Short Production Cycle Research Articles

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Zanzibar’s Seaweed Industry

Aim: This study intended to analyse the Zanzibar seaweed industry’s (ZSI) profitability potential by adopting Porter’s five forces industry analysis framework. The objective was to identify factors in its structure contributing to the industry’s ongoing primary challenge of low returns.
 Methodology: The study was conducted on Zanzibar island in the United Republic of Tanzania. A case study design approach was adopted. The study’s sample consisted of seaweed farmers, exporters and officials from government institutions linked to the industry. Seaweed farmers were selected through multistage and quota sampling. Exporters were chosen based on experience, i.e. at least five years of operations and above. Government officials were selected through purposive and convenience sampling. The study utilised both primary and secondary data. A triangulation approach was adopted for data collection. Data analysis was done through thematic analysis, descriptive statistics and literature review. Results were adapted into Porter’s framework for further analysis. The threat level for each Porter’s force was determined by weighing their corresponding driving factors, and respondents rated the final results based on the perceived threat level.
 Results: The study found that the Zanzibar seaweed industry has low profitability potential. Threats emanate from the industry’s lack of entry barriers, several available cheap and high-performing substitutes, low switching costs and high bargaining power of buyers and suppliers. The government’s role in promoting the industry’s activities is almost non-existent. Similarly, the industry’s production methods were found to be still traditional. Innovative activities were found to be minimal. In terms of opportunities, the industry remains a viable economic alternative for the rural Zanzibarians due to its low capital entry requirements and short production cycles. The potential for increased income and improved health and nutrition exists if domestic markets are established. The growing global demand for carrageenan also signals the industry’s revenue and income growth potential. Similarly, the ZSI is also a source of economic gender empowerment for rural Zanzibari women.
 Conclusion: Zanzibar’s seaweed industry’s low profitability potential is a result of its structure, production system and the absent role of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ). Due to the unique nature of ZSI challenges, Porter’s generic strategies were found unsuitable. Hence, this study recommends creating a guiding industry business strategy and marketing plan to guide its activities. The industry’s customer base should also be diversified to expand buyer options and minimise risks associated with the global Rhodotypa market’s oligopolistic conditions. The creation of domestic and regional demand is also crucial. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should also step in to give the necessary support, primarily through creating industry policy. Additionally, diversification of ZSI export products through establishing carrageenan extraction industries in Zanzibar is vital.

Application of Comprehensive Diagnosis Technique in Fault Analysis of FRP Bushing of 110kV Transformer

FRP high-voltage bushing is widely used in power system because of its advantages of good mechanical strength, short production cycle and free maintenance. Due to the immobility of solid insulation such as glass fiber reinforced plastic and epoxy resin, once there is a local hidden danger, it will not heal itself, which is bound to develop into insulation breakdown. In this paper, starting from the creepage fault of a 110kV transformer FRP high-voltage bushing, comprehensive diagnosis techniques such as test detection, online monitoring, disintegration analysis and simulation calculation are adopted. Different diagnosis methods confirm each other and determine the cause of the fault. The analysis method in this paper has important reference value for fault analysis of high voltage equipment.

Development of an Effective Double Antigen Sandwich ELISA Based on p30 Protein to Detect Antibodies against African Swine Fever Virus.

African swine fever (ASF), the highly lethal swine infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a great threat to the swine industry. There is no effective vaccine or diagnostic method to prevent and control this disease currently. The p30 protein of ASFV is an important target for serological diagnosis, expressed in the early stage of viral replication and has high immunogenicity and sequence conservatism. Here, the CP204L gene was cloned into the expression vector pET-30a (+), and the soluble p30 protein was successfully expressed in the E. coli prokaryotic expression system and then labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to be the enzyme-labeled antigen. Using the purified recombinant p30 protein, a double-antigen sandwich ELISA for ASFV antibody detection was developed. This method exhibits excellent specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility in clinical sample detection with lower cost and shorter production cycles. Taken together, this study provides technical support for antibody detection for ASFV.

Adverse effects of heat stress during summer on broiler chickens production and antioxidant mitigating effects.

