Shared Paradigm Research Articles

The Compensation for Losses to Indigenous Peoples Due to the Arctic Industrial Development in Benefit Sharing Paradigm

This article discusses the results of research on the benefit sharing system in Russia focusing on compensation of losses to indigenous peoples due to industrial development in the Arctic. The authors analyzed a Russian case-study on the economic mechanisms of coordination and harmonization of multi-vector and conflicting interests in the process of industrial development of traditional lands. The developed recommendations will allow, on the one hand, compensating the losses of the indigenous communities, and, on the other hand, to engage indigenous peoples in the process of environmental management and socio-economic development of their territories. The object of the research was the Republic of Sakha and the indigenous communities of the remote Anabar region. The calculation of losses was considered. The authors suggest using this tool for the traditional lands development, because it helps to define fair compensation due to project impacts and to form a fund for sustainable community development. The considered project was exploring and extracting placer diamonds in Polovinnaya River in Yakutia. This paper also presents the social poll results organized in the indigenous communities in 2017. The results helped to formulate the recommendations for the business on benefit sharing agreements with Anabar communities.

A Spectrum Sharing Paradigm for GSO Satellite System and Radio Astronomy System

Geostationary orbit (GSO) satellite communication systems (SCSs) play an important role in nowadays satellite communication. Orbiting in the Clarke Belt, the GSO satellites provide voice, video, Internet access, and other data services to the users all over the world. The GSO SCSs are seeking for more spectrum resource to satisfy the growing demand of high downlink data rate, while the radio astronomy system (RAS) is suffering the inevitable radio-frequency interference (RFI) from the downlink of these GSO satellites. To solve the conflict between the GSO SCSs and the RAS in the spectrum allocation, we propose a spectrum sharing paradigm for the GSO SCS and the RAS with three potential RFI reduction methods. Depending on the radio astronomical observation (RAO) tasks of different observatories, the corresponding appropriate RFI reduction method combination can be chosen. Our analyses show that the proposed paradigm can guarantee most of the telescopes with the sample loss rate lower than 2% in both protected and unprotected RAS bands, while the SCS can obtain up to 13.88% extra average downlink throughput.

Preface

Comparative law and legal history are witnessing a remarkable moment of reorientation in their methods and perhaps even in their disciplinary identities. Historically linked to and emerging from a shared paradigm of historical jurisprudence, both disciplines have developed their own institutions, canons of knowledge, mechanisms of communication, and academic practices over the last century. Both flourished under the juridical nationalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and this national paradigm has shaped their analytical framework and categories. Both disciplines are now also facing similar challenges due to the transnationalization of their object and of their institutional structures, but also due to the broad recognition of the importance of context and traditions. Consequently, both are increasingly situating their research on a global horizon, and both are endeavoring to decentralize their approaches and to expose themselves to new notions of law and justice.1 This situation suggests that there should be renewed dialogue between the two disciplines, but it also leads us to question what shape such a dialogue might take. What can they learn from each other?

The "Artwork Effect" paradigm: A model for planning and assessing cognitive stimulation for people with dementia through museum visits.

This paper proposes a paradigm ("Artwork Effect" paradigm) to study the impact of museum stimulation programs for people with dementia. The literature concerning viewing and making art is considered. The paradigm, comprising qualitative and quantitative measures, is illustrated. The implementation of a shared paradigm of assessment can contribute to the validation of an assessment model to evaluate museum stimulation programs for people with dementia: a low-cost nonpharmacological intervention useful for the stimulation of cognitive functions and for increasing the well-being of people with dementia and their caregivers.

Riding on the Primary: A New Spectrum Sharing Paradigm for Wireless-Powered IoT Devices

In this paper, a new spectrum sharing model referred to as riding on the primary (ROP) is proposed for wireless-powered IoT devices with ambient backscatter communication capabilities. The key idea of ROP is that the secondary transmitter harvests energy from the primary signal, then modulates its information bits to the primary signal, and reflects the modulated signal to the secondary receiver without violating the primary system’s interference requirement. Compared with the conventional spectrum sharing model, the secondary system in the proposed ROP not only utilizes the spectrum of the primary system but also takes advantage of the primary signal to harvest energy and to carry its information. In this paper, we investigate the performance of such a spectrum sharing system under fading channels. To be specific, we maximize the ergodic capacity of the secondary system by jointly optimizing the transmit power of the primary signal and the reflection coefficient of the secondary ambient backscatter. Different (ideal/practical) energy consumption models, different (peak/average) transmit power constraints, different types (fixed/dynamically adjustable) reflection coefficient, and different primary system’s interference requirements (rate/outage) are considered. Optimal power allocation and reflection coefficient are obtained for each scenario.

