of collaborative multi-robot system for carrying cargo autonomously. Multi-robot systems are especially used to carry cargos to target place in the shortest way in the shortest duration by path planning. This system is composed of two robots called as Leader and Assistant. They sense the cargo with load cells on themselves and carry it to the target place. After determination of the cargo, if its weight is in the limits of the weights for Leader, it pushes the cargo by itself and Assistant waits on standby mode. If the cargo is higher than carrying capacity of Leader, Assistant is called and both push it to the target. Detecting cargos task is performed with a method similar to method of calculating fitness value. Carrying cargos task was performed by finding the shortest way with curve fitting algorithm. Carrying cargos with multi-robots by using curve fitting is the most practical solution. Consequently, reducing the route by 13.7% could be provided successfully by this algorithm instead of line following method and so energy saving was ensured. Task performance rate for carrying the cargo to the target place is achieved up to 90% for stand-alone and cooperative operation.

Albino Plant Formation in Androgenic Cultures: An Old Problem and New Facts.

High frequency of albino plant formation in isolated microspore or anther cultures is a great problem limiting the possibility of their exploitation on a wider scale. It is highly inconvenient as androgenesis-based doubled haploid (DH) technology provides the simplest and shortest way to total homozygosity, highly valued by plant geneticists, biotechnologists and especially, plant breeders, and this phenomenon constitutes a serious limitation of these otherwise powerful tools. The genotype-dependent tendency toward albino plant formation is typical for many monocotyledonous plants, including cereals like wheat, barley, rice, triticale, oat and rye-the most important from the economical point of view. Despite many efforts, the precise mechanism underlying chlorophyll deficiency has not yet been elucidated. In this chapter, we review the data concerning molecular and physiological control over proper/disturbed chloroplast biogenesis, old hypotheses explaining the mechanism of chlorophyll deficiency, and recent studies which shed new light on this phenomenon.

Controllers Design for the Multi-Shuttle and Multi-Station Transportation System

Nowadays, the Multi-Shuttle and Multi-Station Transportation System (MMTS) is one of the most interesting research topics in many fields of industries. It is an effective solution to reduce unexpected accidents that occur during transportation as well as increase productivity in manufacturing. The aim of this paper is to introduce the controller design for the MMTS which is built in our BK-Recme BioMech Lab at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (VNU-HCM), Viet Nam. Based on the design of this system, the control algorithms will be conducted to check the operation of the whole system. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this model, we design a series of random instances for different quantities of nodes as well as the different quantities of shuttles. Our system includes 4 stations and 6 shuttles which are assembled in the serial chain system. However, the number of stations and number of shuttles can be expanded to any desired ones which are based on the requirement of the industries. In this paper, we mainly focus on the controller design of this system to make it operate in an effective way that the goods will be transported and delivered to the target station as fast as possible. In order to solve the large-scale instances and realistic transport problems, we propose three algorithms for three progresses as shuttles calling, path reading and shuttles communicating. The shuttles calling is to decide which shuttle should be called to the start-node. Path reading to determine the shortest way to go from start-node to end-node. Finally, shuttles communicating, which allow one shuttle to interact with the next shuttles so we have a loop of orders (shuttle 1 to shuttle 2; shuttle 2 to shuttle 3; etc.; shuttle n-1 to shuttle n). This proposes solution can help us to solve the huge numbers of shuttles and stations in the system. The specific result of this study is applying Dijkstra’s algorithm to propose an algorithm that allows handling a transportation system without caring about the number of shuttles as well as the number of stations for the closed-loop path. Several test problems are carried out in order to check the feasibility and the effectiveness of our purposed control algorithm.