Broiler chicken meat is a good source of protein consumed universally, and is one of the most commonly farmed species in world. In addition to providing food, poultry non-edible byproducts also have value. A major advantage of broiler chicken production is their short production cycle, which results in a greater rate of production in comparison to other species. However, as with any production system, there are constraints in broiler production with one of the most pressing being energy requirements to keep the birds warm as chicks and cool later in the growth cycle, as a result of the cost needing mechanical heating and cooling. While this is feasible in more advanced economies, this is not readily affordable in developing economies. As a result, farmers rely on natural ventilation to cool the rearing houses, which generally becoming excessively warm with the resultant heat stress on the birds. Since little can be done without resorting to mechanical ventilation and cooling, exploring the use of other means to reduce heat stress is needed. For this review, we cover the various factors that induce heat stress, the physiological and behavioral responses of broiler chickens to heat stress. We also look at mitigating the adverse effect of heat stress through the use of antioxidants which possess either an anti-stress and/or antioxidant effects.

Co-Delivery of Doxorubicin and Anti-PD-L1 Peptide in Lipid/PLGA Nanocomplexes for the Chemo-Immunotherapy of Cancer.

The combined delivery of chemotherapeutics with checkpoint inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway provides a new approach for cancer treatment. Small-molecule peptide inhibitors possess short production cycle, low immunogenicity, and fewer side effects; however, their potential in cancer therapy is hampered by the rapid biodegradation and a nanocarrier is needed for efficient drug delivery. Herein, anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and PD-L1 inhibitor peptide P-12 are co-loaded by a lipid polymer nanocomplex based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and DSPE-PEG. Octaarginine (R8)-conjugated DSPE-PEG renders the LPN efficient internalization by cancer cells. The optimal nanomedicine LPN-30-R82K@DP shows a diameter of 125 nm and a DOX and P-12 loading content of 5.0 and 6.2%, respectively. LPN-30-R82K@DP exhibits good physiological stability and enhanced cellular uptake by cancer cells. It successfully induces immunogenic cell death and PD-L1 blockade in CT26 cancer cells. The in vivo antitumor study further suggests that co-loaded nanomedicine efficiently suppresses CT26 tumor growth and elicits antitumor immune response. This study manifests that lipid polymer nanocomplexes are promising drug carriers for the efficient chemo-immunotherapy of cancer.

RNA-seq Based Transcriptome Analysis Reveals The Cross-Talk of Macrophage and Adipocyte of Chicken Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue during The Embryonic and Post-Hatch Period.

With high fecundity and short production cycle, poultry is one of the important sources of meat. During the embryonic and post-hatch period, the higher death rate caused huge economic losses in poultry production. Our previous study showed that chick subcutaneous adipose tissue is an important energy supply tissue besides yolk. Therefore, the metabolic mechanism of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chicks could provide a new perspective of brooding. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the differences between chick subcutaneous adipose tissue and abdominal adipose tissue before and after hatching and reveal the cross-talk of different cells within the chick subcutaneous adipose tissue. The results of RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of chick subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues showed that the function of chick subcutaneous tissue was related to immunoreaction, and macrophage could be the major immune infiltration cell type in chicken subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were also verified by qPCR, HE stain, and IHC. The results of free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced the cross-talk between macrophages and adipocytes showed that FFAs-Ccl2 (chicken CCL26) axis could have an important role in lipid transportation in adipose tissue. The results of Oil Red O and Nile red stain demonstrated that macrophages have the ability to absorb FFAs quickly. Interestingly, according to the genomic organization of CCL family with representative vertebrate species, we found that chicken CCL26 could be the major chemokine in chicken adipocyte as the status of CCL2 in mammal adipocyte. In conclusion, we demonstrate that FFA-induced Ccl2 (chicken CCL26) secretion is crucial in determining fat depot-selective adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration, which could be an important medium of lipid transportation in chicken subcutaneous adipose tissue. These findings may have multiple important implications for understanding macrophage biology with chick subcutaneous adipose tissue and provide theoretical basis for lipid metabolism in poultry brooding.

