Transport Routes Research Articles

Evaluation of navigation capacity in the Northeast Arctic passage: evidence from multiple factors

ABSTRACT Arctic ice is melting away as a result of global warming, making possible the further commercial exploitations of the Arctic shipping routes, both to satisfy the shipping demand and to avoid the growing Somali piracy. In this research, the hierarchical regression is utilized to examine the impact of natural and economic factors on the Northeast Arctic Route (NER) through sample data on cargo volume from 2011 to 2021. From the results, the natural factors related to sea ice have a negative impact on the navigability of the NER, whereas economic factors and sea ice melting periods have a positive impact. Additionally, all variables are standardized to compare their respective significances on the cargo volume. Furthermore, Russian energy exports have a greater impact on shipping capacity than other variables, followed by the number of ship transits. Finally, the interrupted time-series analysis is introduced to find that the project of Yamal liquefied natural gas (LNG) has a positive effect on the NER, which could not offset the side effect of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Transport Characteristics and Potential Source Areas of PM2.5 in Yangquan City Under Different Pollution Levels

Based on the PM2.5 monitoring data, NCEP data, and the meteorological data of the weather situation analysis at the corresponding time in Yangquan City from 2020 to 2022, using the HYSPLIT4 backward trajectory model, multi-station potential source contribution factor analysis （MS-PSCF） and trajectory density analysis （TDA） were introduced to study the differentiation and classification of PM2.5 transport channels and potential sources in Yangquan City. The results showed that： ① The PM2.5 pollution in Yangquan was mainly concentrated in Yangquan and Pingding, whereas the pollution in Yuxian was relatively light. The proportion of days with different pollution levels and the average and maximum values of PM2.5 concentration in Yangquan and Pingding were significantly higher than those in Yuxian, and the distribution characteristics of PM2.5 were closely related to the local special terrain. ② The amount of PM2.5 pollution and the concentration of PM2.5 in different pollution levels were the highest in light wind weather. The influence of east-west regional transport on PM2.5 pollution times and PM2.5 concentration of Yangquan and Pingding was obvious, and the contribution of east wind was significant. The influence of local pollution sources was the main factor in the moderate pollution weather in Yuxian County. ③ There were four main ground conditions for the generation and maintenance of moderate or above pollution weather： warm low pressure type （22%）, high pressure front （bottom） type （54%）, high pressure back type （14%）, and pressure equalization field （10%）. High pressure front （bottom） type was the main ground situation causing the increase in PM2.5 concentration. There were two types of upper air conditions, namely, flat westerly flow type （78%） and northwest flow type （22%）. The upper westerly flow type was the main upper air condition that caused the increase in PM2.5 concentration. ④ The results of transport channels and potential source areas of PM2.5 with different pollution levels obtained by MS-PSCF and TDA were consistent. The main transport channels of PM2.5 were the northeast, southeast, and northwest channels, whereas the northeast and southeast channels were short-distance transport routes, which were the main routes causing the increase in PM2.5 concentration. The northwest channel was consistent with the northwest dust transport channel, belonging to long-distance transmission. The main potential source areas of PM2.5 pollution were located in the central and western parts of Hebei and the southeast part of Hebei, the northeast part of Henan and its junction with the southwest part of Shandong, and the southeast part of Shanxi.

