Transport Routes Research Articles

Development of an economic and information system for the optimization of city traffic flows

The paper presents a critical analysis of current approaches to reorganizing urban transportation routes. It proposes addressing the problem of optimizing traffic flows as a multidimensional issue encompassing social and economic aspects. An economic-information model for continuous monitoring and optimization of urban traffic flow configurations based on the criterion of congestion wait time has been developed. The calculation of the economic consequences of such waiting time is proposed. The developed system has practical significance and can be applied in managing traffic flows as an economic subsystem of the city within its socio-economic system. Urban transportation infrastructure in Ukraine faces significant challenges due to social changes, including increasing passenger flow, extended waiting times, and the need to adhere to modern urban planning standards. Current trends involve redistributing street and road space based on principles of equal access and safety. This includes pilot actions, intermediate reconstruction, and comprehensive reorganization of urban space and transportation routes. Proposed methods for enhancing transportation infrastructure include improving government management, implementing proactive management strategies, executing investment projects, establishing public-private partnerships, temporarily reducing tax burdens, developing comprehensive solutions for consumers, and optimizing transportation pricing. These strategies aim to address the pressing problems in Ukraine's transport sector and facilitate sustainable development and growth. The study focuses on the financing of infrastructural projects in Dnipro city through the municipal budget. It proposes integrating economic-mathematical models into a unified economic-information system for optimizing traffic flows, allowing for continuous monitoring and improvement. This system emphasizes minimizing congestion wait times and can adapt to dynamic changes in traffic patterns, ensuring efficient and effective urban traffic management. By implementing this system, the city can enhance its transportation network, contributing to overall economic efficiency and better quality of life for its residents.

Justification of key factors regarding the application of prospective ecological transport in the urban passenger transportation system

Research objective. Justification of the key factors that have an impact on the introduction of promising ecological transport in the system of urban passenger transport in order to improve the quality of transport services for passengers and improve ecology in densely populated cities. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, the fuzzy Dematel method is used, which is based on graph theory and allows to classify all available factors that influence decision-making based on cause-and-effect relationships. Results. The eight key factors that form the transport project and the factors that have a significant impact on them are substantiated for the implementation of the transport project of the implementation of promising ecological passenger transport on urban routes into the transport system of urban passenger transportation. These include the level of development of modern transport technologies when transporting passengers on city routes and the availability of their support centers; the availability of financial programs for updating/restructuring the rolling stock fleet of the motor vehicle enterprise and the availability of the appropriate legal framework for preferential operation of electric passenger transport; rapid adaptation of the transport infrastructure of a modern city for the operation of ecological transport; compliance of ecological transport with the transport characteristics of the passenger transportation route; operational properties of a modern electric bus; the effect of relevant legislative initiatives regarding benefits for the purchase and costs of operating electric vehicles. Scientific novelty consists in identifying the interrelationships between the factors that form the transport project and the factors that have a significant influence on them, on the implementation of the transport project of the implementation of promising ecological passenger transport on urban routes into the transport system of urban passenger transport, which allows to estimate the possible economic costs of road transport enterprises carrying out passenger transportation. Practical significance lies in the determination of key factors that can be used for the implementation of a transport project for the use of promising ecological passenger transport in the system of urban passenger road transport

Analysis of Operational Performance of Leading Provincial City Transport Routes (AKDP) in Gorontalo Province

Consumer interest in using intra-provincial city transportation (AKDP) is decreasing. The cause is due to the increase in people's purchasing power so that to meet their transportation needs, people tend to choose to buy private vehicles rather than use public transportation. On the other hand, the operational performance of public transit, both from technical aspects, management and operational policies, is different from applicable quality standards. This research aims to identify superior AKDP routes in Gorontalo Province based on their characteristics and operational performance and formulate strategies to improve the performance of these superior routes through survey, observation and documentation approaches. The data analysis method uses qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis by identifying the operational characteristics of services, then assessing their suitability based on public transport service standards according to A World Bank Study 1986 standards, Decree of the Director General of Transportation Land Number SK.687/AJ.206/ DRJD/2002 and Minister of Transportation Regulation R. I. No. 10 of 2012. The research results show that the operational performance of AKDP transport services in Gorontalo Province is quite good; this is indicated by the fulfilment of minimum performance quality standards in terms of travel speed (37.85 km/hour) and travel time (1.68 minutes/km). Meanwhile, those that do not comply with performance quality standards, namely, load factor 62%; headway 44.57 minutes; waiting time 22.29 minutes and frequency only 2 (two) vehicles/hour.