Down The Methodological Rabbit Hole

This article surveys methodological matters that shape, drive, and plague analytic legal philosophy. Section 2 briefly explicates conceptual analysis, analytic definitions, and family resemblance concepts. It also argues that central cases are used in more than one way. Section 3 presents criticisms of those concepts and methods, and suggests that some of these difficulties are due to the lack of a shared paradigm regarding a counterexample’s impact. Section 4 explains “metatheoretical” desiderata. It contends that, to date, legal philosophical appeals to such norms have not been as helpful as some suggest. Section 5 returns to the issue of concept selection by addressing whether legal theorising is an invariably “normative” enterprise. It argues that certain “normativist” methodologies, such as Dworkin’s constructive interpretation and Finnis’ appeal to the central case of the internal point of view, are unnecessary.

Robotic Assistant for Elderly Care – Development and Evaluation

Robots perform a variety of tasks and serve various purposes in the medical/health and social care sectors. Recently, interest has been growing in developing robotic assistants for health-related care of elderly people. These robotic systems can be used to improve the life of elderly, ensuring healthy and active ageing, thus extending the life expectancy of the elderly in their familiar home environments. In this paper, we present a low-cost telepresence robotic assistant that can assist elderly and professional caregivers in everyday activities. The robot can be operated manually or by using a shared control paradigm. The robot can also be used for interpersonal communication, thus favoring social integration. The developed robot and its navigation capabilities have been evaluated in simulations and experiments, and the evaluation results are reported.

Down the Methodological Rabbit Hole

This article surveys methodological matters that shape, drive, and plague Analytic Legal Philosophy. Section II briefly explicates conceptual analysis, analytic definitions, and family resemblance concepts. I also argue that central cases are used in more than one way. Section III then presents some (well- and lesser-known) criticisms of those concepts and methods, some of which are due to the lack of a shared paradigm regarding a counterexample’s impact. Section IV then briefly explains ‘meta-theoretical’ desiderata: norms by which to help construct, evaluate, and compare concepts and theories. I argue that, to date, legal philosophical appeals to such norms have not been as helpful as some suggest. Finally, Section V returns to the matter of concept selection by addressing whether legal theorising is an invariably ‘normative’ (in the sense of morally or politically evaluative) enterprise. I argue that certain ‘Normativist’ methodologies, such as Dworkin’s Constructive Interpretation and Finnis’ appeal to the central case of the internal point of view, are unnecessary.

Design, Realization and Experimental Evaluation of a Haptic Stick for Shared Control Studies

Abstract: Shared control is becoming widely used in many manual control tasks as a mean for improving performance and safety. Designing an effective shared control system requires extensive testing and knowledge of how operators react to the haptic sensations provided by the control device shared with the support system. Commercial general purpose haptic devices may be unfit to reproduce the operational situation typical of the control task under study, like car driving or airplane flying. Thus specific devices are needed for research on specific task; this market niche exists but is characterized by expensive products. This paper presents the development of a complete low cost haptic stick, of its initial characterization and inner loop and impedance control systems design, and finally proposes an evaluation with two test cases: pilot admittance identification with the classical tasks, and an entire haptic experiment. In particular this latter experiment tries to study what happens when a system failure happens in a pilot support system built using a classical embedded controller, compared to a system built following the haptic shared control paradigm.

Inter-Philosophies Dialogue: Creating a Paradigm for Global Health Ethics.

While debate remains about the definition and goals of work on global health, there is growing agreement that our moral starting point is the reality of unjust inequalities in the distribution of the conditions necessary for human health and well-being. With the growth of multi-jurisdictional and multicultural global health partnerships, the adequacy of the prevailing bioethical paradigm guiding the conduct of global health research and practice is being increasingly challenged. In response to ethical challenges and conflicts confronted by decision-makers in global health research and practice, we propose an innovative methodology that could be developed to bridge the gap between polarized systems of ideas and values (metaphysical, epistemological, moral, and political). Our inter-philosophies methodology provides the potential to construct a new, shared paradigm for global health ethics, thereby increasing the capacity for solidarity and shared decision-making in global health research and practice.

