Shadow Of War Research Articles

Abandoning American neutrality: Woodrow Wilson and the beginning of the Great War, August 1914-December 1915

1. An Awful Cataclysm: British War Aims, Neutral Rights at Sea, and Early US Mediation Efforts, July 1914-September 1914 2. An Exceedingly Tender Spot: Conclusion of the Declaration of London Debate, Britain's Revised Order in Council, and the US Mid-Term Congressional Elections, October 1914-November 1914 3. At Peace With the World: Developing Anglo-American Munitions Trade and US Efforts to Maintain the Spirit of Neutrality, October 1914-December 1914 4. Friend to All of Them: Munitions Bills, A Government Owned Merchant Marine and Restarting Talks of Mediation, December 1914-January 1915 5. Twittering of a Sparrow: House's Second Mission to Europe, German Submarines, Strict Accountability, and the Tightening of the Allied Blockade, February 1915-April 1915 6. The Palliations of Piracy: Submarine Crisis, Shell Shortages, and the Failure of House's Second Mission to Europe, April 1915-June 1915 7. The Shadow of War: Britain's Economic Emergency, US Distrust of Germany, the New Course for U.S. Policy toward the Belligerents, June 1915-August 1915 8. He Has Thus Crossed the Rubicon: Conclusion of the Arabic Crisis, German Sabotage, and Clandestine US Mediation Efforts, September 1915-December 1915

Hezbollah: the global footprint of Lebanon's party of God

Introduction: Researching Hezbollah's Clandestine Activities 1. The Party of God Is Born 2. Branching Out: Targeting Westerners in Lebanon and Beyond 3. Hezbollah's European Debut 4. Bombings in Buenos Aires 5. A Near Miss in Bangkok 6. Beirut to the Blue Ridge: Hezbollah Comes to North America 7. Bombing Khobar Towers 8. Unit 1800: Targeting the Israeli Heartland 9. Finance and Logistics in Africa 10. Unit 3800: Hezbollah in Iraq 11. Party of Fraud: Hezbollah's Criminal Enterprise in America 12. Shadow War Selected BibliographyAbout the AuthorIndex

The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present, by Stephen Lovell

The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present, by Stephen Lovell

Perception of Environmental Threat in the Shadow of War: The Effect of Future Orientation

ABSTRACT People may express high concern for global warming or environmental degradation, but when forced to evaluate the severity of environmental threats in relation to other threats, environmental threats are pushed to the bottom of the list. The present study was based on the premise that prioritizing threats involves, inter alia, hierarchizing the threats according to their perceived temporal proximity and since environmental threats are perceived, relative to other threats, as more temporally distant, they rank low. Future orientation (FO) is an individual-difference variable that describes the tendency to take into account temporally distant considerations. We predicted that environmental threats would be evaluated as more severe by individuals who were more future-oriented. The strongest effect of FO was found to be on concern about global warming and environmental degradation. This indicated that environmental threats were perceived as temporally farthest and, not surprisingly, received the lowest priority. External security threat was a top-priority; its severity evaluation was uncorrelated to FO, indicating that it was perceived as temporally closest. These evaluations significantly affected environmental attitudes and behavior. The implications on promoting environmental behavior in the presence of ever-existing shorter-term existential threats are discussed.

Adventurers and Agents Provocateurs: A German Woman Traveling through French West Africa in the Shadow of War

When Dr. Rosie Gräfenberg traveled to French West Africa in 1929, she set the French security and intelligence service on high alert. Rumors preceding her arrival suggested she might be a Russian agent, a communist agitator, and a German spy, among other things. She, however, presented herself as a German journalist. This article contrasts Gräfenberg's autobiography and newspaper articles with French police archives to consider why the stories surrounding her life diverged so greatly and what variations in detail, fact, and tone reveal about how Franco-German relations influenced considerations of race, nation, gender, and sexuality in the French Empire. In part because her trajectory was so outlandish, Gräfenberg's writings help us to consider the influence of World War I upon interwar colonial politics, procedures, and presumptions.

