Body Shape Research Articles

N‐Arylphenothiazines and N,N‐Diarylphenazines as Tailored Organophotoredox Catalysts for the Reductive Activation of Alkenes

AbstractA small library of N‐arylphenothiazines, N‐arylbenzo[b]phenothiazines and N,N‐diarylphenazines has been synthesized as strongly reducing organophotocatalysts without the need for sacrificial reagents or electrochemistry. Their opto‐electronic properties and their suitability as organophotoredox catalysts for the efficient activation of olefins was investigated using the addition of methanol to α‐methylstyrene as a model reaction. The findings were supported by DFT calculations. Three photocatalysts were identified that allowed quantitative yields with 10 mol % catalyst loading and 20 h irradiation by a 365 nm LED. The catalyst loading was gradually reduced to 0.5 mol % and the irradiation time was reduced to only 20 min. These experiments revealed that N,N‐diisobutyl‐4′‐(10H‐phenothiazin‐10‐yl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐amine is the most efficient photocatalyst among the N‐arylphenothiazines. This chromophore combines high electron density introduced by the diisobutylamino phenyl group with high absorptivity at 365 nm caused by the phenylene bridge to the phenothiazine core. In an attempt to shift the excitation wavelength into the visible light range for selectivity and sustainability purposes (potential use of sunlight as a light source), N‐arylbenzo[b]phenothiazines N,N‐diarylphenazines were designed that exhibit a red‐shifted and broad absorbance shoulder into the visible range, but only N,N‐diarylphenazines allow photocatalysis and the one‐electron activation of alkenes by visible light (450 nm LED).

Characterizing body composition modifying effects of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-based agonist: A meta-analysis.

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for muscle mass loss, with possible mechanisms including impaired insulin signalling and chronic inflammation. The use of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor-based agonist could lead to weight reduction, which might result from the loss of both fat and skeletal muscle. However, the body composition-modifying effects of GLP-1 receptor-based agonists have not been systematically characterized. PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials for Studies and Clinicaltrial.gov were searched from inception to October 2023. Randomized controlled trials of GLP-1 receptor agonist or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 receptor dual agonist, which reported the changes of body composition, were included. The results were computed as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random-effects model. In all, 19 randomized controlled trials were included. When compared with controls, substantial reductions in fat body mass were observed in patients using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatment (WMD = -2.25 kg, 95% CI -3.40 to -1.10 kg), with decrease in areas of both subcutaneous fat (WMD = -38.35 cm2, 95% CI, -54.75 to -21.95 cm2) and visceral fat (WMD = -14.61 cm2, 95% CI, -23.77 to -5.44 cm2). Moreover, greater reductions in lean body mass were also observed in GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users compared with non-users (WMD = -1.02 kg, 95% CI, -1.46 to -0.57 kg), while the changes in lean mass percentage were comparable between GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users and non-users. Compared with the controls, GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users experienced greater reductions in fat body mass, with body shaping effects in terms of both subcutaneous fat mass and visceral fat mass. Although greater reductions in lean body mass were also observed in GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users, the changes in lean mass percentage were comparable between the users and non-users.

Age-Specific Body Shape Characteristics in the Onset of Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Comparison Between Teens and 20s.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) has been the subject of many studies, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Most juvenile PSPs have a tall stature, thin build, and flat thorax, which is described as a "pneumothorax body shape."In this study, we compared the body shapes of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) patients in their teens and 20s and examined the characteristics of SP patients. Among PSPs operated on in our hospital, we compared the body shapes of males in their teens and 20s. In addition to height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), we measured the size of the thorax using computed tomography (CT) and analyzed the relationship between the two groups and height. A total of 77 cases of PSP in teens and 39 cases of PSP in 20s were entered into the study. Teenage PSPs had significantly lower BMI and were slimmer than those in their 20s. However, there were no differences in thorax size and height other than transverse diameter (TD). Furthermore, almost all thorax sizes of PSPs in their 20s were positively correlated with height, whereas those of PSPs in their teens were not correlated except for TD and vertical length. The study highlights significant differences in body shape characteristics between teenagers and individuals in their 20s at the onset of SP. These findings emphasize the need for age-specific considerations in the clinical approach to this condition. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and to optimize treatment strategies accordingly.