The impact of opening the Arctic Northeast Passage on China's carbon emissions

The increase in shipping along Arctic routes has resulted in an increasing need for the environmental effects of shipping to be considered. Existing studies on the environmental impact of Arctic routes have focused mainly on shipping operations and have paid little attention to the dynamic features of opening new shipping routes. In light of the continuing retreat of Arctic sea ice, this study aimed to predict changes in China's CO2 emissions from a production perspective via scenarios of the opening of the Arctic Northeast Passage (NEP) in different future years (2025, 2030, 2035). A shipping cost model was first developed to calculate the changes in shipping costs resulting from commercial use of the NEP. Then, an energy-environmental version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP-E) model and the GTAP-E 10.0 database were used to simulate the changes in CO2 emissions that may arise from the economic adjustments to the opening of the NEP. The driving factors and possible mechanisms of the environmental effects of the NEP were analyzed based on the simulation results. The re-simulation for the environmental effects of opening the NEP taking emission control policies into account was performed. The findings showed that the opening of the NEP would increase global CO2 emissions. This effect would gradually increase over time. For China, opening the NEP would initially reduce short- and medium-term CO2 emissions owing to upgrades of sectoral structure, while ultimately elevating emissions in the long run due to a large expansion in trade and the economy. The economic growth driven by commercial use of the NEP would tend to optimize the Chinese sectoral and energy structure in the short run. Notably, emission control policies would markedly affect the aforementioned environmental outcomes of opening the NEP.

Spatial Synergy between Tourism Resources and Tourism Service Facilities in Mountainous Counties: A Case Study of Qimen, Huangshan, China

Under the influence of mountainous terrain, the spatial synergy between tourism resources and tourism service facilities has emerged as a pivotal factor affecting the overall efficiency enhancement of regional tourism destinations. In order to explore the synergistic effect of the two, taking Qimen County as the study site, this study utilizes Point of Interest (POI) data of tourism resources and tourism service facilities. It constructs a fine-scale multidimensional spatial synergy methodology based on grid vectorization to conduct scenario-based comparative analyses of altitude and population density. The objective is to elucidate the effects of fine-scale tourism development synergy and propose enhancement strategies. The findings are as follows: (1) The vertical zonation of mountains has led to a widespread, decentralized distribution of natural tourism resources in mid-to-high-altitude areas, while humanistic tourism resources in low-altitude urbanized areas exhibit a granular, clustered distribution. These contrasting scenarios manifest a polarization, making it difficult to achieve supply–demand matching of the layout pattern of tourism service facilities along transportation routes. (2) The spatial gradient effect of the synergy between the two in mountainous counties is significant, with a higher synergy level in core towns and obvious misalignment in peripheral areas. (3) Altitude and population density are critical factors influencing the supply of tourism service facilities. Through scale aggregation guidance and cost–benefit mechanisms, the spatial distribution can be classified, stratified, and optimized to better serve resource development. This study provides valuable insights into understanding laws governing development and utilization within mountainous county areas for academic research purposes.

Design, analysis, and operation optimisation of a shipborne absorption refrigeration–ice thermal storage system based on waste-heat utilization

The integration of waste-driven absorption refrigeration technology into marine applications is recognized as a promising low-carbon solution. Nonetheless, its practical application does not inherently outperform electric compression technology, primarily due to the absorption system’s inherent thermal inertia and limited adjustability. This characteristic renders the system less responsive to the dynamic refrigeration requirements typically encountered on board vessels. In this study, a shipborne ammonia absorption refrigeration–ice storage system is proposed to balance the cooling load between supply and demand. To evaluate the efficiency of the integrated system for ice storage and cooling during ship sailing, key operational variables including refrigeration temperature, cooling water temperature, and generation temperature are analyzed to assess the thermal cycle performance of the system. A typical shipping route is considered for cooling operation optimisation of the absorption refrigeration–ice storage system. This paper explores four typical cooling-supply strategies and determines the operation modes for the ice storage period and the cooling period based on considerations of energy consumption, energy utilization, and economic factors. The final optimisation results indicate that the combined system has significant advantages based on energy consumption and operation cost. In comparison to compression and absorption refrigeration systems, the proposed system exhibits 52.4% and 8.31% reductions in energy consumption, respectively. Additionally, the operation costs are decreased by 12.27% and 27.41%, respectively, and the life cycle costs are lowered by 11.51% and 32.35%, respectively. The findings of this combined system can provide a technical reference for the design and operation of a ship waste-heat refrigeration system.