Product Life Cycle Lengths and Real Activities Management

We examine how short product life cycle lengths constrain real activities management among a group of manufacturing firms. Companies with short-cycle products face fast product obsolescence and constant pressure to develop and market new products. Fast product obsolescence increases the cost of overproduction, while constant pressure for new product development increases the cost of opportunistic spending cuts. We predict and find evidence that in general, short-cycle firms do not beat earnings thresholds through overproduction and discretionary spending cuts as extensively as long-cycle firms do. However, since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act came into effect, short-cycle firms have increasingly overproduced, and there is no longer a difference in overproduction between short- and long-cycle firms. Moreover, the presence of major customers attenuates the relationship between product life cycle lengths and real activities management, while a large market share and high fixed-assets intensity both accentuate the relationship. Finally, short-cycle firms are also less likely to use LIFO (last-in, first out) liquidation to inflate earnings than long-cycle firms.

A New Approach to the Allocation of Multidimensional Resources in Production Processes

Modern technologies in the field of automation, robotics and IT have significantly changed the face of modern production systems. In particular, the use of AVG, PLC, mobile robots, RFID, IoT, etc. results in modern production processes being characterized by, among others, shortened production cycles and supply chains, reduced production costs, increased product quality and reliability, etc. Moreover, the application of these technologies requires a new definition and methods of using production resources. Most often these are resources that are characterized by many functionalities, the so-called multidimensional resources, which can be configured, remotely controlled, updated, etc., and their use in many cases enables the self-optimization and self-organization of the production system. The article presents the problem of allocation and control of multidimensional resources in production processes. The proprietary formal model of the problem is proposed, as well as how to use it in both proactive and reactive modes. A procedure for reducing the size of the modeled problem is also proposed, the use of which enables a two-fold reduction in the number of constraints and even a fifty-fold reduction in the number of decision variables of the proposed model. This results in an almost hundredfold reduction in computation time for the considered data instances. An original hybrid approach is used to implement the model, which enables the integration of mathematical programming (MP) and programming in constrained logic (CLP). Model data and parameters have been saved as facts.

Consignment inventory management in a closed-loop supply chain for deteriorating items under a carbon cap-and-trade regulation

This paper studies an inventory management problem for a closed-loop supply chain that is operated under a consignment stock policy and subject to a cap-and-trade regulation. The supply chain makes both new products and remanufactured products, considering that new raw materials (NRMs), cores, and finished goods (FGs) suffer from deterioration. Mixed integer nonlinear programming models are established to jointly optimize the production sequence of new products and remanufactured products, number of shipments, shipment interval, batch size of FGs, and production cycle length to minimize the total of production, shipment, inventory, deterioration, and carbon emission costs per unit time. Exploring and using the structural properties of the models, a Taylor-series based method is designed to solve the models. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are provided to show the effects of key factors on the operational decisions and on both the economy and environment. Results indicate that the deterioration of NRMs, cores, and FGs triggers the supply chain to run short production cycles while making more frequent shipments under the consignment stock policy. Both the economic and environmental costs increase with the deterioration rates. In addition, raising the carbon-trading price can reduce carbon emissions but increase the economic cost of the supply chain, rendering the urgency in reasonably determining carbon cap and trading price.

Study of injection molding process simulation and mold design of automotive back door panel

Numerical simulation of the injection molding process of the outer panel of the automotive plastic rear door and mold design is presented here. Computer aided three-dimensional interactive application (CATIA) is employed to design the original automotive steel structure, and the modal and thermodynamic properties of the plastic back door outer panel are changed by changing the different injection materials of the back door outer panel. In order to efficiently design the panels, finite element analysis is used to verify whether the designed parts meet the mechanical properties requirements such as light weight, low fuel consumption, short production cycle, strong modeling design, high corrosion resistance and good recovery, the above main parameters have been evaluated, and the above main parameters are carried out evaluate. To simulate the injection molding process, computer aided engineering (CAE) software such as ANSYS and HyperWorks are used to analyze the back door of the selected material. After the numerical analysis, suitable material is selected, so that the modal and thermodynamic properties of the product could be satisfied as well as improved. Unigraphics NX (UG) is employed to design the convex and concave mold for the injection molding of the automobile’s plastic back door panel. Combined with the characteristics of the parts and the design requirements of the injection mold, the multi-scheme design of the pouring and cooling system is carried out. By comparing the effects of different gating and cooling systems on injection molding, the best gating and cooling system is selected. The artificial fish swarm algorithm is used to optimize the process parameters of the injection molding process, and the best combination of the injection molding process parameters of the outer panel of the rear door of the automobile is obtained.

