SHA-1 Algorithm Research Articles

Advanced Unified Encrypting Methodology to Enhance The Security of Health Information in Cloud Storage Employing Blockchain

Security of health information has been a major issue in the health care industry. Health information exchange have been help doctors, patients, and other healthcare providers to securely access and share the medical information. Cloud computing led to easier and safer access and sharing of medical records. To provide additional security to cloud computing employ encryption techniques and blockchain. In this method develop the mobile application to enhance the security of health information in cloud storage using various encryption techniques and blockchain.Base64 encoding and AES algorithm are used for providing more security to the medical records. Blockchain transactions occur within a peer-to-peer network of patient records. SHA-256 algorithm is used for implementing the blockchain. This system protects the confidentiality of health data stored on cloud storage.

Design of Smart and Secured Healthcare Service Using Deep Learning with Modified SHA-256 Algorithm.

Background: The modern era of human society has seen the rise of a different variety of diseases. The mortality rate, therefore, increases without adequate care which consequently causes wealth loss. It has become a priority of humans to take care of health and wealth in a genuine way. Methods: In this article, the authors endeavored to design a hospital management system with secured data processing. The proposed approach consists of three different phases. In the first phase, a smart healthcare system is proposed for providing an effective health service, especially to patients with a brain tumor. An application is developed that is compatible with Android and Microsoft-based operating systems. Through this application, a patient can enter the system either in person or from a remote place. As a result, the patient data are secured with the hospital and the patient only. It consists of patient registration, diagnosis, pathology, admission, and an insurance service module. Secondly, deep-learning-based tumor detection from brain MRI and EEG signals is proposed. Lastly, a modified SHA-256 encryption algorithm is proposed for secured medical insurance data processing which will help detect the fraud happening in healthcare insurance services. Standard SHA-256 is an algorithm which is secured for short data. In this case, the security issue is enhanced with a long data encryption scheme. The algorithm is modified for the generation of a long key and its combination. This can be applicable for insurance data, and medical data for secured financial and disease-related data. Results: The deep-learning models provide highly accurate results that help in deciding whether the patient will be admitted or not. The details of the patient entered at the designed portal are encrypted in the form of a 256-bit hash value for secured data management.

A SHA-256 Hybrid-Redundancy Hardware Architecture for Detecting and Correcting Errors.

In emergent technologies, data integrity is critical for message-passing communications, where security measures and validations must be considered to prevent the entrance of invalid data, detect errors in transmissions, and prevent data loss. The SHA-256 algorithm is used to tackle these requirements. Current hardware architecture works present issues regarding real-time balance among processing, efficiency and cost, because some of them introduce significant critical paths. Besides, the SHA-256 algorithm itself considers no verification mechanisms for internal calculations and failure prevention. Hardware implementations can be affected by diverse problems, ranging from physical phenomena to interference or faults inherent to data spectra. Previous works have mainly addressed this problem through three kinds of redundancy: information, hardware, or time. To the best of our knowledge, pipelining has not been previously used to perform different hash calculations with a redundancy topic. Therefore, in this work, we present a novel hybrid architecture, implemented on a 3-stage pipeline structure, which is traditionally used to improve performance by simultaneously processing several blocks; instead, we propose using a pipeline technique for implementing hardware and time redundancies, analyzing hardware resources and performance to balance the critical path. We have improved performance at a certain clock speed, defining a data flow transformation in several sequential phases. Our architecture reported a throughput of 441.72 Mbps and 2255 LUTs, and presented an efficiency of 195.8 Kbps/LUT.

Acceleration of Image Processing with SHA-3 (Keccak) Algorithm using FPGA

Acceleration of Image Processing with SHA-3 (Keccak) Algorithm using FPGA by Argyrios Sideris* , Theodora Sanida , Dimitris Tsiktsiris , Minas Dasygenis Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, 50131, Greece * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 7, Page #

A Lightweight Hash Function Based on Enhanced Chaotic Map Algorithm(Keccak)

Cryptography is a security strategy that prevents disclosure of the information while it is transit, in storage, or both. There are a variety of methods for maintaining data security, including utilizing light weight speed algorithms for encryption and parameter validation. Many algorithms have originated in the area of information protection, helping to assure the validity of the information generated. These include the following algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3, AES, RC5, RSA, and more. In order to secure the legitimacy of the information and monitoring data , the speed of encryption and authentication must be critical. . Due to the necessity of fast and secure algorithms, these features are required. In this work, modification of the SHA-3 algorithm by introducing a new function called (the keccak function), which has an extremely quick execution time and a high level of security, also versatile cryptographic function. This change is implemented via the 2D chaotic system, which is geared towards generating random values for constants for the SHA3 algorithm. These constants values are generated by the SHA3 algorithm, and so are random and unguessable by the intrude. Statistical tests conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) effectively outperformed the randomness of a proposed approach .The proposed algorithm shows lower execution time compared to previous studies, which is 0.041616sec for 1MB. Index Terms — Cryptography, Hash function, keccak Function, SHA-3, Chaotic system.

