Shop Drawings Research Articles

PERENCANAAN KEBUTUHAN ALAT BERAT PROYEK REKLAMASI PELABUHAN SORONG

One disadvantages of Sorong Port is not able to accommodate the incoming vessels, as the container port has been united with the passenger port. Therefore, the northern coast is to be reclaimed to provide more port area. To make this 50,000-m² reclamation project run smoothly, the use of heavy equipment must be appropriate in terms of type, size, quantity, and site situation. The purpose of thesis is to find out the type of heavy equipment needed, the number of equipment needs, and the cost of heavy equipment. The required secondary data of Sorong shop drawings, work specifications, material and work unit price of Sorong 2016 and heavy equipment specifications. The planning comprised embankment and reclamation works.The planning results of heavy equipment comprising 1 units of excavator on 39 work weeks, 1 units of excavator long boom on 5 work weeks, 70 units of dump truck on 39 work weeks, 1 units of motor grader on 13 work weeks, 1 units of wheel loader on 10 work weeks, and 1 units of vibrator roller on 11 work weeks; at a total cost of IDR 56,343,100,000.00 Keywords: reclamation, productivity, heavy equipment

METODE KONSTRUKSI PEMBANGUNAN DERMAGA WATUSAMPU KECAMATAN ULUJADI KOTA PALU PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH DITINJAU DARI SEGI TEKNIS, BIAYA DAN WAKTU

The 930m2 dock was built to facilitate Watusampu Harbour with easy loading and unloading to the existing harbour. The purpose of the thesis is to compare two alternative construction methods and determine the more effective and efficient technical implementation, cost, and time aspects. The first alternative used a pontoon and the second used a steel construction bridge supporting the construction works to be.The required data were of shop drawings and work unit price of Palu 2016 to plan the construction method, project cost estimate, and schedule of the project. Besides, structural drawings, loading, wind speed, wave of height, sea water speed, and bathymetry map were required to design the bridge structure. In terms of technical implementation the first alternative construction method is more difficult to implement and has a high risk level to cause project financial loss. The review results in 8 months 13 days or 256 workdays using pontoon; effective workdays started from 1 October 2014 to 13 June 2015 at IDR63,204,967,037.71 overall cost; 6 months 21 days or 203 workdays using temporary steel bridge; effectively started on 1 October 2014 to 21 April 2015 at IDR72,979,687,667.90 overall cost. Keywords: construction method is more effective and efficient, pontoon, steel construction bridge

Designing and Prototyping Record System for Machine Usage Time

Machine cost is one of the components of production cost. Accurate record of machine usage time is thus crucial to obtain accurate production cost calculation. Besides, machine usage time can be used as parameter to assess the performance of the machine operator. Furthermore, the data can be used as input to the machine’s maintenance and reparation plan. The author is motivated by the current problems found at Akademi Teknik Mesin Industri (ATMI) Cikarang, where it is still possible to use one machine simultaneously by more than one operator. This causes inaccuracy in calculation of machine usage time and production cost. In this paper, the author proposed a design of device to record detailed data of shop drawing and machine usage time. By the use of this device, a certain machine will be activated and deactivated by using RFID technology, with the whole system controlled by Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. Furthermore, the shop drawing and machine usage time will be able to be accessed through a Windows-based interface application, implemented by using Visual Studio. A database is also made available by using Microsoft Access. The use of the proposed device makes possible of accurate measurement of production time efficiency and machine operator performance. Through this improved accuracy, further analysis can be made in order to achieve production improvements in planning, process, and maintenance.

Evaluation of key factors influencing process quality during construction projects in Pakistan

PurposeThe quality of construction projects is mainly dependent on the process quality during the construction phase than product quality. The key factors that influence the process quality of building projects in Pakistan during the construction phase of building life cycle are evaluated from literature. This paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe factors were ranked using the traditional relative importance index (RII) and the second synthetic grey relational analysis method. The findings indicate that during the construction phase the selection of an appropriate contractor is the most important factor. The existence of feedback system and quality of shop drawings received from subcontractors are also very significant factors, according to the grey relational model.FindingsMeasures for the improvement of process quality in Pakistan are suggested. The results from both methods are not entirely comparable; however, if one considers uncertainty in data, then the second synthetic GRA-based ranking should be preferred over RII in decision making.Originality/valueThe study is pioneer in the evaluation of key factors influencing process quality during building construction projects in Pakistan using a set of traditional and novel methods. The results of this study are significant in improving the process quality during different phases of construction.

