Shallow Reading Research Articles

Precisely identifying and mitigating shallow reading behaviors through online reading data: exploring quantitative reading behavior methods and precise behavioral intervention

ABSTRACT Online learning has become a part of daily life. However, it has fostered a tendency to shallow reading. Notably, little attention has been paid to precisely identifying shallow reading behaviors using quantified education big data in favor of methods such as conceptual descriptions, opinions, and questionnaires, resulting in an imprecise analysis of its impact on learning and a lack of strategies to mitigate its causative factors. This study addresses the issue by introducing a behavior-identifying model grounded in measurable data to precisely identify shallow reading behaviors. Initially, three key dimensions of shallow reading behaviors were proposed, along with corresponding mathematical indicators. Subsequently, the k-means algorithm and Pearson correlation coefficient were employed to evaluate the relationship between shallow reading and learning performance, underscoring its significance. The analysis showed that shallow reading behaviors are highly associated with poor learning performance, thus hindering critical reading. These findings further validate the predominant influence of reading speed on learning performance. Consequently, a strategy was developed to intentionally decrease reading speed. Following that, an experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of this strategy in mitigating shallow reading. The results revealed improved learning performance and a significant reduction in shallow reading behaviors without increasing cognitive load.

Middle-schoolers' reading and lexical-semantic processing depth in response to digital and print media: An N400 study.

We report the first use of ERP measures to identify text engagement differences when reading digitally or in print. Depth of semantic encoding is key for reading comprehension, and we predicted that deeper reading of expository texts would facilitate stronger associations with subsequently-presented related words, resulting in enhanced N400 responses to unrelated probe words and a graded attenuation of the N400 to related and moderately related words. In contrast, shallow reading would produce weaker associations between probe words and text passages, resulting in enhanced N400 responses to both moderately related and unrelated words, and an attenuated response to related words. Behavioral research has shown deeper semantic encoding of text from paper than from a screen. Hence, we predicted that the N400 would index deeper reading of text passages that were presented in print, and shallower reading of texts presented digitally. Middle-school students (n = 59) read passages in digital and print formats and high-density EEG was recorded while participants completed single-word semantic judgment tasks after each passage. Following digital text presentation, the N400 response pattern to moderately-related words indicated shallow reading, tracking with responses to words that were unrelated to the text. Following print reading, the N400 responses to moderately-related words patterned instead with responses to related words, interpreted as an index of deeper reading. These findings provide evidence of differences in brain responses to texts presented in print and digital media, including deeper semantic encoding for print than digital texts.

Scanning or Simply Unengaged in Reading? Opportune Moments for Pushed News Notifications and Their Relationship with Smartphone Users' Choice of News-reading Modes

News notifications on smartphones provide a convenient way to stay informed, but their delivery timing can influence user engagement. Despite this, research on the impact of notification timing on reading behavior remains limited. Therefore, we developed NewsMoment, a news aggregation app that monitors user reading patterns and sends news notifications. Our experience sampling study with 46 NewsMoment users revealed four distinct reading modes: typical, comprehensive, scanning, and unengaged. Deep reading, encompassing typical and comprehensive modes, more often occurred during self-initiated browsing rather than through pushed news. Interestingly, shallow reading modes - unengaged and scanning - showed varying prevalence, associated triggers, and engagement, despite their similarities. Importantly, unengaged reading persisted regardless of users' perceived moment opportuneness, whereas scanning reading was more common during inopportune moments. These findings suggest that identifying opportune moments for news reading may primarily reduce scanning reading, without substantially impacting unengaged reading.

