Ship Management Research Articles

Management of vessels in enterprises shipowners

Ship management from the point of view of the shipowner is to lead to the full implementation of the transport chain. From the point of view of the ship's captain, it is not only the implementation of the transport chain, but also the responsibility for safety and human life..

Technology introduction on ships: The tension between safety and economic rationality

This paper examines technology introduction on ships guided by three questions: (1) what drives technology introduction; (2) how seafarers are involved in the process; (3) what the consequences are in shipping. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ship managers and senior seafarer officers as well as a questionnaire study with seafarer officers. They reveal a discrepancy between the regulatory intention of technology introduction and the actual implementation process on ships. While the former is spurred by safety concerns, the latter is driven by economic rationality. This discrepancy makes technology a double edged sword in shipping. On the one hand, it plays an important role in improving safety, and on the other, it brings about work intensification and increased surveillance at workplace.

MarineMAS: A multi-agent framework to aid design, modelling, and evaluation of autonomous shipping systems

ABSTRACTAutonomous shipping brings a great opportunity to improve the maritime traffic safety, reliability, and to reduce the cost, whose prototypes are expected to be industrialized in coming years. Current studies and projects focus on proof development of autonomous vessels, evaluation of autonomous vessel safety, and formulation of guidance for autonomous shipping paradigm. In system level, autonomous shipping is anticipated to realize advanced intelligence and autonomy in terms of planning, situation awareness and shipping safety, decision-making, etc. In this study, being aligned with the aforementioned aspects, a multi-agent system (MAS) framework, called “MarineMAS,” is proposed to aid the autonomous shipping modelling and evaluation. We emphasize the design perspective that especially focuses on critical knowledge transfer to make transition towards autonomous shipping, the core components to achieve system intelligence, and the potential technological set and experience gained to support efficient MAS modelling. A prototype system has been implemented from scratch to demonstrate the key features of the proposed MarineMAS framework. Through characterizing the multi-agent definitions and incorporating the corresponding evaluation logics, MarineMAS can be further developed and applied for various applications in autonomous shipping evaluation and management scenarios.

Peningkatan Keterampilan Taruna KPN Sebagai Operasional Shipper Atau Ekspedisi Dalam Proses Stuffing Di Media Peti Kemas

Pembelajaran yang dilakukan dalam mencapai kompetensi calon shipper atau ekspedisi dalam proses stuffing di media peti kemas milik Akademi Maritim Yogyakarta di jurusan Ketatalaksanaan Pelayaran Niaga. Adapun tujuan dalam karya tulis ini adalah ketercapaian kompetensi atau dengan istilah ketuntasan dalam proses pembentukan calon bagian operasional digudang eksportir yang mampu melakukan stuffing. Metode yang digunakan berupa proses role play stuffing oleh taruna tingkat tiga semester lima dalam pembelajaran Manajemen Bongkar Muat dan Penumpukan di media petikemas milik Akademi Maritim Yogyakarta. Adapun strategi dalam pembelajaran yang diterapkan berupa skenario planning pembelajaran, organizing, actuating, dan controlling. Hasil yang dicapai mewujudkan tenaga kerja yang professional dibidang pelayaran khususnya dibidang ketatalaksanaan pelayaran niaga untuk calon operasional bongkar muat yang nantinya bekerja digudang eksportir. Setelah pembelajaran berupa role play dihasilkan kemampuan dari operasional shipper maupun ekspedisi yang menangani muatan dalam proses stuffing.

Forecasting of Rainfall in Central Java using Hybrid GSTAR-NN-PSO Model

Forecasting of rainfall trends is essential for several fields, such as airline and ship management, flood control and agriculture. The rainfall data were recorded several time simultaneously at a number of locations and called the space-time data. Generalized Space Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) model is one of space-time models used to modeling and forecasting the rainfall. The aim of this research is to propose the nonlinear space-time model based on hybrid of GSTAR, Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and it called GSTAR-NN-PSO. In this model, input variable of the FFNN was obtained from the GSTAR model. Then use PSO to initialize the weight parameter in the FFNN model. This model is applied for forecasting monthly rainfall data in Jepara, Kudus, Pati and Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia. The results show that the proposed model gives more accurate forecast than the linear space-time model, i.e. GSTAR and GSTAR-PSO. Moreover, further research about space-time models based on GSTAR and Neural Network is needed to improving the forecast accuracy especially the weight matrix in the GSTAR model.