Bargaining power and the arbitration and adjudication of territorial claims

To examine the political factors that influence the use of legal mechanisms to resolve territorial disputes, we model the decision to pursue arbitration and adjudication as part of a bargaining process in the shadow of war. We find that arbitration and adjudication can help prevent bargaining breakdown, but states only pursue and comply with such measures when the expected ruling reflects the balance of power between them. To test the theory, we examine compliance with arbitral and adjudicated rulings on territorial claims. In line with our expectations, states are less likely to comply when the stronger disputant is asked to make greater concessions. We conclude that power politics constrains the conditions under which legal mechanisms can be used to successfully manage contentious claims over territory.

Charm Offensive Or 'Axis Of Evil'? An Analysis Of The Iranian Nuclear Program And American Responses

This paper assesses the likelihood that Iran’s nuclear program poses a threat to American foreign-policy interests and the extent to which the American response has succeeded in reducing this threat. The researcher conducted this assessment using publicly available data from governmental or intergovernmental agencies such as the IAEA and the CIA, think tanks such as the Brookings Institute, and contemporary press reports. The findings indicate that Iran’s nuclear program has some military aspects, which might pose a threat to American security interests either by emboldening the Iranian leadership to engage in brinksmanship or by increasing the Israeli perception of Iran as a threat. This threat appears to be exacerbated by the failure of most American responses to reduce the threat from the nuclear program, with the partial exceptions of the sanctions regimes and cyberwarfare tactics applied to Iran. In 2009, an Iranian nuclear scientist named Shahram Amiri vanished while on a pilgrimage to Mecca, raising suspicions in the Iranian media that he had been kidnapped. They were proved partially right after Amiri turned up in Tucson claiming to be a defector. The resulting cascade of media claims and counterclaims—Amiri later claimed to have been kidnapped, while Iranian media suggested that he was a double agent-was one of many moves in a key part of American foreign policy: the shadow war over Iran’s nuclear program. The Iranian nuclear program dates back to the reign of Shah Reza Pahlavi, during the alliance between the United States and Iran. However, this program was continued well after Pahlavi’s reign and into the strongly anti-American government of the Ayatollah Khomeini. 2 In spite of Iranian claims to the contrary, international intelligence agencies therefore have long suspected that Iran’s post-Pahlavi nuclear program may have a military purpose. Consequently, the questions of greatest concern regarding Iran’s nuclear program are: 1) “Does Iran’s nuclear program pose a threat to American interests?” and 2) “What responses are most likely to have a 1 Crist, David. The Twilight War: The Secret History Of America’s Thirty-Year Conflict With Iran. 2012. Penguin. Pg.554. 2 Berman, Illan. Tehran Rising: Iran’s Challenge To The United States. 2005. Rowan & Littlefield, Oxford. Pg. 32. 3 Amano, Yuki. “IAEA Board Report.” 5 June 2013. IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2013/gov2013-27.pdf Pg. 13. 1 Menon: The Iranian Nuclear Program And American Responses, 2000-2012

Childhood in the shadow of war: filled with work and play

This study was focused on war-time childhood. The target period covers the war years 1939–1945 and the years of post-war reconstruction. The research was based on memories of 13 participants who lived in the countryside in northern Finland during the Second World War. The purpose of the study was to find out what children's everyday life was like during the war. According to the results, children did play regardless of the war situation. Children also participated in household work actively. By highlighting children's experiences and perspectives, this study provided important information about children's survival during war time. The study also helps understanding the effects of wars from children's point of view.