A Knowledge-Based Approach Towards Automated Manufacturing-Centric BIM: Wood Frame Design and Modelling for Light-Frame Buildings

Building information modelling (BIM) technology has the potential to improve communication among multiple stakeholders and to streamline construction projects. In order for the BIM model to be fit for use in the construction field generally and in modular construction projects specifically, it needs to be designed with sufficient construction details. However, in current practice, this requirement necessitates substantial manual modelling efforts, which limits the use of BIM in the construction field. In this context, the objective of this research is to automate BIM of construction details for modular construction (i.e., manufacturing-centric BIM) with a focus on the wood-framing design and modelling processes. Specifically, this paper presents a portion of the research undertaken at the University of Alberta to develop FrameX, an Autodesk Revit add-on under development for the purpose of automating the framing design of light-frame wood structures. It represents a rule-based modelling approach that is capable of analyzing and designing building frames automatically in accordance with building codes, transportation regulations for modular components, and industry-wide best practices. Various best practice scenarios described in this paper represent ways the industry is seeking to reduce the material, time, and effort required to manufacture prefabricated building panels. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the rule-based modelling approach and the prototyped system, FrameX. The results reveal that the prototype system, FrameX, can automatically output manufacturing-centric BIM model and shop drawings in accordance with formalized rules, to assist field specialists from the outset of a given construction project.

Effects of BIM-Based Construction of Prefabricated Steel Framework from the Perspective of SMEs

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are part of the building construction industry. Although many effect analyses of applying building information modeling (BIM) to projects have been conducted, analyses from the perspective of SMEs are lacking. We propose a BIM-based construction of prefabricated steel framework from the perspective of SMEs. We derive the essential functions of the system from the viewpoint of SMEs and verify the qualitative effect through a case analysis of prefabricated steel frame construction that is based on BIM. The following system functions and qualitative effects are analyzed according to project stages that are based on interviews of working groups participating in system development and case projects. (1) Preconstruction stage: extraction of fabrication drawing and review of shop drawing, (2) fabrication stage: prefabrication review, steel member removal, and field loading review, and (3) construction phase: integrated management of cost and schedule and quality management. The expected effects of applying the system are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed through expert group interviews and surveys. For the quantitative analysis, an evaluation index is used for the end-user computing satisfaction survey. Further analysis of the finishing and installation work is required. Future research should also analyze the effect of system application on human resource management.

Impact of the Shop Drawings on Accuracy of Estimated Cost of Construction Projects

Impact of the Shop Drawings on Accuracy of Estimated Cost of Construction Projects

Research on BIM-Based highway tunnel design, construction and maintenance management platform

Currently, the construction scale of the highway tunnel in China is in rapid development. As tunnel shop drawings are generated separately and independent by different professions. Highly professional skill is required to ensure effective design review, construction coordination and operation guarantee due to the scattered information. In view of these problems, BIM is introduced in this study to prevent from information islands and improve information interoperability during the whole life cycle for highway tunnel. Based on a mountain tunnel project in Zhejiang Province, this paper presents a BIM-based highway tunnel design, construction and maintenance(DCM) management platform, illustrates data flow and transmission during the whole life cycle for seamless information integration of and the lightweight delivery in operation and maintenance management.