Long‐Term Trend in Black Carbon Mass Concentration Over Central Indo‐Gangetic Plain Location: Understanding the Implied Change in Radiative Forcing

AbstractFor the first‐time, analysis of a decade long measurement of Black Carbon mass concentration (BC) was carried out at a representative central Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) location, Varanasi (25.30°N, 83.03°E, 79 m asl), from 2009 to 2021 to understand its physical, optical, and radiative impacts. During the 13‐year study period, the daily BC mass concentration was found to vary between 0.07 and 46.23 μg m−3 (mean 9.18 ± 6.53 μg m−3) and showed a strong inter‐annual and intra‐annual variations. The inter‐annual variability of BC showed a significant decreasing trend (−0.47 μg m−3 yr−1), with a maximum during the post‐monsoon (−1.86 μg m−3 yr−1) and minimum during the pre‐monsoon season (−0.31 μg m−3 yr−1). The Black Carbon Aerosol Radiative Forcing (BC‐ARF) at the top of the atmosphere (BC‐ARFT), surface (BC‐ARFS), and within the atmosphere (BC‐ARFA) was found to be 10.3 ± 6.4, −30.1 ± 18.9, and 40.5 ± 25.2 W m−2, respectively. BC‐ARF also showed a strong inter‐annual variability with a decreasing trend for BC‐ARFT (−0.47 W m−2 yr−1) and BC‐ARFA (−1.94 W m−2 yr−1), while it showed an increasing trend for BC‐ARFS (1.33 W m−2 yr−1). Concentrated weighted trajectories (CWT) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses were performed at the station to determine the potential source sectors and transport routes of BC aerosols. These analyses revealed that the long‐range source of BC at Varanasi originates from the upper and lower IGP, central highlands, southern peninsular region, Pakistan, and even from the Central East Asia region.

Constructing labyrinth structure in molecularly imprinted composite membranes for efficiently separating acteoside

Molecular imprinted composite membranes (MICMs) had attracted much attention in the field of selective separation for bioactive components of natural products. However, it remained a challenge to improve the separation performance of MICMs. Herein, multi-chamber carbon cubes (MCCBs) were synthesized and introduced into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powders to construct labyrinth structure in molecularly imprinted composite membranes (LMICMs), which were used for efficiently separating acteoside (ACT). The constructed labyrinth structure had complex multidimensional transport routes to trap abundant ACT molecules in LMICMs, thereby improving the rebinding capacities and permselectivity of LMICMs. Meanwhile, the prepared MCCBs with multi-chamber structure can provide a great accommodation space, improving the rebinding capacities of LMICMs. In addition, the labyrinth structure with the large interface resulted in the creation of numerous ACT-imprinted sites and cavities (ACT-ISC) in LMICMs, thus increasing the permselectivity of LMICMs to ACT. Importantly, it was no surprise that large rebinding capacity (154.74 mg/g), excellent rebinding selectivity (4.52) and high permselectivity (14.88) were successfully achieved. It was of great value to design LMICMs with labyrinth structure for efficiently separating of bioactive components from natural products.

Evaluation of Coal Transport Route in Jambi City (Talang Duku Port-East Ring Road II)

In its implementation, the role of coal transportation infrastructure is important in supporting the mining industry in Jambi City. However, it also causes various complex problems; one of them is traffic congestion on arterial roads in Jambi City. In May 2023, the Jambi Regional Police of the Republic of Indonesia issued a notification letter to stop the mobilization of coal transportation in Jambi Province. The policy caused several coal companies to switch their transportation method to shipping in order to continue operating, while several other companies stopped operating until an indeterminate time. Therefore, this study aims to compare traffic performance before and after the implementation of the policy on Jambi City arterial roads, especially on Talang Duku Port Road and East Ring Road II. The method used was a comparative analysis of the degree of saturation before and after the enactment of regulations on the prohibition of coal truck operations. The results of this study show the importance of traffic management as one of the solutions to reduce traffic congestion. Nevertheless, other alternatives are still needed to support the smooth operation of coal transportation activities.