Research on Special Measures of Safe Abandonment of a Ship in Polar Waters

Ice melting in polar waters caused by global warming has been making it practicable for merchant ships to sail in polar area. Sailing distances from Far-east to West of Europe and East of North America are shortened by around 30% by selecting polar routes, therefore, polar routes are considered as the golden routes. However, polar water has its unique risks for ships sailing in the areas. Those unique risks may cause adverse impacts to the survival of seafarers in case of emergencies. To ensure the safe abandonment of a ship in polar waters, this paper analyzes and summarizes the potential risks associated with polar shipping with respect to safe escape, evacuation and survival for seafarers in case of emergencies. Based on the analysis of unique potential hazards and inquiry with experts and seafarers who have experiences in polar ship operation and management, this paper provides practical measures to safeguard crew’s escape, evacuation and survival in extreme polar circumstances when abandoning a ship. The requirements as to Life Saving Appliances and Arrangements in Polar Code are also interpreted in this paper, and those practical measures provided will help the ship owners, ship operators, and ship masters and seafarers to better understand and comply with the requirements of the Polar Code.

Usage of simulators to boost marine corps learning

This article discusses the use of simulators in naval ship management training. Simulators make it possible to achieve required information and skill level faster than traditional classroom teaching methods. The benefits of simulators are cost-effectiveness, repeatability and security. The most advanced ship simulators enable both navigation and tactical exercises. The new naval simulator, together with lighter Stormwind simulators, has been introduced in marine cadet training.The article consists of expert interviews, conscripts feedback surveys, marine cadets feedback surveys and observations of actual training during simulator training. Based on these, the trainers’ and trainees’ views were collected on the simulator’s usage in maritime education. Based on the results, the simulation is a good addition to maritime teaching. The simulators describe the real environment in which the actual performance takes place sufficiently well. In addition, the trainers experienced that simulator training to support the actual steering. The simulators can be used to practice maritime perception, optical steering and the identification of maritime safety devices.

Use of STAMP/STPA to Model Organizational Risk and Safety Management at Cruise and Ferry Companies

Recent well-publicized cruise and ferry ship accidents have been a wake-up call to the shipping industry. These events raise the need for ship owners to use more advanced risk management approaches. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has become an integral part of modern corporations, especially in safety critical industries where unsafe operations can lead to catastrophic accidents that result in loss of life, huge financial losses and the potential demise of the corporation. This paper presents the current findings of an on-going research to determine the best implementation of a Risk Management System (RMS) integrated with the Safety Management System (SMS) at cruise and ferry operating companies. The hypothesis is that ship management companies with better enterprise risk management will have better safety records and stronger financial performance. The paper presents the results of the application of Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)/Systems Theoretic Process and Analysis (STPA) to a ferry operator to analyse the organizational performance of their risk and safety management systems. Initial results from the analysis showed gaps in communication paths, lack of tracking of risks and limited involvement of senior management in the risk process. A preliminary approach to deriving key indicators is presented.

Data Analysis to Evaluate Reliability of a Main Engine

Maritime transportation is the essence of international economy. Today, around ninety percent of world trade happens by maritime transportation via 50,000 merchant ships. These ships transport various types of cargo and manned by over a million mariners around the world. Majority of these ships are propelled by marine diesel engines, hereafter referred to as main engine, due to its reliability and fuel efficiency. Yet numerous accidents take place due to failure of main engine at sea, the main cause of this being inappropriate maintenance plan. To arrive at an optimal maintenance plan, it is necessary to assess the reliability of the main engine. At present the main engine on board vessels have a Planned Maintenance System (PMS), designed by the ship management companies, considering, advise of the engine manufacturers and/or ship’s chief engineers and masters. Following PMS amounts to carrying out maintenance of a main engine components at specified running hours, without taking into consideration the assessment of the health of the component/s in question. Furthermore, shipping companies have a limited technical ability to record the data properly and use them effectively. In this study, relevant data collected from various sources are analysed to identify the most appropriate failure model representing specific component. The data collected, and model developed will be very useful to assess the reliability of the marine engines and to plan the maintenance activities on‐board the ship. This could lead to a decrease in the failure of marine engine, ultimately contributing to the reduction of accidents in the shipping industry.