CARTOGRAFIAS E “SUBJETIVIDADES” DAS CRIANÇAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA: UTILIZAÇÃO DE PRÁTICAS ECOPEDAGÓGICAS E INCLUSIVAS

RESUMO: Esse artigo objetiva cartografar as “subjetivações infantis” acerca da utilização de práticas ecopedagógicas e inclusivas, a partir das necessidades das crianças com deficiência intelectual, visual, auditiva, física e múltipla (BRASIL, 1995) e da relação com os atores-rede (LATOUR, 2000 e 2001) que os integram (professoras, diretoras e pais). Três instituições de ensino foram escolhidas para a pesquisa, sendo uma particular, uma pública municipal e outra não governamental, localizadas em Vitória da Conquista na Bahia. A pesquisa fundamentou-se teórico-metodologicamente na Cartografia das Subjetividades e das Controvérsias (PASSOS, KASTRUP, ESCÓSSIA, 2010; DELEUZE e GUATTARI, 1987 e 1995). Utilizou-se como técnica de pesquisa a oficina de desenhos com as crianças com deficiência e o grupo focal com os atores-rede. Os resultados apontam a utilização da cartografia das subjetividades e das controvérsias adaptadas à detecção dos dispositivos facilitadores ou restritivos da inclusão escolar das crianças com deficiência, pois subsidiaram simultâneas intervenções cartográficas nas melhorias exequíveis no que tange as práticas ecopedagógicas e inclusivas.

Getting to Scale with Moral Education: The Demands of Reproducibility and the Case of the Chicago Manual Training School, 1884–1904

BackgroundGetting educational reforms “to scale” continues to be a primary preoccupation of scholars, but such studies tend to remain focused on the organizational or other characteristics of the school(s) receiving a given innovation.PurposeThis article brackets the organizational elements of reform dissemination to consider the relationship between the ideational content of educational innovations and their success at being “scaled up.” It considers whether particular categories of educational outcomes are inherently less well suited to widespread reproduction.Research DesignThe article identifies a historical case of an educational reform effort that failed to be brought to scale as a method of considering these larger theoretical questions. First articulated in the early 1880s, the educational philosophy of manual training called for the incorporation of industrial training––in the form of tool work, metal shop, and technical drawing––into a rigorous and traditional academic curriculum. This combination of shop work and school work was intended to function holistically, developing the manual, intellectual, and moral capacities of the student simultaneously. Opened in 1884, the Chicago Manual Training School (CMTS) was intended to be an example of the implementation of this philosophy to be emulated by Chicago's public secondary schools. Such emulation never occurred. The case study portion of this article is based on in-depth historical analysis of the records of the CMTS, the papers of its founder, Henry Holmes Belfield, and other contemporaneous materials relating to the manual training movement and the context of late-19th-century education reform efforts.ConclusionsThe case of the CMTS suggests two necessary (but not sufficient) criteria for a given educational philosophy to be susceptible to reproduction: intelligibility and measurability. These two requirements are found to be particularly unlikely in educational innovations that emphasize the subtle and intangible connections of mind, body, and spirit or that seek primarily to teach character or disposition—here termed “moral education.”

Comparative Analysis of Bridges Construction Methods Using Bridge Information Modeling

Bridge information modeling (BrIM) has widely become an efficient tool in the bridge engineering and construction industry. It has been used in pre-fabrication, obtaining accurate quantity surveys, and creating accurate shop drawings. This article presents the utilization of bridge information modeling (BrIM) in determining the optimum construction methods of concrete bridges in bridge projects in Egypt using systematic procedures taking into account: bridge physical properties, construction cost, and site conditions. Bridge information modeling (BrIM) has proven to be an effective tool in determining the optimum construction methods of concrete bridges. The proposed BrIM approach is capable of obtaining feasible construction methods and associated construction costs based on bridge physical characteristics.

Study on Detailing Design of Precast Concrete Frame Structure

Taking a certain precast concrete frame structure as an example, this paper introduces the general procedures and key points in detailing design of emulative cast-in-place prefabricated structure from the aspects of structural scheme, precast element layout, shop drawing design and BIM 3D modelling. This paper gives a practical solution for the detailing design of precast concrete frame structure under structural design codes in China.