Timber Traceability and Sustainable Transportation Management: A Review of Technologies and Procedures

There has been considerable research on sustainable forest management due to its importance in ensuring the long-term health of the forests and its industries. Traceability is an important tool to ensure that the wood and wood-based products are produced in a legal, sustainable, and ethical manner. Therefore, various technologies were implemented within the supply chain to monitor and trace the wood with the aim of fulfilling the traceability objectives. Using a systematic literature review, this paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the technologies and procedures used in timber traceability and transportation management. It debates traceability tradition and advanced methods such as smart marking, QR (Quick Response) codes, DNA fingerprinting, smartphone apps, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), machine learning, and computer vision since these technologies enable the integrity of the supply chain by documenting the source of wood and following up on the wood in all the stages, beginning from the standing tree until the final customer. The paper also reviews the advancements in wood transportation management systems, including spatial databases, GPS (Global Positioning System), and fleet management systems, which ultimately lead to real-time monitoring and optimisation of transportation routes, leading to improved efficiency and minimal environmental impact. The review results acknowledge that financial constraints, infrastructure limitations, data management uncertainties, acceptance and compliance issues, and stakeholder commitment are still challenges to implementing traceability technology in the forestry sector. Moreover, this review not only highlights how traceability systems promote responsible forestry practices, ensure sustainable timber sourcing, and develop supply chain management, but also the advantages of utilising these technological advances at economic, social, and environmental levels.

Use of Satellite Imagery for Banyuwangi Lampon Beach Tourist Road Track Planning

Transportation is a crucial element in the development of an area, especially in the context of developing transportation routes in Lampon Beach, Banyuwangi Regency. With inadequate road access, the development of road routes on this beach is a priority to increase the region's economic productivity by utilizing the potential of natural resources. This research applied the spatial data-based Technology-Based Integration Method with the support of ArcGIS and Civil 3D software. Two road traces were generated, with the total length of trace 1 is 4.76 km and trace 2 is 4.98 km; the volume data of trade 1 with excavation amounted to 52,064.09 m3, and embankment amounted to 15,002.59 m3. Meanwhile, the volume of trade 2 with excavation amounted to 89,464.92 m3, and the barrier amounted to 12,537.02 m3. These results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of infrastructure planning on the geographical and spatial characteristics of the region. The assessment of excavation and embankment costs provides an overview of the resources required by applicable standards and regulations. This approach contributes significantly to selecting efficient road routes and a better understanding the resources needed for infrastructure development.

The impact of incentive policies on shipowners' adoption behavior of clean energy technologies: Evidence from China

Incentive policies are an important driving force in promoting the adoption of clean energy technology. To enhance the effectiveness of incentive policies at the early stage of clean energy technology development, this study focuses on shipowners as the main body of clean energy technology application, starts from the micro viewpoint of shipowners, takes into account the psychological factors of shipowners, and expands the traditional Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by taking the incentive policy variables as the external driving factors, construct a theoretical framework of the impact of incentive policies on shipowners' behavior. Structural equation modeling is used to verify the constructed theoretical assumptions and explore the operation mechanism between different types of incentive policies and shipowners' behavior. A survey of 236 shipowners in China shows that: (1) Financial incentive policies have a greater impact on shipowners' adoption of clean energy technologies than non-financial incentive policies. Green funds, tax exemptions, infrastructure construction, and shipping route priority are considered the most attractive policy measures. (2) The three psychological variables of behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a significant positive impact on shipowners' intentions and behavior. The research findings can provide strong decision-making support for the design of incentive policies to promote the adoption of clean energy technologies on ships.

Temporal variations and chemical characteristics of marine PM2.5 at Dongsha Islands, South China Sea: Three-year measurement

The study of long-range transport effects on marine fine particles (PM2.5), particularly in remote sites such as the Dongsha Islands, is pivotal for advancing our understanding of air pollution dynamics on a regional scale and for formulating effective environmental policies. PM2.5 concentrations were examined over three consecutive years and grouped based on their transport routes. The backward trajectory simulation revealed that high PM2.5 concentrations were observed in the West Channel, originating from North and Central China, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Islands, opposed to the East Channel. High PM2.5 concentrations, commonly observed in winter and spring, were mainly attributed to the Asian Northeastern Monsoons. Water-soluble inorganic ions constituted the major components, accounting for 37.8–48.7% of PM2.5, and followed by metal elements (15.5–20.0%), carbons (7.5–13.3%), levoglucosan (0.01–0.17%), and organic aerosols (0.2–2.2%). Secondary inorganic aerosols as the dominant source accounted for 8.3–24.7% of PM2.5, while sea salts were the secondary major contributor. High levoglucosan contribution (3.8–7.2%) in winter and spring was attributed to biomass burning, mainly from the Indochina Peninsula. Chemical mass balance receptor modeling resolved that major sources of PM2.5 were secondary sulfate, sea salts, fugitive dust, and industrial boilers. This study concluded that the long-range transport of PM2.5 gradually increased since fall, contributing 52.1–74.3%, highlighting its substantial impact on PM2.5 in all seasons except summer.