Shipping Management Simulation Game for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Purpose – This study aims to examine the effects of a simulation board game for teaching and learning shipping management at higher education. A framework of comprehensive shipping operation was developed according to the syllabus of the Shipping Management course in Universiti Utara Malaysia. The course core content in the game covers two main services—liner service and tramp service in the shipping industry. Methodology – A quasi-experimental research design has been adopted to measure the effectiveness of the board game in post-learning. Data were gathered from a sample of 73 undergraduate students who enrolled in Shipping Management course using non-equivalent control group design. The data was analysed using McNemar Test to determine the effect of the students’ achievement. Findings – The findings of this study revealed that using board game in learning activities can contribute to the improvement of students’ knowledge and skill. Further analysis indicated that there were differences in students’ achievement for the tramp services and liner services content. This improvement has boosted their confidence in making decision in solving problem related to the tramp services and liner services knowledge. Significance – The framework for the shipping management board game aims to provide the best learning experience for students when they immerse into solving problems and making decisions in the game. The framework can be used as a benchmark in the practice of game-based learning, particularly by affording students to engage learning by doing. Furthermore, this framework introduces a tangible problem space through the board game, encouraging students to discover knowledge on their own pace in a non-threatening environment.

A model for the evaluation of environmental impact indicators for a sustainable maritime transportation systems

Maritime shipping is considered the most efficient, low-cost means for transporting large quantities of freight over significant distances. However, this process also causes negative environmental and societal impacts. Therefore, environmental sustainability is a pressing issue for maritime shipping management, given the interest in addressing important issues that affect the safety, security, and air and water quality as part of the efficient movement of freight throughout the coasts and waterways and associated port facilities worldwide. In-depth studies of maritime transportation systems (MTS) can be used to identify key environmental impact indicators within the transportation system. This paper develops a tool for decision making in complex environments; this tool will quantify and rank preferred environmental impact indicators within a MTS. Such a model will help decision-makers to achieve the goals of improved environmental sustainability. The model will also provide environmental policy-makers in the shipping industry with an analytical tool that can evaluate tradeoffs within the system and identify possible alternatives to mitigate detrimental effects on the environment.

Total life cycle emissions of post-Panamax containerships powered by conventional fuel or natural gas

ABSTRACTThis study proposes an easy-to-apply method, the Total Life Cycle Emission Model (TLCEM), to calculate the total emissions from shipping and help ship management groups assess the impact on emissions caused by their capital investment or operation decisions. Using TLCEM, we present the total emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the 25-yr life cycle of 10 post-Panamax containerships under slow steaming conditions. The life cycle consists of steel production, shipbuilding, crude oil extraction and transportation, fuel refining, bunkering, and ship operation. We calculate total emissions from containerships and compare the effect of emission reduction by using various fuels. The results can be used to differentiate the emissions from various processes and to assess the effectiveness of various reduction approaches. Critical pollutants and GHGs emitted from each process are calculated. If the containerships use heavy fuel oil (HFO), emissions of CO2 total 2.79 million tonnes (Mt), accounting for 95.37% of total emissions, followed by NOx and SOx emissions,which account for 2.25% and 1.30%, respectively.The most significant emissions are from the operation of the ship and originate from the main engine (ME).When fuel is switched to 100% natural gas (NG), SOx, PM10, and CO2 emissions show remarkable reductions of 98.60%, 99.06%, and 21.70%, respectively. Determining the emission factor of each process is critical for estimating the total emissions. The estimated emission factors were compared with the values adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The proposed TLCEM may contribute to more accurate estimates of total life cycle emissions from global shipping.Implications: We propose a total life cycle emissions model for 10 post-Panamax container ships. Using heavy fuel oil, emissions of CO2 total 2.79 Mt, accounting for approximately 95% of emissions, followed by NOx and SOx emissions. Using 100% natural gas, SOx, PM10, and CO2 emissions reduce by 98.6%, 99.1%, and 21.7%, respectively. NOx emissions increase by 1.14% when running a dual fuel engine at low load in natural gas mode.