Innovative solid waste backfilling technology for top coal caving mining: analysing top coal movement and recovery optimisation

ABSTRACT The study introduces a novel solid backfilling technology, aiming to address gangue accumulation problem in top coal caving mining. To reveal its top coal drawing mechanism, discrete physical and numerical models were established. During the initial drawing stage, considerable amounts of low-position top coal are extracted, with yields fluctuating. As the working face advances, the drawing body shape shifts from knife-handle to semi-arch, and coal-gangue boundary curvature varies periodically. At low backfilling ratios, premature gangue exposure causes the loss of high-position top coal. Conversely, higher backfilling ratios facilitate the creation of a reconstructed floor, thereby enhancing top coal recovery.

Mosaic evolution of a learning and memory circuit in Heliconiini butterflies

How do neural circuits accommodate changes that produce cognitive variation? We explore this question by analyzing the evolutionary dynamics of an insect learning and memory circuit centered within the mushroom body. Mushroom bodies are composed of a conserved wiring logic, mainly consisting of Kenyon cells, dopaminergic neurons, and mushroom body output neurons. Despite this conserved makeup, there is huge diversity in mushroom body size and shape across insects. However, empirical data on how evolution modifies the function and architecture of this circuit are largely lacking. To address this, we leverage the recent radiation of a Neotropical tribe of butterflies, the Heliconiini (Nymphalidae), which show extensive variation in mushroom body size over comparatively short phylogenetic timescales, linked to specific changes in foraging ecology, life history, and cognition. To understand how such an extensive increase in size is accommodated through changes in lobe circuit architecture, we combined immunostainings of structural markers, neurotransmitters, and neural injections to generate new, quantitative anatomies of the Nymphalid mushroom body lobe. Our comparative analyses across Heliconiini demonstrate that some Kenyon cell sub-populations expanded at higher rates than others in Heliconius and identify an additional increase in GABA-ergic feedback neurons, which are essential for non-elemental learning and sparse coding. Taken together, our results demonstrate mosaic evolution of functionally related neural systems and cell types and identify that evolutionary malleability in an architecturally conserved parallel circuit guides adaptation in cognitive ability.

Associations Between Body Image, Eating Behaviors, and Diet Quality Among Young Women in New Zealand: The Role of Social Media.

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between diet quality and body image disturbance among young women aged 18-24, a crucial period for establishing lifelong health behaviors. Given the increasing exposure to social media, which often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, this research aims to explore associations between eating behaviors, diet quality, and body image disturbance. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative focus group discussions with quantitative analysis. Focus groups (n = 19) explored themes of body image dissatisfaction. The Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ) was administered to 50 participants (young women aged 18-24) to quantitatively assess body image disturbance, while diet quality was evaluated using the Australian Recommended Food Scores (ARFS). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) was also used to assess eating behaviors, including cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. A social influence questionnaire (SIQ) was administered to measure the effect of social influence. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between ARFS, BIDQ, and TFEQ-R18 scores. Results: Qualitative findings revealed persistent dissatisfaction with body shape, largely influenced by social media. Quantitatively, 65% of participants scored above the clinical threshold for body image disturbance (mean BIDQ score = 4.2, SD = 0.8). The correlation between ARFS and BIDQ scores was weak and not statistically significant (r = 0.057, p = 0.711). However, a significant positive correlation was observed between time spent on social media and body image disturbance (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). Additionally, TFEQ-R18 results indicated that 45% of participants displayed moderate levels of uncontrolled eating, and 36.5% demonstrated moderate levels of emotional eating. Conclusions: While social media is associated with body image concerns, its effect on eating behaviors and diet quality shows weak correlations, suggesting that other factors may mediate these outcomes. These results suggest the complexity of the associations between body image, eating behaviors, and diet quality, indicating that interventions should consider psychological drivers behind these concerns alongside social media usage.