Editorial: Paradigm Changes are Required in HIV Vaccine Research.

In his influential book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” published in 1962, Thomas Kuhn argued that researchers in every field of scientific enquiry are always guided by theoretical assumptions, presuppositions, and hypotheses that constitute the prevailing scientific paradigm under which they operate at any given time (Kuhn 1962). When they operate within a shared paradigm, a scientific community working in a particular field will be committed to using certain strategies and experimental approaches that are accepted as being essential for trying to solve the problem at hand.

Element of Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks vs Conventional Banks: A Case Study

Element of Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks vs Conventional Banks: A Case Study I. I. Wijethunga, E. M. N. N. Ekanayake Abstract Corporate governance (CG) have gained a prominent place in the sustainability of any institution, be it a corporate or a bank. Individuals lack detailed knowledge on the applicability of CG and its aspects in Islamic Banks (IBs) in contrast to Conventional Banks (CBs). Thus, the objective of this study is to explore ‘how’ and ‘why’ IBs differ from CBs in terms of structure of CG and its elements mainly board responsibilities, legal and regulatory compliance, internal control environment and auditing from a fundamental perspective. The study adopts interpretative methodology and multiple case study strategy in selecting one bank to represent each banking systems. Further, primary and secondary data were collected through interviews, observations, reports and websites. Major findings of the study concluded that IBs and CBs enclose differences as well as similarities pertaining to their CG and selected aspects. Major differences are driven connecting to the framework of IBs as they need to follow interest free paradigm, Profit and Loss Sharing paradigm and Shariah principles in performing the banking functions. Hence, these major principles have influenced for emergence of different CG structure in IBs. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jibf.v3n1a5

Developing the narrative: Creating a shared paradigm shift towards an holistic view of mental health

Developing the narrative: Creating a shared paradigm shift towards an holistic view of mental health

Going beyond Poisson processes: a new statistical framework in neuronal modeling and data analysis

Cortical spike trains in vivo often show a high irregularity, reflected by a coefficient of variation (CV) close to one [1]. Such irregular single neuron spiking has consequently been associated with Poisson processes, and many models involving neuronal spike trains inherited this ideology. This viewpoint is further supported by the Palm-Khintchine theorem, which states that a superposition of a large number of renewal processes with very small intensity behaves like a Poisson process. It was demonstrated, however, that this theorem doesn't always apply to the superposition of neuronal spike trains [2-4]. Moreover, Poisson processes lack the temporal properties observed in population responses to input modulation either via a stimulus in vivo [5] or via electrical stimulation in vitro [6]. In this study, we report on new techniques to deal with non-Possonian aspects of stationary neuronal spike trains, as well as non-equilibrium population responses [7], based on Markov point processes (MPP), commonly known as continuous time Markov chains (CTMC). We compute the interspike interval (ISI) distribution by algebraically solving the first passage time problem for MPP neuron models, and compute the transient population responses with a similar technique. The same technique is used to compute exact cross-correlation functions for a shared input paradigm [8]. We advertise MPPs as a new powerful framework in neural network modeling and neural data analysis with many possible applications.

Social Justice: A Shared Paradigm for Social Work & Religion?

The Patient Affordable Care Act (2011) is a move towards equitable access to health care for citizens in the United States, but it is not without controversy. The mandate for shared responsibility and specifically coverage of reproductive health services for women has raised serious opposition. In June of 2011 the Brookings Project on Religion, Policy, and Politics brought together theologians, moral philosophers, legal scholars, health practitioners and advocates reflecting personal perspectives on all sides of the debate. This thoughtful examination of tension between religious leaders, health care advocates sets a backdrop with which to view inherent conflict with social work's professional paradigm of social justice and its historical ties to organized religion.

On the Construction of a Skill-Based Wheelchair Navigation Profile

Assisted wheelchair navigation is of key importance for persons with severe disabilities. The problem has been solved in different ways, usually based on the shared control paradigm. This paradigm consists of giving the user more or less control on a need basis. Naturally, these approaches require personalization: each wheelchair user has different skills and needs and it is hard to know a priori from diagnosis how much assistance must be provided. Furthermore, since there is no such thing as an average user, sometimes it is difficult to quantify the benefits of these systems. This paper proposes a new method to extract a prototype user profile using real traces based on more than 70 volunteers presenting different physical and cognitive skills. These traces are clustered to determine the average behavior that can be expected from a wheelchair user in order to cope with significant situations. Processed traces provide a prototype user model for comparison purposes, plus a simple method to obtain without supervision a skill-based navigation profile for any user while he/she is driving. This profile is useful for benchmarking but also to determine the situations in which a given user might require more assistance after evaluating how well he/she compares to the benchmark. Profile-based shared control has been successfully tested by 18 volunteers affected by left or right brain stroke at Fondazione Santa Lucia, in Rome, Italy.