Strengthening Healthcare Supply Chains: A Comprehensive Strategy for Resilience in the Face of Natural Disasters

Effective and uninterrupted management of the healthcare supply chain and healthcare system preparedness for natural disasters (e.g., pandemics, earthquakes, forest fires, etc.) is essential to ensure that victims receive critical healthcare services and products with minimal disruption, even in the event of damage to transport and logistics infrastructure as a result of significant disasters. The article examines this issue using the example of Vital Health Systems, a prominent hospital system with multiple facilities across a wide region. The qualitative data for the study was collected through interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders in Vital Health Systems, including supply chain managers, procurement specialists, frontline staff, etc. The quantitative data for the study were based on reports, internal documentation and archival documents, industry reports, market research, government databases. Analysis of the supply chain resilience of Vital Health Systems to natural disasters was carried out using the PESTLE framework, based on which a comprehensive risk reduction strategy was proposed. This strategy, while rooted in theory, is highly practical and feasible, with measures to optimise stocks, creation of alternative transport routes and logistics networks, and use of technological solutions. Organisational and managerial proposals for minimising supply chain disruptions for Vital Health Systems in the event of natural disasters are based on the theory of transformational leadership, Denison’s organisational culture, Levitt’s diamond model, and McKinsey’s theory of strategic horizons. The role of healthcare professionals, supply chain managers, procurement specialists, and researchers in healthcare management and disaster preparedness is crucial in implementing these strategies.

The analysis and assessment of the volume of transit transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan by types of transport

The purpose of this article is to assess the transit capacity of Kazakhstan in order to identify the main factors influencing the development of transit opportunities and transport connections in the country. The purpose of this comprehensive analysis is to identify key opportunities and problematic aspects in the country's transit capabilities, as well as to identify recommendations for the modernization and development of the transit industry in the interests of economic attractiveness and increasing the competitiveness of Kazakhstan as a transit hub on the world stage. The definition of transit potential is one of those related to the assessment of the potential for using a particular transport route or transport opportunity for the transportation of certain goods and passengers. A transit potential assessment includes an analysis of factors such as geography, accessibility, infrastructure, demand for transport services and competitive advantages and allows you to determine the effectiveness of the use of a transport route or infrastructure, identify possible problems or bottlenecks, and develop strategies for improving the transit system. This work is an analytical study of the transit capabilities of our country. The research manuscript provides a correlation and regression analysis of the total volume of transit traffic in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is one of the ways to study international economic relations between the volume of traffic and various factors. The results obtained in the conducted analyses allow us to offer recommendations on improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the transit sector in Kazakhstan.

Assessing the impact of Arctic shipping routes on the global container shipping network’s connectivity

ABSTRACT Amidst the intensifying impact of climate change, the extension of navigable periods along Arctic Shipping Routes (ASRs) has garnered attention as a maritime route for container vessels. The urgency to comprehend the reverberations of ASRs on the global container shipping network (GCSN) led to the development of the Latitudinal Centrality Index (LCI), which integrates latitude and centrality in maritime analysis. This index evaluates ASRs’ influence across 968 port nodes within the GCSN. By exploring scenarios encompassing seasonal fluctuations over the years, this study delves into the sway of ASRs compared to a benchmark state devoid of ASR engagement. The study’s revelations highlight a discovery: the assimilation of ASRs augments interconnectivity, or resilience, within the GCSN. The GCSN thrives as a cohesive and adaptable entity upon full integration of ASRs, indicating a promising trajectory for global container shipping.