EFFECTIVE LEDGER AND DECENTRALISATION IN HEALTHCARE USING BLOCKCHAIN

Healthcare block chains provide an innovative way to store healthcare information, execute healthcare transactions, and build trust for sharing health data in a decentralized open health network environment. Although the healthcare block chain technology has attracted broad interests and attention in industry, government and academia, the security and privacy concerns remain the focus of debate when deploying block chains for information sharing in the healthcare sector from business operation to research collaboration. This paper focuses on the security and privacy requirements for medical data sharing using block chain, and provides a comprehensive overview of security and privacy risks and requirements, along with technical solutions techniques. First, we discuss the security and privacy requirements and attributes required for electronic medical data sharing by deploying the healthcare block chain. Second, we categorize existing efforts into three benchmark block chain use cases for electronic medical information sharing and discuss the technologies to execute these security and privacy properties in the three categories of use cases for healthcare block chain, such as anonymous signatures, attribute-based encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, and verification techniques for smart contract Finally, we discuss other potential block chain application scenarios in healthcare We conjecture that this survey will help healthcare professionals, decision makers, and healthcare service developers to gain technical and intuitive insights into the security and privacy of healthcare block chains in terms of concepts, risks, requirements, development and deployment technologies and systems. Key Words: Asymmetric-key algorithm and hash function, SHA-256 algorithm.

Implementation of SHA256 Algorithm for Securing Medical Data using Machine Learning and Block chain Techniques

Data is the input for various artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to mine valuable features, yet data in Internet is scattered everywhere and controlled by different stakeholders who cannot believe in each other, and usage of the data in complex cyberspace is difficult to authorize or to validate. As a result, it is very difficult to enable data sharing in cyberspace for the real big data, as well as a real powerful AI. In this paper, we propose the SecNet, an architecture that can enable secure data storing, computing, and sharing in the large-scale Internet environment, aiming at a more secure cyberspace with real big data and thus enhanced AI with plenty of data source, by integrating three key components: Blockchain-based data sharing with ownership guarantee, which enables trusted data sharing in the large-scale environment to form real big data; AI-based secure computing platform to produce more intelligent security rules, which helps to construct a more trusted cyberspace; Trusted value-exchange mechanism for purchasing security service, providing a way for participants to gain economic rewards when giving out their data or service, which promotes the data sharing and thus achieves better performance of AI. Moreover, we discuss the typical use scenario of SecNet as well as its potentially alternative way to deploy, as well as analyze its effectiveness from the aspect of network security and economic revenue.

Implementasi Algoritma SHA-256 Pada Aplikasi Duplicate Document Scanner

On a computer, if we duplicate a file, the duplicated file is no different from the first file and this can be done in a fairly short time. In this case, what will be duplicated is a word document file with docx extension. SHA (Secure hash Algorithm) is a hash algorithm that is relatively new. The selection of the SHA-256 algorithm is inseparable from several previous studies that have examined the performance of this algorithm. The SHA-256 algorithm is able to detect changes that occur in digital images even though the changes that occur are only 1 pixel, the small differences that occur in the image produce a very significant difference from the hash value with an accuracy level of up to 100%. SHA - 256 produces a message digest with 256 bits in length. SHA - 256 is classified as safe because it is designed in such a way that it is not possible to get messages related to the same message digest.

Medical Image Compression and Encryption Using Adaptive Arithmetic Coding, Quantization Technique and RSA in DWT Domain

Nowadays, the advances in information and communication technologies open the wide door to realize the digital world’s dream. Besides, within the clear scientific scope in all fields, especially the medical field, it has become necessary to harness all the scientific capabilities to serve people, especially in medical-related services. The medical images represent the basis of clinical diagnosis and the source of telehealth and teleconsultation processes. The exchange of these images can be subject to several challenges, such as transmission bandwidth, time delivery, fraud, tampering, modifying, privacy, and more. This paper will introduce an algorithm consisting a combination of compression and encryption techniques to meet such challenges in the medical image field. First, compression is done by applying the Adaptive Arithmetic Coding (AAC) technique and controllable frequency quantization process in the Discrete Wavelet Transform. After that, the encryption process is applied using RSA and SHA-256 algorithms to encrypt the compressed file and to create the digital signature. The performance analysis has shown that the algorithm can produce high compression ratio with good image quality, whereas range of PSNR near 45 dB and SIM is 0.88 as average values. For the security analysis, we have adopted data encryption and digital signature to guarantee the main data security services including integrity, authentication, and confidentiality, making the algorithm secure against passive or active attacks.