Risk-informed structural repair decision making for service life extension of aging naval ships

Existing naval ships are often required to extend their service life due to budgetary constraints. This can incur significant costs associated with maintaining aged ships in operation. The risk of structural failure also rises during the extended service life if repairs are not performed. Repairing aging ships is often necessary in order to counteract the adverse impacts of aging and environmental stressors, such as corrosion and fatigue. Decision making on the repair of aging ships needs to balance the costs associated with repair and the risk associated with life extension. A framework for a synthesized life-cycle risk analysis integrating the aged ship's performance considering reliability, cost, and availability is presented. This framework reveals the implications of structural repair decisions in risk management of ships. It enables decision makers to choose optimal repair option with respect to different service life extension needs. The proposed framework is applied to a high speed naval vessel.

An interval type-2 fuzzy QUALIFLEX approach to measure performance effectiveness of ballast water treatment (BWT) system on-board ship

ABSTRACTBallast water is of paramount importance for safe and efficient shipping operation since it provides ship’s strength and stability. The ballast water, on the other hand, poses serious marine ecological problems due to the non-indigenous species (NIS) carried in sea water. The International Maritime Organisation introduced International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) to prevent the spread of harmful species from one region to another via ballast water. According to the convention, each ship must be equipped with a proper ballast water treatment system (BWTS). In this context, this paper is aimed at measuring the performance effectiveness of current BWTS used in ships. To achieve this purpose, a Qualitative Flexible (QUALIFLEX) method is used under interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs) environment. While the QUALIFLEX handles all possible permutations of the alternatives for outranking, the IT2FSs deal with uncertainty this paper provides practical benefits to ship owners, ship’s safety inspectors, managers and marine environmentalists during decision-making progress of the BWTS settlement on-board ship.

MODELING THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FACTOR OF THE MARITIME CREW

Purpose. The article investigates the trajectories of the watch team members in maritime transport that lead to a decrease in the level of security. A formal apparatus is proposed, as well as software and hardware to identify the location of members of the watch team during the execution of complex maneuvers. Methodology. In the course of constructing the mathematical model, the most common schemes of interaction of watch members at the time of performing complex maneuvers were considered. The general problem was considered as a series of watchkeeping interactions that solve micro-tasks of ship control at a certain moment. As a result of simulation it is determined that a key role is played by the first mate, who is the most likely to deviate from the instructions, because of excessive activity or passivity in actions. Also, interaction models of members of the watchkeeping service within the framework of a multi-day ship passage are considered. Findings. Research shows that the formation of established interactions depends on the level of experience and qualifications of the members of the watchkeeping service. Overly active relocation of the mate, as well as function duplication of individual members of the watchkeeping service adversely affects the safety level in ship management. Software and hardware tools are proposed that allow identifying the location and movements of the watch team members, indicating deviations from the watchkeeping instructions for maritime transport. Originality . The authors for the first time developed software and hardware for analyzing the movements of the watchkeeping service members, allowing identifying violations of official instructions. Practical value . Based on the developed software and hardware identification of positions and movements of the members of the watchkeeping service, it becomes possible to more effectively manage the process of training navigators during simulator practice on the basis of the navigation simulator NTPRO 5000 at the Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ukraine. These studies can also be useful in studying the discipline «Organization of the crew actions in extreme conditions».

Best operative strategy for energy management of a cruise ship employing different distributed generation technologies

This paper aims to study the application of distributed generation technologies on a naval energy system, investigating the best operating strategy for energy management throughout an annual load profile. The thermo-economic analysis is performed considering electrical and thermal load demands referred to hotel and service loads of a cruise ship (around 6 MWel), both variable with the season and the period of the day, taking into account the off-design curves and cost functions for the different generators. Four different solutions are investigated, comparing the operative strategies in terms of energy efficiency, CO2 emissions and annual costs.The analysis is performed with dedicated software for the thermo-economic time-dependent analysis, developed by the University of Genoa. The thermo-economic approach has general validity, thus it can be also applied to different kinds of ships, even considering different technologies for energy generation and storage.