Structured-unstructured activity behaviours on preschoolers’ mental and physical health: a compositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis

This study analysed the relationship between the structured and unstructured activities of preschoolers and their mental and physical health, and also investigated the predicted changes in mental and physical health by reallocating activity time. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 324 preschoolers. Video recording and SOPARC activity observation system was used for the division of structured and unstructured activities. An accelerometer sensor was used to measure activity intensity. The SDQ psychological questionnaire was adopted to collect data on internalizing difficulties, externalizing difficulties, total difficulties and pro-social behaviours. Physical indices including body shape (height, weight, BMI), and physical fitness (upper and lower limb strength, flexibility, agility, and balance) were collected using Chinese toddler physical fitness measurement tools. Component data and isotemporal reallocation analyses were conducted using R Studio (Version 4.2). A total of 308 preschoolers (160 boys; aged 4.50 ± 0.93 years) were included in the data analysis. The activities composition, adjusted for sex, area, mental level (for mental indicators), or age (for physical indicators), was significantly correlated with various measurement indicators (p < 0.05). Specifically, structured (β=-0.87, p < 0.05) and unstructured (β=-1.24, p < 0.05) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were significantly positive correlated with internalizing difficulties, while structured MVPA was significantly positively correlated with body shape (β = 2.17, p < 0.05). Replacing structured light physical activity (LPA) with 10 min of structured MVPA has a positive effect on internalizing difficulties (SMD=-1.28, 95%CI: -2.30 to -0.27) and body shape (SMD = 1.76, 95%CI: 0.37 to 3.15). When the total replacement time reaches 25 min, the benefits become even more pronounced. Structured and unstructured MVPA are both beneficial to preschoolers’ mental and physical health, with the incorporation of MVPA for over 25 min in structured activities and supplementary unstructured MVPA yielding even greater benefits.

Advanced resistance exercise combined with aerobic rehabilitation training on cardiopulmonary function

Chronic diseases are the number one killer in the world today, and the most common cause of chronic diseases is lack of exercise. Research on the application of artificial intelligence technology in the medical field can shorten the distance between clinical best practice and practical application, and promote the standardized management of clinicians according to specifications. In this paper, three different exercise methods, continuous aerobic, anaerobic, and control, were used to conduct a 12-week study. This paper discussed the effects of three different forms of exercise on the body shape, body composition, and metabolism of patients with chronic diseases, and discussed the intervention effects of the same exercise mode in different periods (0–6 weeks, 6–12 weeks), to provide a theoretical basis for more effective and targeted choice of exercise intervention programs. Through training load, training frequency, training sequence, training interval, and other factors, a training plan can be designed. To avoid mistakes, experts often try to do some items that are prone to mistakes, especially lung function measurement. The scores of self-care, extraction, standing, occupation/housework, social activities, and total scores were significantly lower than those before intervention (P &lt; 0.01). Advanced resistance kinetic energy can significantly improve the exercise and cardiopulmonary function of patients with various types of chronic diseases. Advanced resistance kinetic energy can significantly promote the strength and explosive force of the shoulder, waist, and back muscles in chronic patients, and can significantly promote the muscle adaptability of the shoulder, waist, and back muscles in chronic patients.