Effect of coaxial nozzle wear on catchment efficiency in direct energy deposition built components

Laser based Direct Energy Deposition (DED) systems using metallic powder feedstock are recognized as a promising manufacturing method for their ability to shorten production cycles and create complex part geometries. Components are built by generating a melt pool with a high-power laser beam while material is coaxially injected and left to solidify. An impediment to large scale use of DED lies in poor powder catchment efficiency, the condition in which a portion of injected powder escapes the melt pool resulting in a ratio of decreased printed material mass to mass of supplied feedstock. The wear state of a coaxial nozzle on a DED system within a hybrid manufacturing machine tool has been observed to decrease catchment efficiency over time. This study investigates this effect by adapting flow visualization techniques to an in-situ process monitoring format, the implementation of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, and deposition testing. Nozzle geometric defects due to wear are identified and categorized, and the impact of nozzle tip wear, resulting in axial tip reduction, on powder catchment efficiency is proven by multiple calculation methods. A linear correlation between catchment efficiency and powder stream diameter is identified, causing a 15–20% loss in efficiency sustained over incremental nozzle tip reduction up to − 1 mm. These results provide a foundation for further study of wear effects and Zero defect manufacturing solutions for powder fed DED systems.

Test Strategy Optimization Based on Soft Sensing and Ensemble Belief Measurement.

Resulting from the short production cycle and rapid design technology development, traditional prognostic and health management (PHM) approaches become impractical and fail to match the requirement of systems with structural and functional complexity. Among all PHM designs, testability design and maintainability design face critical difficulties. First, testability design requires much labor and knowledge preparation, and wastes the sensor recording information. Second, maintainability design suffers bad influences by improper testability design. We proposed a test strategy optimization based on soft-sensing and ensemble belief measurements to overcome these problems. Instead of serial PHM design, the proposed method constructs a closed loop between testability and maintenance to generate an adaptive fault diagnostic tree with soft-sensor nodes. The diagnostic tree generated ensures high efficiency and flexibility, taking advantage of extreme learning machine (ELM) and affinity propagation (AP). The experiment results show that our method receives the highest performance with state-of-art methods. Additionally, the proposed method enlarges the diagnostic flexibility and saves much human labor on testability design.

Construction and optimization of ergothioneine-producing Escherichia coli

Ergothioneine (ERG) is a natural antioxidant that has been widely used in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics. Compared with traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis approaches, microbial synthesis of ergothioneine has many advantages, such as the short production cycle and low cost, and thus has attracted intensive attention. In order to engineer an ergothioneine high-yielding Escherichia coli strain, the ergothioneine synthesis gene cluster egtABCDE from Mycobacterium smegmatis and egt1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe were introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3) to generate a strain E1-A1 harboring the ergothioneine biosynthesis pathway. As a result, (95.58±3.2) mg/L ergothioneine was produced in flask cultures. To further increase ergothioneine yield, the relevant enzymes for biosynthesis of histidine, methionine, and cysteine, the three precursor amino acids of ergothioneine, were overexpressed. Individual overexpression of serAT410STOP and thrA resulted in an ergothioneine titer of (134.83±4.22) mg/L and (130.26±3.34) mg/L, respectively, while co-overexpression of serAT410STOP and thrA increased the production of ergothioneine to (144.97±5.40) mg/L. Eventually, by adopting a fed-batch fermentation strategy in 3 L fermenter, the optimized strain E1-A1-thrA-serA* produced 548.75 mg/L and 710.53 mg/L ergothioneine in glucose inorganic salt medium and rich medium, respectively.