A BIM-based automation of design and drafting for manufacturing of wood panels for modular residential buildings

ABSTRACTDesign and drafting requirements associated with modular construction exceed those of the traditional stick-built method. Man-made errors, design assumptions and onsite interpretations of the shop drawings cannot be tolerated. Therefore, building information modelling (BIM) is needed to facilitate the automation of design and drafting for manufacturing. However, high initial cost, required expertise and limitations of currently available software prevent BIM from realizing its full potentials. This research introduces a systematic methodology for automating the drafting and design for manufacturing of wood-framed panels for modular residential buildings. It utilizes 2D computer-aided design (CAD) drawings to automatically generate BIM and construction manufacturing BIM; subsequently, shop drawings for the wood-framed panels are developed according to the platform framing method. The proposed framework is incorporated into a computer application called MCMPro, which is developed using visual basic application within CAD environment. Reduced design cost, improved layout accuracy and enhanced productivity are expected advances of MCMPro.

Claim Causes and Types in Indian Construction Industry - Contractor’s Perspective

The number and frequency of claims in the current context of very complex and heavy budgeted projects in India are noticeably high which have negative impacts on the budgetary of owners and cause losses of liquidities and restrictions in cash flow for contractors. This study is conducted to determine the main causes of claims and their sources in Indian construction industry. Further, the study is conducted to determine the frequency of different claim types in Indian construction projects, and to provide recommendations and suggestions to avoid/mitigate claims in Indian construction industry. The objectives of the study have been achieved through a valid questionnaire that was distributed and obtained from different contractor’s construction organizations working in Indian construction industry. The results showed that the most important factors that contributed to the generation of claims are delay in handing over site, variation between actual and original quantities, excessive change orders by owner, delay of shop drawings approval by owner’s representative, and scope change of the project. The results also showed that the most frequent claim type in Indian construction projects is extra-work claims.

ANALISIS RISIKO DALAM ALIRAN SUPPLY CHAIN PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI GEDUNG DI BALI

Abstract: Contruction project is began by the necessity of the owner who than passed on to other parties such as consultant, contractor, sub-contractor, supplier, labour that are interlinked into a chain of construction project . The relationship between these parties put contractor as the chain in this relationship, known as construction supply chain (CSC). In CSC there are possibilities of risks that can increase the project cost, thus impact on the declining of the contractor’s profit. These source from three flows of supply chain system, that is flow of informations, flow of material and flow of funds. This research aims to analysis the supply chain risks on building construction project in Bali that affect on the declining of contractor’s profit. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey. The respondents were selected based on purposive sampling method, covers the experst on building construction projects. The method of analisys covers risk assement and linear regression analysis. The risk assement analysis shows that there are 26 major risks (6 risk in flow of information, 16 risks in flow of material and 4 risks in flow of fund). The regression analysis suggests that risks sourced from flow of informations is the most significant factor that increase the projects cost, therefore mitigating focused on the flow of information with develop project’s administration as shop drawing, work permits, material’s approval, completeness of contract and daily coordination.

사례분석을 통한 시공단계에서의 BIM 활용 실태

Understanding how BIM is being used in a real construction is the most important in order to facilitate the practical uses of BIM in construction projects, which can lead to improvement of site work efficiency. Primarily BIM works in construction phase were classified into eleven sub-tasks, and quantitative analysis were conducted with BIM data files and BIM daily work reports from a building project that the researcher was personally involved. The analysis revealed that the total number of tasks using BIM in the project was 244 cases and actual work hours were about 3,260. From a detailed analysis with seven sub-tasks only corresponding to the group of 'direct support' task, it was also found that tasks related to 'design change' were the most with 53.8 percent and 'constructability review' with 17.6 percent and 'Shop drawing' with 15.5 percent were followed. On the other hand, tasks associated with 'modification of modeling' were few with 0.8 percent. Furthermore, an unnecessary BIM works caused by 'avoidable design change', namely 'design error', 'omission of drawing', and 'rework', was approximately 14 percent. The quantitative analyses results found from this study will serve a good foundation for facilitating the uses of BIM in building construction project and eventually improving on-site work efficiency.