Maarevisjonid Eesti- ja Liivimaal Rootsi võimuperioodi alguses

Maarevisjonid Eesti- ja Liivimaal Rootsi võimuperioodi alguses

A Negentropic Society?: Wartime and Postwar Soviet History

Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society. xii + 352 pp., illus. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. ISBN-13 978-0691151120. $35.00. Mark Edele, Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941-1991. xii + 334 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN-13 978-0199237562. $125.00. Donald Filmer, Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943-1953. xxx + 379 pp., illus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN-13 978-0521113731. $116.00. Jeffrey W. Jones, Everyday Life and the Reconstruction of Soviet Russia during and aider the Great Patriotic War, 1943-1948. xiv + 309 pp., illus. Bloomington, IN: Slavica Publishers, 2008. ISBN-13 978-0893573485. $29.95. Anna Krylova, Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front. xvi + 320 pp., illus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN-13 978-0521197342. $89.00. Stephen Lovell, Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present. xviii + 370 pp., illus. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. ISBN-13 978-1405169585. $39.95. Rebecca Manley, To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War. xvi + 282 pp., illus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. ISBN-13 978-0801447396. $45.00. In April 1975, in one of his first public statements after being blacklisted in the aftermath of the Soviet-led invasion, Vaclav Havel wrote a lengthy open letter to Gustav the general secretary of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party. In Dear Dr. Husak, as the letter became known, Havel broached several themes that would characterize his later writings: the alleged moral and spiritual crisis that beset Czechoslovakia after 1968; the role of culture as a means of individual and societal self-awareness; the dangers of consumer bliss; and the question, why so many Czechoslovakians acquiesced to the formation of an impressive image of a totally united society. Yet Dear Dr. Husak is atypical among Havel's early writings for its premonitory character or, depending on one's vantage point, its wishful thinking. Whereas Havel famously prescribed in The Power of the Powerless (1978) how Czechoslovakians might act to end communist rule by living in truth, he argued in Dear Dr. Husak that the system was doomed by its internal logic. The entire political practice of the present regime, Havel wrote, ... confirms that those concepts which were always crucial for its program--order, calm, consolidation, 'guiding the nation out of its crisis,' 'halting disruption,' 'assuaging hot tempers' and so on--have finally acquired the same lethal meaning that they have for every committed to entropy.... True enough, the country is calm. Calm as a morgue or a grave, would you not say? (1) In Havel's view, the rhetorical power of a regime committed to lay in an implied teleology that gave critics of Czechoslovakian socialism cause for hope. (2) A function of the second law of thermodynamics, entropy describes the universal propensity of matter to decay. It presupposes movement from a higher to a lower order or from differentiation to randomness. Although Havel did not elaborate on the other entropic regimes whose demise he invoked as a warning for his belief in the latent, inexorable decay of Czechoslovakian socialism anticipated a common mode of thinking about Soviet history in its final, postwar decades. This mode of thinking is characterized by the assumption that behind its seemingly immutable facade, Soviet rule was mortally compromised by flaws inherent to it. Martin Malia was a case in point when he asserted that the causes of the Soviet collapse stretched back to the moment Stalin's heirs naively undertook the impossible task of fissioning Soviet socialism from Stalinism. In Malia's formulation, the latter was the peak towards which Soviet history had been building since October; everything that followed was on the downward slope. …

Disappearing violence: JSOC and the Pentagon’s new cartography of networked warfare

In the twilight of the USA’s ground wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, there has been an expanding shadow war of targeted killings and drone strikes outside conventional war zones, where violence is largely disappeared from media coverage and political accountability. While many attribute the growth in these shadowy operations to the use of new technologies and platforms such as drones, this article argues that the central transformation enabling these operations is the increasing emergence of network forms of organization within and across the US military and related agencies after 2001. Drawing upon evidence from unclassified reports, academic studies, and the work of investigative journalists, this article will show that elements within the US military and related agencies developed in the decade after 2001 a form of shadow warfare in which hybrid blends of hierarchies and networks combine through common information and self-synchronization to mount strike operations across transnational battle spaces. But, rather than a top-down transformation towards networks, this article will show how it was the evolution of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) from an elite strike force into a largely autonomous networked command that has been central to this process. Although drone strikes have received the bulk of critical attention in relation to this expanding shadow war of targeted killing, this often-lethal networked warfare increasingly resembles a global and possibly permanent policing operation in which targeted operations are used to manage populations and threats in lieu of addressing the social and political problems that produce the threats in the first place.

Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to Present

Stephen Lovell, <i>The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to Present</i>

Negotiating Intimacy in the Shadow of War (France, 1914-1920s): New Perspectives in the Cultural History of World War I

Over the past twenty years, the cultural and social history of the Great War has undergone a profound revitalization and given rise to new areas of research, such as the history of the body and of violence, the relationships between the front lines and the home front, the “cultures of war,“ and religious feeling. At the heart of this approach is an interest in intimacy, or the private life of soldiers and their relationships with their loved ones, an area that has been explored thanks to a new focus on personal archives: letters, diaries, photographs. Taking wartime France as its example, this article analyzes the contributions of this new history of World War I and assesses its methodological issues. The Great War can thus be seen in its full measure, not only as the first conflict conducted on a global scale, but also as a true anthropological turning point, one that caused tremendous upheaval for those who lived through it: new kinds of violence on the battlefields, new mourning rituals, unfamiliar difficulties in reconnecting with private life in the aftermath of the war.

Puppet: An Essay on Uncanny Life (review)

Kenneth Gross. Puppet: An Essay on Uncanny Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. Pp. 224 + 4 color plates, 24 halftones. $25.00. Toward the end of Puppet: An Essay on Uncanny Life, Kenneth Gross evokes the unusual environment in which puppetry exists: It is a space where unexpected forms of life emerge, assert a form, shift shape and then disappear, not a vast space, not a great wilderness or a grand palace, but like some rumored corner of an old house, or some neighborhood in a city that you stumble across by surprise, where people under the shadow of war or poverty engage in commerce of peculiar sorts, trading in strange goods and using odd currencies, feeding unaccountable and suspect appetites. (158-59) In Puppet, Gross attempts to articulate the essence of the creatures that inhabit this space, their special nature, and our attraction to them. Each chapter is an encounter with a few particular examples of puppetry, sometimes from traditional forms, like Japanese bunraku or Sicilian rod puppets, and sometimes from innovative contemporary artists like Janie Geiser or Germany's Ilke Schonbein, who are exploring the boundaries of this in new ways. Each chapter also provides a meditation on aspects of puppetry that captivate and puzzle us, leading to more profound consideration of the puppet's relationship to and life. As Gross explains, and the idea of the move together here, the actual and imagined, or unknown, puppet, the visible and the invisible puppet (4). Puppet is at once a book of personal reflections--based on Gross's own experiences with objects in performance, with literature that draws on the metaphor of the puppet, and with individual puppeteers--as well as an exposition on the nature of puppets, in all their variety, and how they work on the imagination. Chapter 4, Fate of Hands for example, begins by proposing the hand or glove as the extension and tool of our will (51) because of the palpable presence of the human hand inside the puppet's body. The hand transforms a part of the self into a separate, distinct entity even as it remains inseparable from the puppeteer. Furthermore, poetry of the connection between hand and is so intense in part because of the range of ways in which we live in our hands, and in which our hands connect us to the world (52). This observation brings Gross to the work of the famous Russian puppeteer Sergei Obraztsov, who, in his Attitude to a Lady, used simple balls on the index finger of each of his otherwise bare hands to act out a scenario of courtship and seduction. Gross articulates the complexities inherent in this simplest of puppets: What you feel is the presence of a composite or double body, animate and inanimate at once, a relation perhaps echoing some image of a within a body, though never simply--it may be a body within a body, or a within a soul (55). Gross builds on these insights to inform his reading of Philip Roth's novel Sabbath's Theatre, in which the main character is an aging puppeteer. While Sabbaths hands once had a special seductive life of their own, with age their powers have withered, [a]nd the hardening of the puppeteer's hands keep pace with the hardening of the poet's own art (59). Gross finds that the novel reminds us that puppets offer a refuge for fantasies otherwise exiled (60) and ends his chapter, What I wonder is whether any actual theatre could translate what the novelist's language seems to know (62). Gross's full circle of reflections, from the unique expressive possibilities of hands in the of puppetry, to the way Roth's novel redeploys those realities, and the metaphors they embody, in a different artistic sphere, mines the riches buried in the reciprocal connections between the as both stage object and literary metaphor. While chapter 4 explores the physical presence of the puppeteer's body, chapter 5, Wooden Acting focuses instead on the as object and objects used as puppets. …

Punk in the Shadow of War

As punk reformulated topics and modes of resistance in the late 1970s, the impact of wars in Southeast Asia, as well as continuing histories of imperialist aggression elsewhere, served as a way for Los Angeles's racially and sexually diverse punk scene to imagine itself as resistant through (sometimes simultaneous) affiliation with and disassociation from the state, military, and acts of capitalist violence. This article reimagines the context for punk's politics by following racial, residential, and economic patterns, the influx of refugees, and the subsequent reimagination of punk spaces such as Hollywood, the Canterbury Apartments, and Chinatown to trace themes of race, sexuality, and violence.