The Abdominal Adiposity Index (A Body Shape Index) Predicts 10-Year All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Active Non-Obese Subjects

Background/Objectives: A Body Shape Index (ABSI), which accounts for waist circumference relative to mass and height, shows a robust association with mortality risk. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of ABSI as a predictor of 10-year all-cause mortality in physically active, non-obese elderly individuals. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 159 volunteers (94 women, aged 60–80 years), recruited in the frame of the “Physical Activity and Nutrition for Great Ageing” (PANGeA) Cross-border Cooperation Program Slovenia–Italy 2007–2013, and followed for 10 years. Baseline characteristics included anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and cardiovascular fitness tests (VO2max). Statistical analyses (Cox regression, Kaplan–Meier survival) were conducted to examine the relationship between ABSI and mortality. Results: During the 10-year follow-up, 10 deaths (6.7%) were recorded. ABSI (adjusted for age, smoking, comorbidities, and therapy) was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 4.65, p &lt; 0.001). Higher ABSI scores were linked to reduced VO2max (r = −0.190, p = 0.017) and increased systolic blood pressure (r = 0.262, p = 0.001). An ABSI-based predictive model showed strong discriminatory power (AUROC = 0.91). Conclusions: ABSI is a reliable predictor of 10-year mortality in active, non-obese elderly individuals and may improve risk stratification in clinical practice.

Detection of body shape changes in obesity monitoring using image processing techniques

Body measurements are primarily made with a tape measure. In measurements taken with a tape measure, the inability to take measurements from the same part of the body each time, incorrect positioning of the tape measure, the occurrence of incorrect measurements, and the need for a person to take the measurements are significant problems in the traditional measurement method. Due to the social distancing rule that must be followed during the Covid-19 pandemic, the close contact between the person to be measured and the person taking the measurement became the starting point of this study. This study focuses on the detecting body shape changes using image processing techniques with 2D imaging. The novelty of the work is that non-contact body measurements are taken more accurately and reliably using the cosine theorem. Regular monitoring of obese patients is important in combating obesity, which is also the source of many health problems. In the monitoring of obese patients, it is necessary to determine the rate of slimming in areas where fat accumulation is intense. The error margin between the real measurements of human models and the calculated measurements was calculated as an average of ± 5.16% for waistline and an average of ± 4.58% for hip size. The cosine theorem was used instead of the ellipse formula used in the literature, and it was observed that the cosine theorem obtained results closer to reality. It is also thought that the developed system will be beneficial not only for extracting body measurements but also for extracting body measurements contactless in the textile sector. The study demonstrates the feasibility of image processing for non-contact body anthropometry and shape tracking.

Influence of physical activity on the epigenetic clock: evidence from a Japanese cross-sectional study

BackgroundBiological age, especially epigenetic age derived from the epigenetic clock, is a significant measure of aging, considering the differences in aging rates among individuals. The epigenetic clock, a machine learning-based algorithm, uses DNA methylation states to estimate biological age. Previous studies have reported inconsistent associations between physical activity (PA) and the epigenetic clock, especially second-generation clocks such as PhenoAge and GrimAge. This study aimed to clarify this relationship using cross-sectional data from Japanese participants aged 40–69.MethodsWe used two datasets from the Saga J-MICC study, of which 867 samples were available for analysis. DNA methylation data from peripheral blood samples were used to calculate the epigenetic age using the epigenetic clocks PhenoAge and GrimAge. PA and sedentary time were measured using a single-axis accelerometer, while self-reported PA, sedentary time, and covariates were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The association between PA or sedentary time and epigenetic age acceleration was assessed using multiple linear regression.ResultsPearson's correlation coefficients between accelerometer-based and self-reported PA variables ranged from 0.09 to 0.20. Multivariable regression analysis showed that accelerometer-based PA and sedentary time were associated with epigenetic age decelerations and accelerations, respectively. However, self-reported PA was not associated with the epigenetic age accelerations.ConclusionsThese results indicate that reducing sedentary time and increasing PA were associated with slowing both PhenoAge and GrimAge, even in East Asian populations with different exercise habits, body shapes, and lifestyles. This study highlights the potential of objective second-generation epigenetic age acceleration as an outcome index for healthcare interventions and clinical applications.

Prevalence of potential risk of eating disorders among young, unprofessional European athletes: results of the ERASMUS+ project SCAED.