Navigating uncertainty: A dynamic Bayesian network-based risk assessment framework for maritime trade routes

Maritime safety is crucial for international seaborne trade and the global economy. Acknowledging the inevitable and multifaceted risks present in maritime navigation, we introduce a novel approach to evaluate the time-dependent risk performance of various routes, with the objective to mitigate vulnerabilities and fortify resilience. To achieve this goal, we have developed an effective framework using a Dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model to capture the interactive relationships among the influential factors in probabilistic terms. This framework employs a combination of the synthetic minority over-sampling technique and edited nearest neighbor approach to address the issue of imbalanced maritime accident reports. Furthermore, the gradient descent algorithm is utilized to calculate the conditional probabilities among the influential factors, while the Markov chain model is applied to develop the DBN model. The framework enables dynamical consideration of the risk performance of the maritime trade routes and identifies the key influential factors during different time intervals. Our research scientifically identifies the devastating impact of terrorism on shipping routes, followed by other risk factors such as piracy, military conflicts, and various induced risks, ranked in descending order of severity. The case study on the Indian Ocean shipping route, which applies the proposed methodology, reveals an initial phase of fluctuating increases, succeeded by a prevailing downward trend over the span of 2009–2019. The methodology and results provide valuable support for maritime stakeholders in making informed decisions.

Visual analysis of changes in European air transport during the COVID-19 pandemic from interactive maps

Abstract The paper explores the substantial decline in European air transport during 2020, while employing interactive maps for visual analysis. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (2020) economic analysis, there was a sharp 60% global reduction in passenger traffic during the combined second, third, and fourth quarters, equivalent to about 2.7 billion fewer passengers than in 2019. The established air traffic flow, which developed over decades, faced partial disruption due to COVID-19 restrictions. Consequently, the aviation industry strategically focused on restructuring to ensure the sustained operation of major air transport routes. Using OpenSky Network data and a Google Sheets environment for storage, our study utilizes the FlowmapBlue interactive platform to visualize the 2020 European airspace, and to define key air traffic corridors. Despite the substantial decline, the visualization reveals resilient routes and crucial connections, underscoring the imperative of preserving these links for effective crisis response in the future.

Hillforts in the settlement system of the Sambian-Natangian culture of the South-Eastern Baltics in the 1st millennium AD

The article discusses the settlement system of the Sambian-Natangian culture of the South-Eastern Baltic region in the 1st millennium AD, the role of hillforts in it, and the structure of individual settlement centres. Hillforts are considered as dominants in the cultural landscape; together with unfortified settlements and economic zones they formed single districts. Burial grounds were located on the periphery of such centres. Individual settlement centres produced clusters of sites in the locations of amber gathering on the Kaliningrad Peninsula, along the Pregol River and the Kaliningrad Bay coast, which were important for the control of transport routes. This system was quite stable and could exist for a long period during the 1st millennium, evolving into the settlement system of the early medieval Prussians.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Thai and Japanese Restaurants for Reduction Management Strategies

Abstract Quantifying the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along the whole value chain is essential for effective greenhouse gas management. Two types of the most popular restaurants in Thailand were included in this study: 1) a restaurant that specialized in northeastern Thai cuisine with an area of 94 m2 and 41 000 clients per year and 2) a restaurant serving Japanese–Thai fusion meals with an area of 284 m2 with 59 000 clients per year. Notably, the scope 3 GHG emissions were the highest (76%–81% of total emissions). The main contributors at both restaurants were raw material acquisition, followed by transportation of raw materials and waste management. It was suggested that the restaurants should not overlook the major sources of scope 3 GHG emissions, especially in food procurement, transportation from suppliers, and waste management. GHG management measures that could be applied include using local food ingredients, buying raw materials from nearby locations, simulating transport routes to minimize the distance of transport, and separating food wastes and sorting recyclable packaging wastes for further use. In addition, the restaurants could flag low-carbon footprint meals on their menus to engage their customers in contributing to GHG reductions.