The National Road and the difficult path to sustainable national investment

Part 1 Preface Part 2 Part I. The Great Debates about the National Road Chapter 3 Chapter 1. Washington's Role Chapter 4 Chapter 2. Jefferson, Gallatin and the Legislation of 1806 Chapter 5 Chapter 3. Madison: Construction in the Shadow of War and the Bonus Bill Veto Chapter 6 Chapter 4. Monroe's Compromise and the Toll Gate Battle Chapter 7 Chapter 5. John Quincy Adams and the High Water Mark of the National Road as a National Road Chapter 8 Chapter 6. Andrew Jackson and the Transfer of the National Road to the States Chapter 9 Chapter 7. The National Road and the Law, Politics and Policy of Internal Improvement Part 10 Part II. The Road in its Prime Chapter 11 Chapter 8. Laying Out and Building the National Road Chapter 12 Chapter 9. Confronting Problems of Road Construction East of the Ohio in the Madison And Monroe Years: An Archival Account Chapter 13 Chapter 10. The Culture of the Road in its Prime Chapter 14 Chapter 11. The Road as a Microcosm of Early Republic America Part 15 Part III. The Decline and Revival of the National Road and its Place as a National Symbol Chapter 16 Chapter 12. The Decline and Revival of the Road: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Perspectives Chapter 17 Chapter 13. The National Road, the Creation of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System and the Post-Interstate Period Chapter 18 Chapter 14. The National Road as a National Symbol Part 19 Part IV Twenty-first Century Legacy Chapter 20 Chapter 15. The National Road and the Enduring Role of the Federal Spending Power Chapter 21 Chapter 16. A National Road Perspective on America's Twenty-first Century Infrastructure Challenges Part 22 Epilogue: The National Road, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and Sustainable National Investment in the 21st Century Part 23 Endnotes Part 24 Bibliography Part 25 Appendix A: National Road Time Line

Theodore R. Weeks, Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861–1945; Stephen Lovell, The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present Day

Theodore R. Weeks, <i>Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861–1945</i>; Stephen Lovell, <i>The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present Day</i>

Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. Russia's Age of Serfdom, 1649–1861 Weeks, Theodore R. Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861–1945 Lovell, Stephen. The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (review)

Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. Russia's Age of Serfdom, 1649–1861 Weeks, Theodore R. Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861–1945 Lovell, Stephen. The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the Present (review)

The House Baba Built: An Artist's Childhood in China (review)

Reviewed by: The House Baba Built: An Artist's Childhood in China Deborah Stevenson Young, Ed . The House Baba Built: An Artist's Childhood in China; as told to Libby Koponen; illus. by Ed Young. Little, 2011. 48p. ISBN 978-0-316-07628-9 $17.99 R Gr. 5-9. This blend of arresting mixed-media visuals (including multiple foldouts) and recollective text chronicles Young's remarkable childhood in Shanghai. There his engineer father designed a huge, apartment-building-esque house, making a deal for the use of the property on which it stood (in the area of Shanghai that was safest from the encroaching war). Not only was it the headquarters for Young's immediate family, including his four brothers and sisters, but it also drew family fleeing Nanking, an additional crew of cousins, and then, late in the war, a German refugee family. Despite the shadow of war, this is a story of rollicking family life, with hordes of kids pelting around the place (hearing a door slam, Young's father noted that "when you hear one bang, you know four more are coming") under the loose and benevolent supervision of tolerant adults. The strand of the young artist's early career is explored as well, with mention of young Eddy's early artistic influences, from a bit of cousinly demonstration to the "luscious illustrations" in his sister's English adventure stories. The art relies strongly on photos, some altered or decorated, with additional paper collage, pastel, and soft linework, creating full-bleed spreads that vary between immersive high-impact layouts and more allusive or focused vignettes. The overall effect is a sort of elegant teeming, effectively conveying the high-spirited togetherness of the household from a more aesthetically inclined distance. While more context would have been helpful, especially to fill kids in on the Sino-Japanese War, this is an intriguing story of an unusual and surprisingly idyllic childhood. Back matter includes an afterword (which includes recent photographs of the house and a few family members), a timeline, a floor-by-floor elevation of the house, and a note explaining the creative process for the book. [End Page 180] Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Under Fire: Childhood in the Shadow of War (review)