Adolescent athletes are at higher risk of developing eating disorders (ED) due to sports environment pressures and developmental characteristics. The ERASMUS+ project Sports Community against Eating Disorders (SCAED) aims to assess the prevalence of the potential risk of eating disorders among young, unprofessional European athletes and to provide them with easier access to professional support and knowledge. The online survey included 462 unprofessional athletes from six European countries aged 12-25 (average age 18.49 ± 5.50) on their socio-demographics, sports and lifestyle habits, behaviors, concerns, and perceived pressure from coaches and teammates regarding body weight and shape. The eating disorder potential risk was assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination for Adolescents (EDE-A) and Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes (EDSA). Every seventh (14.9%, EDE-A) and fifth (19.9%, EDSA) of young, unprofessional European athletes were at possible risk for developing eating disorders. Overall potential risk (18.7% EDE-A, 26.6% EDSA), dietary restraint (12.9%), and concerns about eating (9.5%), shape (23.7%), and weight (19.6%) were significantly more prevalent among female athletes. Younger athletes showed a slightly higher prevalence and avoidance of food. Athletes training in weight-sensitive sports exhibited more behaviors related to eating disorders. Females (p = 0.003), younger, and those athletes training in less weight-sensitive sports noted higher weight- and shape-related pressure from coaches. Dissatisfaction with their current weight was expressed by 44.6% of athletes, while 46.1% thought that they needed to lose weight to improve performance. The observed prevalence of the potential risk of ED among young, unprofessional European athletes is concerning, particularly due to limited access to support. Efforts to reduce the prevalence should target female and younger athletes in weight-sensitive sports. The SCAED Erasmus+ project aims to decrease ED prevalence among young, unprofessional European athletes, their families, and coaches by supporting them through education and professional consultation.

TSAE-UNet: A Novel Network for Multi-Scene and Multi-Temporal Water Body Detection Based on Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction

The application of remote sensing technology in water body detection has become increasingly widespread, offering significant value for environmental monitoring, hydrological research, and disaster early warning. However, the existing methods face challenges in multi-scene and multi-temporal water body detection, including the diverse variations in water body shapes and sizes that complicate detection; the complexity of land cover types, which easily leads to false positives and missed detections; the high cost of acquiring high-resolution images, limiting long-term applications; and the lack of effective handling of multi-temporal data, making it difficult to capture the dynamic changes in water bodies. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel network for multi-scene and multi-temporal water body detection based on spatiotemporal feature extraction, named TSAE-UNet. TSAE-UNet integrates convolutional neural networks (CNN), depthwise separable convolutions, ConvLSTM, and attention mechanisms, significantly improving the accuracy and robustness of water body detection by capturing multi-scale features and establishing long-term dependencies. The Otsu method was employed to quickly process Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2 images, generating a high-quality training dataset. In the first experiment, five rectangular areas of approximately 37.5 km2 each were selected to validate the water body detection performance of the TSAE-UNet model across different scenes. The second experiment focused on Jining City, Shandong Province, China, analyzing the monthly water body changes from 2020 to 2022 and the quarterly changes in 2022. The experimental results demonstrate that TSAE-UNet excels in multi-scene and long-term water body detection, achieving a precision of 0.989, a recall of 0.983, an F1 score of 0.986, and an IoU of 0.974, significantly outperforming FCN, PSPNet, DeepLabV3+, ADCNN, and MECNet.

Black shale high geological background potential toxic elements(PTEs) in middle reaches of the Yangtze River tributary basin water environment, China: Distribution, pollution sources, and risk assessment

As a typical high geological background area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River tributary basin in China, the Loushao Basin in Hunan is covered with high mineral black shale, with an average element value 4.76–8.97 times higher than the world average rock level. The aim of this study is to analyze the water environment pollution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River tributary basin under high geological background based on the spatial distribution differences of black shale concentration. PCA source analysis is used to track the source of pollution and highlight the differences in body shape to assess regional health risks. The research results show that Cd in water quality exceeds the background value by 7.5 times. There is a strong homology among Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg elements in water bodies, mainly derived from the natural weathering, migration, and enrichment of rocks. Hg element is a pollution caused by human factors, and water pollution is more severe in areas close to high concentrations, with severe exceedance of Cr element in water quality. The main controlling factor for individual health risk differences is body shape, and men's health is more susceptible to threats.