19세기 한글본 서울지도 ｢경조오부도｣와 ｢한성부지도｣의 지명 특성 및 유형 분석

This study analyzes the geographical names, rivers, and roads depicted in the 19th-century Korean maps of Seoul, 'GyeongjoObuDo(京兆五部圖)' and 'HanseongbuJido(漢城府地圖)' to understand the appearance of Seoul at that time, with a particular focus on the characteristics and types of geographical names. 'GyeongjoObuDo' was created in 1884 by George Foulk, an American diplomat, based on the 'GyeongjoObuDo' from ‘Daedongyeojido(大東輿地圖)’ . This map, used by a foreigner, contains a mixture of Korean and English names, with a total of 184 geographical names, and features color-coded representations for mountains, rivers, and roads. 'HanseongbuJido' , created in 1900 by the Yangji Office(量地衙門), includes numerous geographical names written in both Chinese characters and Korean, totaling 420 names. This map predominantly features facilities and uses unique Korean names, showcasing the originality and historical significance of the geographical names of that era. Both maps detail the major geographical names, transportation routes, and defense facilities of Seoul, reflecting the linguistic characteristics and regional features of the time. Through this study, it has been confirmed that these Korean maps are important historical sources that reflect the political, economic, and cultural context of 19th-century Seoul beyond mere geographical information. Therefore, there is a need for systematic research and analysis of these Korean maps to provide fundamental data for a deeper understanding of the social and cultural background of the time. Such research requires interpretation of the social, cultural, and worldview changes embedded in the content and representation of the maps.

6~7세기 국제정세의 변동과 익산

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the rise and status of Iksan in the 6th and 7th centuries. To this end, we examined Baekje's response to changes in the situation in East Asia, how Iksan emerged, and how it was positioned. In the 6th and 7th centuries, China was in a period of upheaval. The emergence of the unified dynasty in China brought tensions to the Korean Peninsula, and Baekje shifted away from its Southern dynasties-centered foreign policy and switched to a two-sided diplomacy that reacted sensitively to changes in the situation of the Northern dynasties in reality. Baekje's two-sided policy described in 『Suseo』 shows its foreign policy, which is agonizing over between Goguryeo and the Chinese dynasty. In Baekje, the advancement and defense surrounding the old Gaya region became an issue as the importance of the against Silla War emerged after the defeat of the Battle of Kansansung. Iksan's development in the late 6th century originated from the fact that it is on a transportation route that connects the logistics and collection areas to the Gaya region. The accounts of Alyasanseong(閼也山城) Fortress, which are criticized as Yeonhwa-Junpyeon(蓮花罇 片), the celadon of the remains of Wanggung-ri(王宮里遺蹟), Ohaengdaepo(五行大布) in Bukju, and Nangsan in Iksan, serve as the basis for this. In addition, after the five-pang(五方) were installed, Iksan, which can complement the relationship between the central-pang(中方) and eastern-pang(東方), was inevitably emphasized due to the intensification of the against Silla War. The existing achievements regarding the status of Iksan in the 7th century can be summarized into Cheondo theory(遷都說), Byeoldo theory(別都說), Byeolbou theory(別部說), Corridor theory(複都說), Igung theory(離宮說), and Management theory(經營說). There are several possibilities for East-West provinces(東西 兩城) that can be connected to China's corridor theory regarding the status of Iksan. In particular, when Xavi was excluded, it seems that the ruins of Gongsanseong Fortress and the remains Wanggung-ri were located north and south of Sabi, and played a suitable role. The fact that both regions were military bases and the king frequented will provide a solid basis for this.

Maritime Activities of the Demak Sultanate: Shipping and Trade Route in the Nusantara Network (1478-1546)

This study endeavours to explain the geostrategic conditions of the north coast of Java, as well as the activities and maritime policies of the Demak Sultanate. It adopts a historiographic approach comprising heuristics based on the book Suma Oriental as a primary source and other relevant secondary sources; in-depth verification and interpretation of data from various sources; and methodical historical writing. The results illustrate (1) the geostrategic conditions of the north coast of Java, which is in the middle of the Nusantara spice route, helped make Demak and other port cities an important emporium. The region is traversed by monsoon winds that support shipping activities and has abundant teak wood resources for the shipbuilding industry. (2) Demak’s maritime activities included military expeditions to conquer the Portuguese in Malacca and several important emporiums on the north coast of Java; trade expeditions to export-import various commodities; and establishing trade partnerships with other regions, especially Malacca and Maluku. (3) Raden Patah’s maritime policy included the deployment of military expeditions to conquer the Portuguese in Malacca in 1512, establishing trade partnerships with Malacca, producing Jung ships, and building port cities on the north coast of Java as important emporiums; Pati Unus mobilized a military expedition to conquer the Portuguese in Malacca in 1521 and formed the Demak-Cirebon-Palembang military alliance; and Trenggana conquered Lampung and Banten to control the pepper trade until the conquest of the Sunda Kelapa emporium under the Pajajaran kingdom.