The diagnostic and statistical manual: sacred text for a secular community?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is the most widely used diagnostic system by mental health professionals in North America. It provides a shared language and paradigm by which practitioners view clients. Can it be argued that the DSM represents a sacred text and defines a worldview for an identifiable community of mental health professionals? In what ways is the relationship between this community and document similar to and different from the relationships that explicitly religious communities maintain with their sacred texts?

Improving road transport-related air quality in England through joint working between Environmental Health Officers and Transport Planners

In this paper the necessity for effective joint working arrangements between Environmental Health Officers and Transport Planners is demonstrated as a fundamental prerequisite for successful management of traffic-related air quality in English local government areas. Current approach to joint working and collaboration between the officers was examined based on the evidence from a three-year study which involved questionnaire surveys and case study interviews. The findings show that despite good administrative devolution and policy integration, the chance of improving specific local air quality situations through the Local Transport Planning process is dependent on other overriding factors which influence the capabilities of the authorities to integrate policies across departments and tiers of governments. Implicit in these findings is the need for a shared paradigm of continuous engagement by all the policy actors and stakeholders if proper integration and the possibility of tangible results in future policy development are to be achieved. The paper proposes a new framework through which such collaborations can be developed and within which solutions to the issues identified can be evaluated.

Taming the wild life of genes by law? Genes reconfiguring solidarity in private insurance

This article introduces thinking from science and technology studies (STS) and in particular the work of Callon to study the topic of genetic testing and private insurance markets. To explore the fruitfulness of this STS approach, I will reconstruct the conventional framing of genetics and insurance as a way of understanding the underlying mechanisms that have led to the solutions of enacting Genetic Non-Discrimination Acts (GNDAs) in private insurance markets. I argue how this conventional framing has been underpinned by a shared paradigm of genetic exceptionalism and I indicate the role of genes as operators of solidarity in aligning a hybrid coalition of concerned groups and people, captured by the trope of genetic discrimination. Using this STS approach, I will point to the unanticipated effects of GNDAs in insurance markets, in the sense that new issues may arise – for example new struggles for solidarity – issues that cannot be identified by the conventional framing of genetics and insurance. This may pave the way for new configurations of solidarity in insurance in the molecular age. I suggest how genes, instead of simply being an object of discrimination, can be important operators of solidarity. Sensibility to the co-shaping of genes and the social, and the new identities, groups and biosocial relations involved in the manufacture of biosciences, law and insurance classifications is essential for better understanding of the politics of insurance markets, for the role of genes in reconfiguring solidarity in insurance markets and for informed governance. This article should be seen as programmatic, fleshing out important contemporary issues in the relationship between genetic technologies, insurance markets and politics that really need much more detailed analyses and discussion.

Dualisms: the agons of the modern world

Dualism is a motif that runs through literature of all genres and historical contexts, inspiring argumentation at the highest level and showing the formation of ideas in association as a creative exchange. It arises with special pertinence in western literature since the Renaissance and Reformation. In Dualisms, noted scholar Ricardo J. Quinones considers four major intellectual encounters: Erasmus and Luther, Voltaire and Rousseau, Turgenev and Dostoevsky, and Sartre and Camus. These four instances, Quinones argues, are important for what they are and what they represent: major intellectual contests that created the modern era and remain the 'agons' of our time. Through in-depth analysis, this study looks at the clarifications that emerged from four famous polemics. Discerning an 'itinerary of their encounters,' Quinones suggests a shared paradigm of development that is true for each of the examples of dualism. In all four cases, the two participants represented the vanguard of their time, and all of the debates started from shared intellectual positions until subsequent events revealed substantially different temperaments. It is the inescapable tension and connection between prior affinities and the discord of debate that continue to intrigue us. Dualisms is a tour-de-force, encompassing intellectual history, philosophy, theology, and literary criticism. It provides fresh perspectives on some of the most famous intellectual debates in all of literature, and considers the implications that they continue to have for the study of the humanities in the modern world.