Innovation and application of digital reading model for college students based on deep learning model

Abstract Digital reading has changed the traditional reading pattern, and it is popular among college students because of its portability, fast content update and rich presentation, but the phenomenon of shallow reading such as lack of concentration, lack of thinking and superficiality in the process of reading is also becoming more and more obvious. In this paper, we construct the model of college students’ reading ability based on RoBTANet model, construct the index system of college students’ reading ability evaluation based on the relationship structure between the main categories derived from the rooted coding, and finally design the model of college students’ reading ability evaluation to achieve the purpose of analyzing the results of college students’ reading ability evaluation. The scoring results correspond to the data of 59 initial concepts, 27 valid indicators, and 5 main categories of a student, which can be mapped to the reading ability of students through the various scores and provide effective countermeasures for the digital reading mode of college students. This paper effectively evaluates the reading ability of college students, broadens the application value and research field of RoBTANet model, actively explores the digital reading mode of college students, provides development ideas, and is important to promote the innovation and application of digital reading mode of college students.

The Dilemma and Outlet for the Teaching of English Intensive Reading in the New Media Era

In the new media era where impetuous atmosphere and “shallow reading” prevail, the value of traditional English intensive reading was seriously underestimated. It is mainly manifested in the surface structure of the teacher’s explanation, students’ scarce awareness about intensive reading, and the disconnection between practice and the content of the teaching and in intensive reading lectures is disconnected classes. The key to solving the problem is that teachers guide students to pay attention to the accumulation of information, use new media resources to strengthen the effects of reading input, and use the combination of multiple input pathways to improve the traditional and single intensive teaching mode, and cultivate students’ awareness of intensive reading.

Spatial characterization of total salt in non-saline soil solutions through electromagnetic induction

Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) surveys can indirectly spatially characterise total salt in saline soil solutions, i.e., electrical conductivity of a saturated paste extract (ECe). Due to complexity of ECa-readings a 10-step protocol, including an analytical procedure (Dual Pathway Parallel Conductance, DPPC) and software (Electrical conductivity Sampling Assessment and Prediction), have been developed to facilitate with the process. Studies where ECa readings have been used to spatially characterise ECe in soil solutions below 2 dS m−1 (non-saline) are limited to non-existing. The aim was to collectively use above-mentioned tools to determine the success with which ECe can be spatially characterised in non-saline soil solutions with variable and uniform texture across the field. Dataset 1 consisted of ECe, gravimetric moisture and clay measurements from 277 grid sampling sites across 320 ha (seven fields). Dataset 2 contained a mean 443 ECa readings ha−1 together with measurements of ECe, clay, gravimetric moisture, and bulk density from 12 ECa-directed sampling sites per field. Dataset 1; the r between calculated ECa (ECac) and ECe at all fields were >0.9. Dataset 2; deep ECa readings (i.e., 1 m coil separation for both dipole orientations) remained stable during surveys (not true for shallow readings). At 3 fields, uniform in depth and spatially in terms of clay content (±10% clay), relatively low ECa readings (±50 mS m−1) significantly correlated with low ECe values (<1.5 dS m−1). Hence, proactive management of excessive irrigation-induced drainage and salt leaching by spatial monitoring of ECe in non-saline soil, spatially uniform in texture, through electromagnetic induction is conceivable.

Feeling Bad about Emotional History

This article presents a critical review of The Feeling of History, a recent work by the American anthropologist Charles Hirschkind. In this book, the author treats Andalucismo, a political movement that arose in modern Andalusia early in the twentieth century and was chiefly characterized by an extremely positive view of the Islamic Iberian past (al-Andalus)—a tendency that is certainly unusual in Spain and goes against the prevalent Spanish nationalism. In his book, Hirschkind not only develops an uncritical view of Andalucismo and its intrinsically emotional reading of the past but also legitimizes a rather farfetched conflation of modern Andalusia and al-Andalus. Moreover, he offers an extremely shallow and unnuanced reading of current Spanish scholarship on the Middle Ages, branding it wholesale as an heir to Francoism. He also lends legitimacy to those who call into question the origin of al-Andalus in the Islamic conquest of 711 CE—representatives of an unscholarly approach that has been largely dismissed by academic outlets since the 1970s. Burdened by heavy ideological prejudices and hampered by the author’s limited knowledge of the most recent academic historiographic debates in the field of Iberian medieval studies, the book represents a failed attempt to present the Anglophone readership with a consistent introduction to Andalusian nationalism together with a critical appraisal of the Andalusian nationalist interpretation of the medieval Iberian past.