High‐Temperature Solid‐State Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Transition Metal Sulfides for Thermal Batteries

Transition metal sulfide is the most widely used cathode material for thermal batteries. The development of modern weapons requires higher quality and output of transition metal sulfide cathode materials. However, the current synthesis processes have some limitations for large‐scale industrial production due to the long production cycle and low production efficiency. Herein, by controlling the synthesis temperature and adopting a high‐temperature solid‐state method, sulfide FeS2, CoS2, and NiS2 with single‐phase and good crystalline structure are synthesized. This method with a simple production process, short production cycle, and high single output is suitable for engineering production. Hence, guidance for large‐scale industrial synthesis of pure phase FeS2, NiS2, and CoS2 is provided, embodying important scientific significance and application value.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЛОГИСТИКИ В ЗОНЕ ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ИМИТАЦИОННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The paper considers experience of increase of labour productivity in an enterprise with a short production cycle. It underlines drawbacks of analytical methods of productivity calculation. The authors have analysed influence of stochastic processes on tact and cycle time. They have presented a method for optimization of logistics in a forwarding zone with the use of a simulation model. As a result, the authors have considered possibilities of the simulation system for verification of decisions.

The method of economic-geographic profiling of agriculture for territories with contrasting indicators of development

This work explores spatial differentiation of agriculture and the identification of the existing differentiation in a territory where there are contrasts in economic development as a whole and of the agricultural sector in a particular industry. The method of economic-geographic profiling for the Inter-capital region (along the line of the Minsk-Moscow profile) was used, and dynamics for the last 10 years were investigated. Approaches are proposed for the use of profiling to identify possible growth centers that can become drivers of agricultural development, as well as depressed areas that need to be developed primarily with the help of various instruments of interethnic and regional policy. The most important role in the development of depressed areas can be played by agriculture, which is characterized by short production cycles and the ability to quickly introduce innovations that inevitably arise in cross-border cooperation due to the flow of knowledge and technology, and exchange of experience and cooperation. Because of the profile, two emerging territorial agrarian clusters in Belarus were identified. Also, quantitatively and qualitatively, the gap at the level of agricultural development between the two states was highlighted, which turned out to be more significant than expected (for some product categories by more than an order of magnitude). Profiling for different time periods includes main trends in agricultural development of the Intercapital Region: gravitation of agriculture towards the centers of districts (agropolisation), polarization and the outrunning development of the Russian sector in recent years of the import substitution policy. With this influence of the capitals of the two countries and capacious consumer markets, the formation of high-intensity suburban agriculture is not shown at this stage. The absence of the influence of the inter-capital situation for the peripheral territories of Belarus and Russia is shown.

Mussel farming production capacity and food web interactions in a mesotrophic environment

Low trophic aquaculture (LTA), such as bivalve farming, offers promising avenues to supply sustainable seafood and aquafeed. While bivalve farming usually occurs in highly productive coastal areas which already support numerous human activities and suffer from environmental pressures, numerical tools offer a promising avenue to explore and assess biomass production potential and associated ecosystemic impacts for further development of the industry and prospection of new exploitation sites. In this study, we coupled an ecophysiological model, the dynamic energy budget theory (DEB), with an ecosystem model (NORWECOM.E2E) to simulate blue mussel Mytilus spp. farming production and effects based on the food web in the mesotrophic Hardangerfjord in western Norway. We tested several levels of fjord-scale farming intensity and assessed 2 production purposes: aquafeed and human consumption. Results suggested the Hardangerfjord could host large-scale mussel farming for both purposes. However, large exploitation schemes displayed detrimental effects on individual mussel growth (39% less wet mass after 2 yr) and especially on secondary production (decrease of 33% after 1 yr) due to acute trophic competition. Simulations showed short production cycles for aquafeed were more efficient to exploit primary production, since young and small mussels have lower maintenance and reproduction costs. Dissolved nutrient inputs from salmonid farms had marginal effects on primary production (<2%). However, salmonid and mussel farming activities could compete for the sites with the highest production potential.