익산지역 마한문화의 성립과 변천

It is generally believed that Mahan was founded before the 2nd century BC. According to historical records, Mahan began with King Jun's migration and settlement in the Iksan area. Since there are not many cases that have been investigated in relation to the residential areas with living remains, few facts of them are known accurately. The tombs constructed include wooden coffin tombs with stone mound, pit tombs, and jar coffin tombs. Out of them, however, wooden coffin tombs with stone mound and pit tombs from an early period are sporadically identified, and the mainly excavated relics are bronze ware. Following the southward transfer of King Jun, a large group of tombs were constructed as in Madong, and the relics excavated are featuring both bronze and iron ware. In light of this, it can be said that the Mahan society in the Iksan region during the establishment period developed by actively accepting advanced civilization. Around the 1st century, the Mahan society in the Iksan region faced a period of stagnation, and villages began to be built in full swing after the 2nd century AD, reaching a peak in the 3rd to 4th centuries AD. Large-scale settlements appeared in places like Sadeok and Jangshin and small- and medium-sized villages were formed and organically connected to each other around the large-scale settlements in the center. As for tombs, mounded tombs with an encircling ditch began to be built in earnest, and it can be seen as the developing period of Mahan culture.. The Mahan culture in the Iksan area sustained even after Baekje territorialization. Such dwellings as four-pillar and non-four-pillar types of Mahan culture continued and, in some dwellings, fire pits made of plate stone and utensils which can be seen as Baekje elements appear and Baekje pottery is found in the sites of dwellings. Furthermore, dwelling sites with pillars used for walls related to the center of Baekje made an entrance. Tombs of the Mahan tradition also continued to be built even after Baekje territorialization. However, the stone chamber or stone-lined tomb related to the center of Baekje were employed for burial body and the grave goods changed to Baekje pottery, while Baekje pottery was excavated within the burial mound. In the areas of Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri, the lower reaches of the Geumgang River, stone- built tombs of Baekje style were built in the mid-5th century, an evidence confirming that Baekje first took control of the lower Geumgang River, an important waterway transportation route and gateway. After the Gwangam-ri area in the middle of the Mangyeong River basin first became Baekje territory, Baekje central culture seemed to have entered the surrounding areas, too.

System model of risks and trees of alternative solutions for improving the logistics chain at a manufacturing enterprise

The subject of this article is the decision-making processes for improving the elements of the supply chain of a manufacturing enterprise under conditions of uncertainty and risks. The purpose of the research is to reduce the time and cost of in supply and distribution of products of manufacturing enterprises by considering possible risks through making rational management decisions. The article addresses the following tasks: examination of the characteristics of supply chain elements; investigation of the main problems of supply and distribution management and identification of ways to solve them; development of a systemic model of logistic risks for a manufacturing enterprise; and formation of decision trees for alternative decisions in strategic supply chain management at manufacturing enterprises. The methods applied include a systems approach, structural decomposition methods, a risk-oriented approach. The following results were obtained: features and problems of supply chain elements such as supply, production, storage, and distribution were examined and identified; main supply chain management tasks were investigated and solutions identified; problems in warehouse management were pinpointed; internal and external supply risks were identified; a systemic model of logistic risks for a manufacturing enterprise was formed, which main components are logistic problems, partial risks, their consequences, and possible management decisions to mitigate risks; decision trees were built for problems of raw material supply instability and transportation bottlenecks and delays; an alternative decision diagram was constructed for an illustrative example. Conclusions: To overcome the problem of raw material supply instability, it is recommended to develop diversification of supply sources, stock reservation, and the use of alternative transport routes. Building alternative decision trees in strategic management is an effective tool for making rational decisions by manufacturing enterprises in complex conditions of uncertainty and risks. They help to analyze alternatives and their consequences to choose a path to optimize the supply chain.