Analysis of the Influence of Big Data Background on the Spread of Large-Scale Sports Events

With the advent of the era of shallow reading and the popularity of smart phones, people are becoming more and more interested in schema reading, and data visualization has gradually become an ideal way to present news. While the scope of influence and attention of large-scale sports events are continuously expanding and improving, the application of data visualization in the communication of large-scale sports events is also increasing, and the visual communication method with strong data news appreciation is gradually being recognized by the audience. Then, does the development status of China’s large-scale sports events meet the needs of the country and the people? What kind of scale and system of large-scale sports events does China need? This paper applies the questionnaire survey method to analyze the impact on the spread of large-scale sports events under the background of big data. It is concluded that although China’s GDP in 2019 has reached the third level in the world, other indicators lag behind other countries, especially the GDP per capita and the GDP of the sports industry are only 0.7%. This shows that the scale of China’s sports industry is still small.

Understanding the Welby-Russell Correspondence

ABSTRACTA shallow reading of the 1905 correspondence between Victoria Welby and Bertrand Russell yields the impression that Welby has misunderstood Russell's “On Denoting.” I argue that a deeper reading reveals that Welby should be understood, not as misunderstanding Russell, but as bringing a pragmatic attitude to bear on Russell's theory of descriptions in order to expose the limits of his strictly logical analysis.

Deep inference and expansion trees for second-order multiplicative linear logic

In this paper, we introduce the notion of expansion tree for linear logic. As in Miller's original work, we have a shallow reading of an expansion tree that corresponds to the conclusion of the proof, and a deep reading which is a formula that can be proved by propositional rules. We focus our attention to MLL2, and we also present a deep inference system for that logic. This allows us to give a syntactic proof to a version of Herbrand's theorem.

A Study on Shallow Reading Behavior in Auxiliary Academic Reading— Based on Eye Movement Analysis

With the development of digital media technology and the Internet, electronic devices are increasingly been applied to assist people in reading academic documents, and shallow reading becomes a widespread phenomenon. Meanwhile, auxiliary reading system has been widely used in reading academic documents to improve reading efficiency and effects. This paper compare shallow reading behavior and deep reading behavior through analyzing user’s eye movement data in reading academic document. Also, we studied the pattern of shallow reading behavior in auxiliary documents reading. The results show that both shallow reading and deep reading exist in the academic document reading behavior. There are significant difference between shallow reading and deep reading in saccade amplitude, gaze time and other indicators. The saccade amplitude and gaze time of shallow reading are shorter than deep reading.

Soil water content monitoring for irrigation management: A geostatistical analysis

With the increasing attention to site-specific or variable rate irrigation management, it is helpful to reconsider the quantity and placement of soil water monitoring locations in this context. Volumetric soil water content (θv) was monitored using a neutron probe (NP) at 72 locations in a center pivot irrigated field in eastern Nebraska. Variance reduction and temporal stability analyses were performed on θv from shallow (∼top 46cm) and full profile (∼122cm) readings for four monitoring cycles in the 2015 growing season and 2016 preseason. Eleven additional cycles were included for a subset of the data for the temporal stability analysis. The spatial correlation scale for θv was found to be less than the closest spacing of monitoring locations in the study (i.e. <37m). For this field site, approximately three neutron probe monitoring locations were required to determine mean soil water depletion (±2cm) for the field or for a management zone. Little economy would be gained in variance reduction for areal mean θv from using a stratified network for management areas of reasonable size in a center pivot irrigated field. Temporally stable monitoring locations were identified. However, relatively low-cost spatial predictor variables, including elevation, deviation from mean elevation, apparent electrical conductivity, and mean relative difference of interpolated cosmic ray neutron probe surveys, were not consistent predictors of NP mean relative difference. The small range of variability of θv within the study field is thought to be a contributing factor. It is possible that for fields with similar variability, or for site-specific irrigation where zones have been selected to reduce within-zone variance, that sensor quantity is more important than sensor placement in quantifying the areal mean θv for irrigation management.