Urban Mobility Pattern Detection: Development of a Classification Algorithm Based on Machine Learning and GPS.

This study introduces an innovative algorithm for classifying transportation modes. It categorizes modes such as walking, biking, tram, bus, taxi, and private vehicles based on data collected through sensors embedded in smartphones. The data include date, time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and speed, gathered using a mobile application specifically designed for this project. These data were collected through the smartphone's GPS to enhance the accuracy of the analysis. The stopping times of each transport mode, as well as the distance traveled and average speed, are analyzed to identify patterns and distinctive features. Conducted in Cuenca, Ecuador, the study aims to develop and validate an algorithm to enhance urban planning. It extracts significant features from mobility patterns, including speed, acceleration, and over-acceleration, and applies longitudinal dynamics to train the classification model. The classification algorithm relies on a decision tree model, achieving a high accuracy of 94.6% in validation and 94.9% in testing, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Additionally, the precision metric of 0.8938 signifies the model's ability to make correct positive predictions, with nearly 90% of positive instances correctly identified. Furthermore, the recall metric at 0.83084 highlights the model's capability to identify real positive instances within the dataset, capturing over 80% of positive instances. The calculated F1-score of 0.86117 indicates a harmonious balance between precision and recall, showcasing the models robust and well-rounded performance in classifying transport modes effectively. The study discusses the potential applications of this method in urban planning, transport management, public transport route optimization, and urban traffic monitoring. This research represents a preliminary stage in generating an origin-destination (OD) matrix to better understand how people move within the city.

Using the Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation Model (MAFOR) to Determine Improved VOC Emission Factors in Ship Plumes.

International shipping's particulate matter primary emissions have a share in global anthropogenic emissions of between 3% and 4%. Ship emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play an important role in the formation of fine particulate matter. Using an aerosol box model for the near-plume scale, this study investigated how the changing VOC emission factor (EF) for ship engines impacts the formation of secondary PM2.5 in ship exhaust plumes that were detected during a measurement campaign. The agreement between measured and modeled particle number size distribution was improved by adjusting VOC emissions, in particular of intermediate-, low-, and extremely low-volatility compounds. The scaling of the VOC emission factor showed that the initial emission factor, based on literature data, had to be multiplied by 3.6 for all VOCs. Information obtained from the box model was integrated into a regional-scale chemistry transport model (CTM) to study the influence of changed VOC ship emissions over the Mediterranean Sea. The regional-scale CTM run with adjusted ship emissions indicated a change in PM2.5 of up to 5% at the main shipping routes and harbor cities in summer. Nevertheless, overall changes due to a change in the VOC EF were rather small, indicating that the size of grid cells in CTMs leads to a fast dilution.

A discrete moth-flame optimization algorithm for multiple automated guided vehicles scheduling problem in a matrix manufacturing workshop

The growing need for customized and varied production has highlighted the significance of smart and automated factories in the manufacturing sector. In this particular context, the scheduling of multiple Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) plays a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of operations within an intelligent manufacturing shop. This study centers on the material handling process within a matrix manufacturing shop with the objective of identifying the most cost-effective transportation routes for materials. To accomplish the specified objective, this research aims to identify an optimal solution for reducing transportation costs. In particular, this study formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model and introduces a novel discrete variant of the moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithm, named DMFO, to address the scheduling problem. The DMFO algorithm incorporates several significant enhancements. Firstly, a population initialization method is proposed, which combines a nearest-neighbor-based adaptive heuristic and a random sorting technique to ensure the formation of a well-structured population. Secondly, the flame generation mechanism and spiral flight search processes within the MFO have been redefined to achieve a more optimal balance between exploration and exploitation. A neighborhood search mechanism is subsequently devised, employing the concept of neighborhood relevance to accelerate the convergence process. Additionally, a heuristic approach is introduced to reduce the computational cost. Moreover, a population regeneration mechanism is proposed to avoid the algorithm falling into a local optimum. To validate the effectiveness of the DMFO, a comparative analysis is conducted using a dataset of 110 real-world factory instances. In this analysis, eight well-established optimization algorithms are employed. The simulation results consistently demonstrate that the relative percentage deviation (RPD) value of the DMFO tends to approach 0% more closely compared to other algorithms, thereby substantiating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR TUNNELS REGARDING THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS (ADR)