A Multi-View Real-Time Approach for Rapid Point Cloud Acquisition and Reconstruction in Goats

The body size, shape, weight, and scoring of goats are crucial indicators for assessing their growth, health, and meat production. The application of computer vision technology to measure these parameters is becoming increasingly prevalent. However, in real farm environments, obstacles, such as fences, ground conditions, and dust, pose significant challenges for obtaining accurate goat point cloud data. These obstacles lead to difficulties in rapid data extraction and result in incomplete reconstructions, causing substantial measurement errors. To address these challenges, we developed a system for real-time, non-contact acquisition, extraction, and reconstruction of goat point clouds using three depth cameras. The system operates in a scenario where goats walk naturally through a designated channel, and bidirectional distributed triggering logic is employed to ensure real-time acquisition of the point cloud. We also designed a noise recognition and filtering method tailored to handle complex environmental interferences found on farms, enabling automatic extraction of the goat point cloud. Furthermore, a distributed point cloud completion algorithm was developed to reconstruct missing sections of the goat point cloud caused by unavoidable factors such as railings and dust. Measurements of body height, body slant length, and chest circumference were calculated separately with deviation of no more than 25 mm and an average error of 3.1%. The system processes each goat in an average time of 3–5 s. This method provides rapid and accurate extraction and complementary reconstruction of 3D point clouds of goats in motion on real farms, without human intervention. It offers a valuable technological solution for non-contact monitoring and evaluation of goat body size, weight, shape, and appearance.

Features are more than just filling in the blanks on body size scales

ABSTRACT Despite widespread misperceptions of body size and shape, the specific visual features influencing such judgments remain unclear. This study assessed the contribution of internal body features (e.g., colour, shading) to the accuracy of female body size judgements and whether that contribution varies with body size. Using a bodyline task, 100 female participants evaluated images of female bodies, either depicted as real bodies including internal features (feature stimuli) or images of bodies as silhouettes only (silhouette stimuli). The results showed greater overall errors in body size estimation for silhouettes compared to full feature images. However, the direction of error differed for large and small bodies: small silhouettes were judged larger than their full-feature counterparts, while large silhouettes were judged smaller. These findings emphasize the importance of internal body features in shaping perceptions of female body size and highlight the complexity of judgement accuracy across different body sizes.

Optimization of drawing sequence in longwall top coal caving mining through an FDM‐DEM model

AbstractThe Longwall top coal caving (LTCC) technology is regarded as one of the most crucial approaches for exploiting thick coal seams. A crucial and effective approach for improving the recovery rate of top coal and reducing coal resource losses in LTCC faces is to reasonably select process parameters based on actual mining and geological conditions of different mines. The main focus of this paper is the engineering background of the 12,309 LTCC face in Wangjialing Coal Mine. A numerical model is developed using FALC3D and PFC3D software, employing a finite difference method and discrete element method. This model takes into account predetermined cutting and caving ratios, as well as drawing intervals. To examine the caving process and roof particles, three different drawing sequences were examined: sequential drawing, segmented sequential drawing, and intermittent drawing. The findings suggest that, in terms of the reset shape of the drawing body before individual and entire caving, the segmented sequential drawing method exhibits noticeable drawbacks compared to the other two methods. From the perspective of the drawing weight, following “closing drawing opening when seeing gangue”, the sequential drawing, segmented sequential drawing, and intermittent drawing methods can yield 32.42 t, 26.87 t, and 35.78 t of top coal, with corresponding recovery rates of 73.39%, 60.81%, and 82.97%. Therefore, it can be concluded that intermittent drawing is suitable for implementation on LTCC working face 12,309.