WHOLE-PROCESS CROSS-SCALE MODELLING OF LASER DIRECT DEPOSITION WITH SEMI-RESOLVED VOF-DEM COUPLING

Compared to casting and other traditional manufacturing techniques, metallic powder–based additive manufacturing is manifesting its superiority in many fields like aerospace engineering, bio-medical engineering due to its short product cycle and feasibility. Among them, laser direct deposition, which has higher degree of freedom, has been widely employed in manufacturing and repairing complicated components. However, during its process, cross-scale multi-physics phenomena and phase change simultaneously happen under the laser spot, with extremely high temperature and pressure gradient, which makes experiments per se incompetent in investigations. In previous simulation frameworks, powders are inserted as Lagrangian points without consideration of ambient fluid, particle-particle interactions and phase change. The proposed framework here introduces Volume of Fluid technique into the recently-developed kernel approximation-based semi-resolved CFD-DEM, leading to a new semi-resolved VOF-DEM (or semi-resolved CFD-DEM-VOF) method which takes both thermodynamics, solid particles, phase change and free surfaces into consideration. Therefore, for the first time, the developed semi-resolved VOF-DEM model realizes the simulation of real physics involved in direct laser deposition. In this framework, shielding gas and metal, either melted or solidified, are two phases in VOF, and the interface between them is reconstructed by iso-Advector. DEM represents the unmelted solid particle, and CFD cells herein can resolve the metal particles thanks to the kernel approximation. Hence, the collision, adhesion, melting and coalescence of metallic particles, formation and evolution of molten pool and tracks are all reproduced. It is believed that this semi-resolved VOF-DEM modeling framework can provide a paradigm for simulation of direct laser deposition, along with other fields where particle system evolves with phase change.

Water Penetration and Abrasion Resistance of Functional Nonwoven Fabrics Produced Using Recycled Cotton and Acrylic Fibers

ABSTRACT In this investigation, an engineered loop-bonded nonwoven fabric was developed using recycled cotton and recycled acrylic blended fibers with polyester thread for warping in Arachne stitch bonding machine by varying the fabric weight, blend ratio, and course spacing in different levels of treatment combinations. Acrylic and cotton fibers were extracted by recycling weft knitted cut pieces (garment waste). The developed loop-bonded nonwoven fabrics were tested for its abrasion resistance, water penetration resistance in hydrostatic pressure, and air permeability behavior. The air permeability decreased with the increase in cotton content in the blending composition, thickness, stitch density, and fabric weight. The abrasion resistance increased with the increase in thickness, fabric weight, and thread density with optimum level. The investigated cotton/acrylic blended nonwoven have attractive properties for its better absorbency, lower electrostatic charge generation, superior comfort, disposability and sanitation value, faster drying properties, better durability, a highly-desirable luxurious soft hand, improved thermal resistance, air permeability and moisture vapor transmission, higher productivity, lower production costs and shorter production cycles.

Kinetics study of Pb evaporation from pure Pb and Pb–Ag alloy in vacuum evaporation process

Traditional method for treatment of Pb–Ag alloy has disadvantages of a long metal production cycle, long process, and high energy consumption. Vacuum distillation has obvious advantages, such as a short flow, short production cycle, high direct yields of metal, and low cost. Kinetics is the key factor that determines production efficiency. Therefore, evaporation kinetics of Pb evaporation from pure Pb and Pb–Ag alloy has been investigated. The evaporation rate of pure Pb was experimentally determined as 0.044, 0.13 and 0.32 g cm−2·min−1 at 1173 K, 1273 K and 1373 K, respectively. Pb evaporation from Pb–Ag alloy followed first order kinetics and the rate controlling step were mainly mass transfer in liquid which indicated that increasing the stirring of the melt during the production process can improve the removal efficiency of lead. In addition, some kinetic parameters were obtained such as the apparent activation energy of Pb evaporation from Pb–Ag alloy was 148.8 kJ mol−1, the mass transfer coefficient was 6.48 × 10−8, 1.90 × 10−7 and 6.00 × 10−7 m s−1 at 1173 K, 1273 K and 1373 K, respectively. The research enriches the Pb evaporation kinetic database and can provide theoretical guidance for the vacuum distillation of noble lead alloys. In addition, the research designs a set of alloy configuration and vacuum evaporation device with simple assembly and convenient operation which can be used for the research on vacuum evaporation kinetics of other non-ferrous metal alloy systems.