Online optimal scheduling for battery swapping charging systems with partial delivery

Battery swapping–charging system (BSCS) is a promising operating paradigm to provide centering charging and battery swapping service for electric vehicles in transportation electrification. Facing real-time information on battery demand under the limited transporting trucks, flexible online optimization of battery delivery and transportation routing is essential for meeting practical requirements. This paper investigates the real-time scheduling problem in BSCS, considering the battery partial delivery, energy demand, delivery deadline, and vehicle routing. Considering the non-deterministic polynomia hardness of battery transportation, the offline BSCS is a time-consuming task and is unsuitable for the online setting. A Lagrangian relaxation-based Benders decomposition is proposed for parallel and real-time implementation, improving the scheduling efficiency. To tackle future information such as battery demands and delivery deadlines, by introducing the dummy copy, the offline algorithm is embedded within a rolling horizon framework to solve in real-time repeatedly. Finally, case studies using real road maps in Shanghai and Belgium have verified the validity of the proposed online framework and confirmed the necessity of considering partial delivery in enhancing the operation flexibility of BSCS. The computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm is studied under different scales of the road network, and the profit from partial delivery and online implementation are highlighted.

The practice of customs logistics in the export and import of petroleum products

In Russia, oil production and refining are the leading industries. The customs logistics of the export and import of petroleum products has its own characteristics and reserves for improvement. In order to comply with the rule of law and increase the efficiency of foreign trade activities in relation to petroleum products, it is necessary to strictly control all stages of the logistics process. Effective customs logistics implies an integrated approach to solving problems from the perspective of identifying costs and reducing them in conjunction with all logistics links – from supply to distribution. In the course of the study, the specifics of the approach to customs operations in relation to petroleum products as an object of export and import logistics flows within the framework of their movement by various modes of transport were studied. The importance of the development of customs logistics for the development of foreign economic activity and the oil industry is also determined. The result of the study was the directions proposed by the authors to improve the efficiency of customs logistics in the export and import of petroleum products. They include: reduction of losses of oil and petroleum products during transportation; organization of the logistics process, taking into account the analysis of the best practices of oil processing enterprises; improvement of the efficiency of inventory management; optimization of transport routes and choice of vehicles; introduction of modern information technologies into logistics processes.

WAYS OF INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN CONDITIONS OF WAR

The article proposes an improved automated technology for transporting goods by rail in international traffic, taking into account the likelihood of delays in ship departure from the seaport, resulting in additional costs in the form of penalty sanctions. It is known that the majority of goods arriving at seaports for further transportation are in containers. Therefore, in this work we consider and improve the part of the intermodal transportation route associated with raand seaports. To achieve this, it is necessary to adopt a systematic approach, which will allow describing all events occurring during the organization of such a complex process within one probabilistic framework and also consider the operation of each type of transport, especially in conditions of war where such probabilistic events become increasingly prevalent.In this research, the objective function of the intermodal transportation system is formed when interacting with railway stations and ports as the total specific costs of container transportation, taking into account the throughput capacity of the transportation infrastructure and considering the probability of the risk of delayed ship departure due to the arrival delay of the necessary batch of containers.Implementing this technology in automated workplaces of operational personnel will reduce the impact of the «human factor» on decision-making during the organization of rail transportation and enable quick response in an emergency, thereby enhancing the reliability of transportation and the probability of their execution within the planned time frame, especially in wartime conditions.The implementation of this model has shown that the cost of transporting one container to the port by container train from the terminal will reduce specific expenses by approximately 3 % compared to the existing technology. The optimal accumulation time for containers at terminal stations will be 5 and 5.6 hours respectively.