Understanding Fitness Trends in the Virtual Age: A Content Analysis of TikTok Workout Videos

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the content of workout videos on TikTok. A sample of 297 TikTok workout videos was coded for demographic factors and body shape of content creators, as well as the presence of body positivity messaging, appearance-related messaging, and other relevant themes. The results suggest that TikTok workout content is often presented in a time-lapse format with little verbal instruction, which may make it difficult for viewers to perform the exercises. The majority of the videos depicted young women with athletic bodies and other characteristics associated with culturally based beauty ideals, and approximately half of the videos included non-White content creators. Approximately a quarter of the videos in the sample included objectification and a smaller proportion of the sample included messages about inner positivity. Overall, the TikTok platform may provide underrepresented individuals opportunities to seek out workout content from a more diverse group of instructors; however, the fact that many of these videos including objectifying depictions of the content creators is concerning. Further experimental work is needed in order to more fully elucidate the effects of TikTok workout videos on viewers.

Associations between anthropometric indices as complementary predictors and incidence of type 2 diabetes; Panasonic Cohort Study 21

AimsTo compare the predictive abilities of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-corrected BMI (wBMI), a body shape index (ABSI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) for the incidence of type 2 diabetes and determine the practical cut-off values for the Japanese population. MethodsThis study used data from 155,623 participants who had medical checkups with Panasonic Corporation between 2008 and 2021. Predictive abilities of anthropometric indices were evaluated at 13 years using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Results8,800 developed type 2 diabetes during the study period. The area under the ROC curve for the WHtR was high (0.717, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.710–0.724), with cut-off value of 0.497 in men, while those for wBMI (0.829, 95 % CI: 0.808–0.848) and WHtR (0.826, 95 % CI: 0.806–0.845) were high in women, with cut-off values of 18.6 kg/m and 0.510, respectively. It was also showed WHtR was the most effective in men, while WHtR and wBMI outperformed WC and were comparable to BMI in women for predicting type 2 diabetes. ConclusionsWHtR demonstrated superior effectiveness in predicting type 2 diabetes in men, while both WHtR and wBMI showed higher effectiveness than WC and were almost equivalent to BMI in women.

National Trends in the Prevalence of Self-Perceived Overweight Among Adolescents Between 2005 and 2022: Nationwide Representative Study.

Despite several studies on self-evaluation of health and body shape, existing research on the risk factors of self-perceived overweight is insufficient, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the risk factors affecting self-perceived overweight and examine how the prevalence of self-perceived overweight has changed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we analyzed the impact of altered lifestyles due to COVID-19 on this phenomenon. The data used in the study were obtained from middle and high school students who participated in the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (N=1,189,586). This survey was a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling survey representative of South Korean adolescents. We grouped the survey results by year and estimated the slope in the prevalence of self-perceived overweight before and during the pandemic using weighted linear regression, as well as the prevalence tendencies of self-perceived overweight according to various risk factors. We used prevalence ratios to identify the risk factors for self-perceived overweight. In addition, we conducted comparisons of risk factors in different periods to identify their associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of self-perceived overweight was much higher than BMI-based overweight among 1,189,586 middle and high school participants (grade 7-12) from 2005 to 2022 (female participants: n=577,102, 48.51%). From 2005 to 2019 (prepandemic), the prevalence of self-perceived overweight increased (β=2.80, 95% CI 2.70-2.90), but from 2020 to 2022 (pandemic) it decreased (β=-0.53, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.33). During the pandemic, individuals with higher levels of stress or lower household economic status exhibited a more substantial decrease in the rate of self-perceived overweight. The prevalence of self-perceived overweight tended to be higher among individuals with poor academic performance, lower economic status, poorer subjective health, and a higher stress level. Our nationwide study, conducted over 18 years, indicated that self-perceived overweight decreased during the COVID-19 period while identifying low academic performance and economic status as risk factors. These findings suggest the need for policies and facilities to address serious dieting and body dissatisfaction resulting from self-perceived overweight by developing counseling programs for adolescents with risk factors such as lower school performance and economic status.