유닛모듈러 건축구조물의 수평 정밀도 확보를 위한 Pre-Fab 독립기초 높이조절 공법 개발

In the unit modular construction, the unit module prefabricated in a factory with a high level of accuracy does not fit completely onto the ground-joint junction due to the low accuracy of the ground work. This difference in the level of accuracy can cause diverse problems, such as twisting the upper unit modules and loosening the connection between the module and the footing. On this background, the aim of this study is to develop a technique for adjusting the height of the prefabricated individual footing. To accomplish the aim, a height adjustment method using bolts and nuts is proposed, and a shop drawing and the construction sequence are also presented in this study. The structural safety is verified through a structure simulation. In the future, research will be conducted on a mock-up test of the height adjustment method developed in this study, and an analysis of economic feasibility will be performed in order to verify its constructability and usability.

Using Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Estimating and Scheduling, Adoption Barriers

Building information modeling (BIM) is changing how buildings, infrastructures, and utilities are planned, designed, built, and managed. Though very popular for collaboration and coordination in structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical trades in multi-family projects, this study shows that BIM is rarely used for estimating and scheduling due to the cost and time it takes to complete the BIM model. However, BIM is providing broad benefits and becoming an essential construction document component for large projects. The objective of this study is to identify the major barriers to using BIM for a project's estimating and scheduling. Personal interviews and electronic questionnaires for 30 companies were used to answer the research objectives. The study focused on how sub-contractors are currently using BIM for estimating and scheduling. The study provides recommendations on using BIM for estimating. In addition, the paper presents a case study for using light gauge metal framing add on to BIM software for estimating and shop drawing, thereby incentivizing contractors to challenge the existing barriers to use BIM more efficiently. The research showed that less than 7% of multi-family contractors use BIM in their projects and less than 3% use it for estimating. The case study showed that using BIM for framing and drywall estimating in multi-family residential construction or similar projects can be practical if a basic BIM model is provided to subcontractors.

Pour que les étudiants de FLS comprennent et participent à la francophonie canadienne

Le présent article est issu d’un atelier qui, à la lumière de résultats probants de deux recherches complémentaires sur les parcours pédagogiques de futurs enseignants de français langue seconde, présente deux réflexions de pratique d’enseignement du FLS en milieu universitaire. La recherche constate le manque de littératie culturelle et linguistique—notamment concernant la francophonie canadienne—des futurs enseignants de français parmi lesquels se trouvent des apprenants avancés de français langue seconde (FLS) (Lamoureux et Cohen, 2012; Moor et Lamoureux, 2012). Deux réflexions de pratique illustrent comment développer cette littératie dans un programme universitaire de FLS. La première traite du développement des compétences interculturelles (Byram, 2003) et présente des projets pédagogiques permettant aux étudiants de participer à la francophonie canadienne de manière autonome et éclairée. La deuxième porte sur l’importance d’accorder une valeur didactique à la compréhension des variétés locales de la langue pour mieux conscientiser les étudiants à la fonction symbolique de celle-ci (Cuq et Gruca, 2002) et les amener à communiquer avec les locuteurs natifs de manière plus autonome.

Construction-Centric Building Information Modelling to Facilitate Building Panel Prefabrication

Building information modelling (BIM) is an information technology that has the ability to change the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in terms of enhanced communication and productivity. With the rise of BIM, panelized/off-site construction is gaining momentum within the home building industry. However, BIM has not yet been leveraged to its full capability with regard to construction prefabrication, due in part to the fact that BIM models are only roughly designed by architects and engineers. Furthermore, some construction-centric information, such as drywall and sheathing layouts, which require substantial manual modelling efforts, is not presented explicitly in the BIM model. In this regard, this research exploits a BIMbased automatic approach for designing and modelling drywall and sheathing layouts in order to facilitate building panel production in the prefabrication plant. The prototype system is built on the basis of Autodesk Revit through the use of Application Programming Interface (API). This system, taking architectural BIM information as the input, generates a detailed constructioncentric BIM model in accordance with construction specifications, and further enables users to obtain shop drawings and a thorough quantity take-off and cut list in order to manage the plant production. In addition, the prototype system is capable of optimizing drywall and sheathing layout design with the objective of minimizing material waste and joint length. A case study of a wood-framed residential building is adopted to demonstrate the developed prototype system.