Reviewed by: Under Fire: Childhood in the Shadow of War Anastasia Ulanowicz (bio) Elizabeth Goodenough and Andrea Immel, eds. Under Fire: Childhood in the Shadow of War. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 2008. In Society Must Be Defended, a series of public lectures delivered at the Collège de France from 1975 to 1976, Michel Foucault argues that all modern social institutions are predicated upon war. According to Foucault, war is not an isolated occurrence that punctuates history; rather, war is a permanent condition that influences dynamics of power within social institutions. If one takes Foucault's thesis into account, then one must also grant that childhood—one of the most privileged concepts in modern Western society—is not exempt from the processes and consequences of war. Although individual children might (problematically) be presumed innocent, childhood itself—as both an intellectual category and as an actual condition—is never innocent of war. Indeed, for a considerable percentage of the global population, the experience of childhood is also the experience of war: at this very moment, children serve as soldiers, forced laborers, human shields, trafficked subjects, prisoners, informants, orphans, and "collateral damage." Even the most sheltered of children living in affluent and ostensibly peaceful nations are not beyond the reach of war's choking tentacles: not only are they both the subjects and objects of propaganda, but, according to the logic of Foucault's argument, their very performance of citizenship implicates them within structures of power based on war. The complex and enduring relationship between childhood and war serves as the subject of Elizabeth Goodenough and Andrea Immel's edited collection, Under Fire: Childhood in the Shadow of War. As the editors note in their preface, Under Fire was "conceived as a much larger project, which had its genesis in long-distance discussions between the late Mitzi Myers and Elizabeth Goodenough about the relationship of the war games children play to the secret spaces they create" (ix). These discussions soon led to Myers and Goodenough's co-edited issue of The Lion and the Unicorn, (24:3, September 2000) entitled "Violence and Children's Literature," and later, to a conference on childhood and war at Princeton University in 2003. This present collection serves as the culmination of these various efforts, and is dedicated to the memory of Myers, its genitor. Under Fire is divided into four sections. The essays included in the first section, "Hearts and Minds," analyze the ways in which children's [End Page 105] books—and more generally, popular discourse—have employed the figure of the child in the service of wartime propaganda. The second section, "Representing Trauma," evaluates the literary and visual rhetoric at work in depictions of childhood experiences of war. Each of the essays in this section strikes a clear and productive balance between theoretical discussions of trauma and close, analytical engagement with primary texts. For example, in her essay, "Picturing Trauma in the Great War," Margaret Higonnet draws on extensive archival research to demonstrate how French First World War-era propagandistic picture books conflated children's perceptions and traumatic experiences with those of soldiers. By exposing such a conflation, Higonnet usefully problematizes the boundaries between individual and collective trauma and, moreover, draws attention to the ways the figure of the child has been used to represent trauma. (The word "infant," she reminds the reader, derives from the Latin infans, meaning "without speech"—a term that gestures toward the inaccessibility of trauma to full linguistic representation [118]). This section also includes Myer's interview of the celebrated "YA" author, Robert Cormier. Although the topics covered in this interview—for example, censorship and the allegorical representation of the Holocaust and the Vietnam War in novels such as Tunes for Bears to Dance To and The Chocolate War, respectively—may be familiar to Cormier's readers, this interview is distinguished by its richly collaborative character. In the course of the interview, Myers does not merely ask leading questions, but elaborates on and contests Cormier's statements in a manner that dramatizes the exchange between reader and text and scholarly critic and author. In the third section, "The Holocaust in Hindsight," contributors address the literary and ethical implications of...