<p class="ABSTRACT"><span class="rynqvb"><span lang="EN" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">EU Tunnel Directive 2004/54/EC aims to ensure a minimum level of safety for users in road tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network. EU member states are required to develop, at national level, their own detailed methodology for tunnel risk assessment. Along with that, ADR as the UN regulation in the field of dangerous good transportation by road, contains provisions concerning restrictions on the passage of vehicles carrying dangerous goods in road tunnels. Tunnel category A-E is assigned to each tunnel on the transport route, which regulate the types of dangerous goods to be allowed to go through the tunnel in order to avoid any hazards with major consequences. In this paper, basic principles of risk assessment and categorization of tunnels in accordance.</span></span></p>

Variability of Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Metals in the Topsoil of Urban Forest Parks (Southern Poland)

Forest ecosystems and urban parks are an integral part of the natural environment and the natural system of a city, where they form a mosaic of habitats resulting from the variation in soil cover due to human activities. The study was conducted in urban forests in five urban parks in Upper Silesia (southern Poland) and investigated the chemical properties and content of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in the topsoil, which had an average thickness of 15 cm for all samples. The soil reaction ranged from acidic (pH = 4.7–5.1, in KCl) to slightly acidic (pH = 5.6, to neutral—6.6–7.2) at most sites. The organic carbon (OC) content was relatively high at all sites, ranging from 1.19 to 14.3%, with the highest total nitrogen (Nt) content being 0.481%. The average total phosphorus (Pt) content in the parks ranged from 310 mg kg−1 to 684 mg kg−1, while the highest values were 1840 mg kg−1. The total Cr, Cu, Co and Ni content was within acceptable limits, while the Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Sr and Ba exceeded acceptable standards. In terms of content, Zn dominated the PTMs at each site (Zn > Pb > Ba > Sr > Cu > Cr > As > Ni > Cd > Co), while Ba and Pb alternated in taking second place (Zn > Ba > Pb > Sr > Cu > Cr > Ni > As > Co > Cd). Environmental indicators, such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF) and potential ecological risk index (RI), showed that the analyzed soils are highly contaminated with PTMs. Among the sources of pollution in the urban forest are low emissions from coal combustion, industrial activities, water runoff from streets and proximity to transportation routes. Identification of PTM levels in urban parks will provide valuable information on the behavior of these metals, which is important in sustainable development and can help evaluate the local spatial development plans of urbanized areas.

The Investigation of Stability on Slopes Utilizing Reinforcement Gabion Walls and Concrete Piles for Mitigating Landslide Disasters

Introduction Landslides frequently occur along roads crossing mountainous terrain during the rainy season, posing a significant risk of severe disruption to land transportation routes. Efficient and accurate resolutions are essential in managing landslides to facilitate immediate transportation recovery, such as gabion walls and pile installation. Aim This article aimed to evaluate the effect of installing gabions and piles for safety measures on the stability of slope landslides. The analysis of slope stability was performed utilizing the Plaxis 2D software. For reinforced slopes, the Safety Factor (SF) value utilized as a benchmark for evaluating slope stability was SF ≥ 1.5. Methods An assessment of the stability of the slope was conducted under three conditions: its original state, after reinforcement with gabions, and after the integration of gabions with mini piles. The dimensions of the gabion setting, as determined by the L-W-H notation (length-width- height), were 2 m x 1m x 0.5 m and 1 m x 2 m x 0.5 m. The pile was designed to be 2.5 m long at the gabion's end. The analysis was conducted at 45°, 60°, 70°, and 90° slopes. Results Based on the results of slope stability calculations, an SF = 1.11 was determined under no reinforcement conditions. By applying reinforced gabion walls measuring 2 m in width combined with mini piles at a 45° slope, the best SF was achieved, which was 2.58. Conclusion Given the comparable topographical circumstances, it is expected that the outcomes of this analysis on slope stability will be applicable in mitigating the occurrence of landslides.