A novel ship energy efficiency model considering random environmental parameters

Energy efficiency management is becoming increasingly important in the trend towards decarbonisation and intelligentisation of future ships. Establishing a verified energy efficiency model is essential in realising reliable assessment of various energy efficiency strategies. Based on a 53,000-tonne bulk carrier, modelling and verification of a ship’s energy efficiency with consideration of multiple factors is carried out. First, the existing ship’s energy efficiency regulation and its evaluation methods are introduced. Second, the onboard data collection system is introduced with the features of the measured data detailed. A ship energy efficiency model is developed from four main aspects, namely ship energy efficiency operational indicator, ship fuel consumption, ship main engine power, and ship resistance characteristics. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation method and utilising Matlab/Simulink, the energy efficiency model for the selected ship is simulated and measured fuel consumption data is used to verify the model. Finally, the simulation results are presented and discussed. The research results show that the devised model provides good enough accuracy to simulate ship energy efficiency with consideration to cargo loading, ship speed and the random impact of multiple natural environmental parameters. This study not only helps the ship manager assess the projected energy efficiency, but can also provide decision support for the optimisation of ship energy efficiency.

Sister Ships Applicability in the Shipbuilding Enterprise CAD-PLM Toolset

As a result of increased pressure to reduce cost and delivery times of modern ships and submarines, many shipyards are revising their processes and toolsets to optimize the management of sister ships. This article describes how a strong CAD-PLM integration with efficient functionality on the CAD side ensures better design and production in a multivessel context. To address this complex challenge, and after several years of experience in the development of the FORAN CAD/CAM system that is used in many important naval programs, SENER identified some remarkable assumptions to be considered:In a sister ships environment, each vessel or unit will have a CAD project,There will exist a class project to centralize the CAD locking and applicability data,The existence of an item in the CAD project is considered as an item occurrence in that project,Modifications on an item will be done from a single project, but all other projects sharing the item with the same applicability will also be locked to prevent modification on them by other users,Once the modification changes are applied, the CAD will update them in all projects sharing the items applicability (multisave concept),The use of applicability on an item within a sister ship series might be to all vessels (e.g., 1-UP), to all vessels newer than a specific one (e.g., 3-UP), to some vessels specifically (e.g., 1-UP), or to a combination of the above (e.g., 1-UP), and if no applicability is set, it means "effective for all vessels" (1-UP), andThe FORAN system already had functionality related to sister ships management in the past, but it has been notably improved with the complete FORAN-PLM integration. This article presents in detail the architecture of the applicability solution and the expected advantages and benefits for commercial and naval shipyards.

ANALISIS PELATIHAN SHIP MANAGEMENT GUNA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS KERJA AWAK KAPAL DI PT. PERTAMINA PERKAPALAN JAKARTA


 Pertamina Shipping Jakarta has training or training namely PMTC (PertaminaMarine Training Center) is a place to train employees to be able to improve the quality andquality of work, it has not gone well so it affects the quality of the crew's performance. Thepurpose of this study is to find out whether the ship management training program at PT.Pertamina Shipping Jakarta can reach the target optimally or not and to know the impact ofthe ship management training program on the quality of the work of the crew at PT.Pertamina Shipping Jakarta.
 
 This research uses descriptive qualitative method by describing in detail theimplementation of ship management training in order to improve the quality of work of thecrew at PT. Pertamina Shipping Jakarta. Data collection is done by interview, observation,literature study and documentation conducted by the author.
 The results of the study show that ship management training program at PT. PertaminaShipping Jakarta has not reached its target optimally because there are still seafarers whohave been on board the vessels that have not participated in the training, PT. PertaminaShipping Jakarta lacks staff training staff, the pre test system has not been held before beinggiven training. The impact of the ship management training program on the quality of thework of the crew as follows: ship management training on International Safety ManagementCode (ISM Code) makes the ship's crew understand more about international safetymanagement standards in the operation of ships as well as efforts to prevent or controlenvironmental pollution. carrying out Tank Cleaning, ship management training made thenewly joined crew members aware of the work system and procedures when they laterworked on the ship.

The implementation of the ballast water management convention in the Adriatic Sea through States' cooperation: The contribution of environmental law and institutions

The Adriatic Sea, a semi-enclosed and vulnerable environment, deserves special attention regarding the risk of introducing Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens via ships' ballast water as new species findings occur at an alarming rate. This species introduction vector was addressed with the 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, which entered into force in 2017. The efficient implementation of this convention calls for Adriatic States' cooperation on environmental specifics that have not been dealt with neither by national nor by international measures yet. Based on legal and institutional data gathered, and considering the regional maritime traffic and environmental specifics, this paper reveals that the integration of current environmental law commitments as well as a better dialogue between public institutions from shipping and environmental sectors may foster the implementation of ballast water management obligations through appropriate Adriatic States' cooperation.