快浅阅读语境下纸质书籍版式设计中的视觉流程设计探析

快浅阅读语境下纸质书籍版式设计中的视觉流程设计探析

Metaphors of mind: an eighteenth-century dictionary

An encyclopedic dictionary along the lines of Voltaire's classic Dictionnaire Philosophique, Metaphors of Mind provides an in-depth look at the myriad ways in which Enlightenment writers used figures of speech to characterize the mind. Drawn from Brad Pasanek's massive online archive, this volume constitutes a veritable treasury of mental metaphorics. Dividing the book into eleven broad metaphorical categories-Animals, Coinage, Court, Empire, Fetters, Impressions, Inhabitants, Metal, Mirror, Rooms, and Writing-Pasanek maps out constellations of metaphors. He frames his collection of literary excerpts in each section with a more descriptive and theoretical discussion of what he calls desultory reading, a form of unsystematic perusal of writing frequently employed by Enlightenment thinkers. By surveying the printed past alongside the digital present, the book treats eighteenth-century writing as its topic while essentially exemplifying its rhetorical approach. More than an exercise in quotation, this intellectual history offers illuminating readings of fragmentary literary works and confrontations with neoclassical and contemporary theories of metaphor. The book's entries complicate received ideas about Locke's blank slate, question M. H. Abrams' claims about mirrors and lamps, and chart changing frequencies of metal metaphors in a moment of industrial revolution. The book also responds to current anxieties about reading and the mass digitization of literature, touching on recent discussions of distant reading, shallow reading, and surface reading. Promoting critical and creative anachronism, Metaphors of Mind redefines the notion of an archive in the age of Amazon and Google Books.

“独特的”戴维斯短篇小说集

美国短篇小说家莉迪亚•戴维斯获得2013年布克国际奖。戴维斯的作品打破了传统短篇小说创作的常规和边界，被评论家称为一位“基本上属她自创的文学形式的大师”。本文试图通过她出版于2009年的《莉迪亚•戴维斯小说集》中的2篇小故事，从文学伦理学批评视角来解读：当今信息爆炸的环境下、风行的“碎片化阅读”语境中、互联网发展的“短平快”文体、浅阅读的流行等社会环境背景与戴维斯的极为精简的语言和叙事方式、甚至完全抛开了传统小说的人物、环境、情节三要素、她的无法归类的文体和语言特质的短篇小说之间的复杂关系。本文抛砖引玉，以期更深入的探讨后现代文学环境给当今人类社会带来的伦理思考。 Lydia Davis won the Man Booker International Prize 2013 and then her short stories were intro-duced to the Chinese readers. Her inventive, carefully-crafted and hard-to-categorize works are totally different from what we define traditional novels from which she created the “original”, “unusualness” novels of her own style. This paper, with reference to terms as ethical situation, ethical identity, ethical choices, ethical literary criticism, attempts to explain and comment on the different life with its moral features from ethical perspective in 2 short stories by Lydia Davis in her book The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis under the current social situations: information exploding environment, the prevailed “fragmentation” reading context, “short, adaptable and fast” writing stylistics, the popular “shallow reading” way due to the easy access to Internet.

Facilitating critical thinking using the C-QRAC collaboration script: Enhancing science reading literacy in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment

The criticism that reading online results in shallow reading may reflect the need for an intervention that can provide sufficient technological and pedagogical supports to socially and cognitively engage learners in critical thinking and collaboration. This study investigated the effect of facilitating critical thinking using a collaboration script modified from the Questioning, Reading, Answering, and Checking reading strategy (i.e., QRAC-the-Code; Berkeley & Riccomini, 2013) on students' science reading literacy in a computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment. Participants were 76 college students (71% female) enrolled at a university in central Taiwan. Students were grouped by affinity grouping, where they self-selected their members, and were then randomly assigned to a collaborative learning condition with or without the collaboration script support. Overall, results showed that the collaboration script significantly enhanced students' reading literacy. Moreover, the effect was dependent upon gender and the format of tests. Males benefited more from the collaboration script on constructed-response items whereas females benefited more on multiple-choice items. Implications for instructional practices are drawn based on the findings of the study.