The Function of Inland Shipping on Economic Supporting Activities of the South Kalimantan Community 1980-2000

The main problem examined in this research is how the function of inland shipping is to support the economic activities of the people of South Kalimantan in 1950-1970 The results of the research show that the river network has become the economic lifeblood of the population where most of their economic activities are carried out through and on rivers due to shipping activities. Rivers cannot be separated from their role as trade routes. River shipping has an important role in transporting trade goods. Agricultural products and forest products are one of the main commodities transported via river shipping. As a means of traffic, rivers play a role in opening up the isolation of inland areas that cannot be passed by land. The method used in this research uses the historical method through the Heuristic stage (data collection), internal and external criticism of the data obtained, interpretation and historiography of historical writing based on the data that has been obtained according to the researcher's objectives. The novelty of this research is that previous research only revealed the phenomenon of river shipping broadly, then this research focuses on the economic sector. It can be concluded that with the times and the rapid development of technology, the transportation sector has developed. The widespread development of land transportation facilities by creating land roads and bridges to connect between regions can shorten distances and travel times. However, it even has an impact on the economic sector through water transportation routes.

Joint Optimization of Inventory and Schedule for Coal Heavy Rail Considering Production–Transportation–Sales Collaboration: A Spatio-Temporal-Mode Network Approach

China’s coal industry has long faced challenges due to imbalance between supply and demand divisions and the discrepancies between supply and demand prices. Research on optimizing coal transfer amid fluctuating coal prices is crucial for enhancing coal resource allocation, ensuring a balanced and stable supply of coal resources, and promoting the sustainable development of the coal industry. This paper focuses on optimizing coal transfer schemes within a comprehensive transportation system, considering fixed transportation routes and opening times of railroad transportation and waterway transportation, with road transportation serving as a supplementary network. A three-dimensional spatio-temporal network model is established to represent the spatial and temporal paths and transportation modes of coal logistics. The study uses the coal transportation network from Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi to East China as a case study, analyzing factors such as coal price fluctuation, transportation rates, and the ratio of self-produced to purchased coal at the production end via sensitivity analysis. The findings indicate that the proposed model can effectively guide transportation practices under the integrated production, transportation, and sales framework in the energy industry. Additionally, it shows that enterprises can achieve higher profits and maintain revenue and supply stability despite coal price fluctuations, aligning with the coal industry’s transformation and development in the current context.

Survey of driver's functional state change, considering movement through mountain passes

According to traffic accident statistics, the main causes are violations of traffic rules. Based on scientific research, it is clear that the main reason for these events is the drivers' incorrect assessment of the road situation and their inadequate response. Assessing road conditions depends on drivers' qualifications, skills, work experience, reaction time, and other physiological factors. The functional state of drivers is important to consider. It reflects their ability to work reliably and affects both fatigue levels and how fatigue builds up. Factors that impact decision-making speed and quality are crucial when evaluating the risks of the transportation process, particularly those associated with human behavior. This study investigates the safety of freight transportation for drivers, road users, third parties, and the environment. The study focuses on road traffic characteristics in mountainous conditions at high altitudes. The study aims to analyze how drivers' performance is affected while navigating challenging sections of mountain roads in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Four different routes will be examined. The research will provide graphic analysis of the results. It will show the main patterns of changes in drivers' functional state based on the route's complexity. The research aims to analyze indicators of drivers' functional state and their impact on their performance reliability. It allows for a more detailed evaluation of transport routes and planning of truck drivers' work and rest schedules on suburban routes.

From apparent attenuation towards physics-based source terms – a perspective on spectral wave modeling in ice-covered seas

Numerical modeling of waves in sea ice covered regions of the oceans is important for many applications, from short-term forecasting and ship route planning up to climate modeling. In spite of a substantial progress in wave-in-ice research that took place in recent years, spectral wave models – the main tool for wave modeling at regional and larger scales – still don’t capture the underlying physics and have rather poor predictive skills. This article discusses recent developments in wave observations and spectral wave modeling in sea ice, identifies problems and shortcomings of the approaches used so far, and sketches future directions that, in the opinion of the author, have the potential to improve the performance of wave-in-ice models.