Enhancing digital reading performance with a collaborative reading annotation system

As children now spend considerable time reading electronic media, digital reading skills and good reading comprehension are essential. However, many studies agree that screen-based reading leads to shallow reading, short attention spans, and poor comprehension. Therefore, this work presents a collaborative reading annotation system with a reading annotation and interactive discussion scaffold (CRAS-RAIDS) for improving reading performance in collaborative digital reading environments. This study used a quasi-experimental design. Fifty-three Grade 5 students were recruited from two classes of an elementary school in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. One class was randomly designated the experimental group used the proposed CRAS-RAIDS support for collaborative reading. The other class was designated the control group and used the traditional paper-based reading annotation method and face-to-face discussions. The two groups were then compared in terms of reading attitude, reading comprehension, and use of reading strategy in an active reading context. Analytical results show that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in direct and explicit comprehension, inferential comprehension performance, and use of reading strategy. Moreover, the experimental group, but not the control group, had a significantly improved reading attitude in the total dimensions and in the behavioral and affective sub-dimensions. Additionally, the experimental group showed positive interest and high learning satisfaction.

The effect of semantic orientation at encoding on free-recall performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer's disease

The present study manipulated the nature of orientation provided at encoding in an intentional word memory task. Performance on the memory task was then compared between 23 elderly persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 13 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 23 healthy elderly persons. When tested following shallow (reading orientation) encoding, free-recall performance was impaired in AD compared to aMCI and healthy older adults. When tested following deep (categorical semantic orientation) encoding, both AD and aMCI groups were impaired relative to healthy older adults. The latter result was related to larger memory improvement due to semantic orientation in healthy controls than in aMCI and AD participants. Overall, these findings indicate that the encoding put up by aMCI and healthy elderly persons is comparably efficient in situations where shallow supportive cues are provided at encoding, but that healthy controls benefit more than aMCI and AD in situations where supportive cues are strong.

Child, hypertension and oral health

Hypertension is a major public health issue in industrialized nations. Many efforts have focused on the primary prevention and control of hypertension in adults. Nevertheless, the increasing incidence of hypertension in younger age groups has drawn attention to the severity and complications of the disease in children and adolescents. Public health implications of hypertension in children are overwhelming because many of these individuals will eventually face medical squeal into adulthood. Reproducibility of blood pressure in children can be challenging, especially in younger individuals, and the practitioner should be alert for shallow reading ranges in young children. Safe provision of dental care to hypertensive children requires knowledge about the aetiology of the elevation in blood pressure, oral manifestations, target organ damage, and possible drug interactions. This article provides an overview of hypertensive children and their oral health management. The recommendations presented in this article have been formulated using the available data regarding hypertension in children.

Hermeneutic Algebra: Solving for Love, Time/Space, and Value in Putin‐Era Personal Ads

This article explores claims about how to understand others. It does so through ethnography of ways cultural producers and their apprentices struggled and colluded over what constitutes a true reading or empathic performance of another's words. The linguistic forms up for interpretation were those in Russian personal ads. Like many other forms in the region, personal ad texts are vulnerable to shallow readings as mere market imports, and so the article first unpacks Transition and Cold War ideologies in order then to discuss interactions that lay out alternate formulae for reading the ads. These latter hermeneutics are no less ideological—their makers also separate, condense, and combine “variables” to ratify the reality of categories (e.g., generation, nation, sentiment). Still, to examine how they do so does undermine Cold War paradigms and moreover suggests how people ground meta‐discourse about misunderstanding itself. The article draws from fieldwork at the Russian Academy for the Theatrical Arts in Moscow in 2002–3 and 2005, as well as from other field, archival, and media work in Russia since 1988. [hermeneutics, intertextuality, performance, sentiment, Russia]