Digital signature technique with quantum‐dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) is efficient nanotechnology that may be used as an alternative to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology. Here, computation relies upon the electron's polarisation, revealing binary information. Quantum-dot cellular automaton is an appropriate opportunity for the upcoming age of advanced digital frameworks. Security in transferring data is essential since a lot of valuable information is present. Digital Signature is a process where data is transferred from a receiver to an authenticated sender only. In this paper, tile-based Exclusive NOR gate (XNOR) is designed, which is more stable than the regular majority gate-based circuit. It is used to create a novel circuit for authentication of data which is based on tiles. It develops a QCA architecture that works on the principle of Digital Signature. The architecture validates and proves the authentication of the message sent from the sender to the receiver. The decrypted digest and the converted digest of the original dispatch are compared in the proposed Digital Validator circuit, which is developed utilising a QCA XNOR gate. The security for communication at the nanoscale level is enhanced due to the use of the SHA-256 algorithm. The simulation results confirm the theoretical results.

A Survey on Blockchain Based Digital Forensics Framework

Abstract: Blockchain is the best suited technology that well satisfies the purpose and needs of security and integrity of evidences or proof collected by the police department as digital forensics across the country. This paper potray a blockchain based digital forensics framework as the proposed system, enabling privacy preservation and proof of existence. The proposed system is achieved by using SHA algorithm, AES encryption technique (Rijndael) and blockchain methodology. SHA algorithm mainly consists of SHA functions which are a group of hashing algorithms used for hashing the input of variable size. The AES encryption technique makes the uploaded forensic data to be encrypted and the data storage very secure. This project comes out as the best application that the defence department can use. The nature of the blockchain being decentralized, establishes privacy and tamper-proof. It also easily detects any wrong happenings or modifications and alerts the concerned authority. The forensic investigation framework establishes authenticity, security, traceability, privacy, immutability and becomes a trustworthy system for the defence department.

An Effective Health Information Exchange Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract: There is a tremendous difficulty in sharing information between organizations. The similarity is compromised because of heterogeneous information, and an impediment to information understanding happens because of the utilization of medical care wording. Assuming design and semantics are to have concurred; however, security and information consistency concerns remain. Centralized information stores are an alluring focus for cybercrime, and patient record that is being shared and seen reliably in an organization is an enormous issue. Blockchain is a circulated record innovation applied to a great extent in the monetary area. This guarantees the honesty of exchanges without outsider approval. Its elements of decentralized exchange approval, information provenance, information sharing, and information incorporation are ideal for the requirements of health information exchange. Keywords: EHR, HIE, Blockchain, SHA Algorithm, AES Rijndael Algorithm

Modified SHA1: A Hashing Solution to Secure Web Applications through Login Authentication

The modified SHA1 algorithm has been developed by expanding its hash value up to 1280 bits from the original size of 160 bit. This was done by allocating 32 buffer registers for variables A, B, C and D at 5 bytes each. The expansion was done by generating 4 buffer registers in every round inside the compression function for 8 times. Findings revealed that the hash value of the modified algorithm was not cracked or hacked during the experiment and testing using powerful online cracking tool, bruteforce and rainbow table such as CrackingStation and Rainbow Crack and bruteforcer which are available online thus improved its security level compared to the original SHA1.

A cloud-based buyer-seller watermarking protocol (CB-BSWP) using semi-trusted third party for copy deterrence and privacy preserving.

Nowadays, cloud computing provides a platform infrastructure for the secure dealing of digital data, but privacy and copy control are the two important issues in it over a network. Cloud data is available to the end user and requires enormous security and privacy techniques to protect the data. Moreover, the access control mechanism with encryption-based technique protects the digital rights for participants in a transaction, but they do not protect the media from being illegally redistributed and do not restrict an authorized user to reveal their secret information this is referred to as you can access but you cannot leak. This brought out a need for controlling copy deterrence and preserving the privacy of digital media over the internet. To overlook this, we proposed a cloud-based buyer-seller watermarking protocol (CB-BSWP) with the use of a semi-trusted third party for copy deterrence and privacy-preserving in the cloud environment. The suggested scheme uses 1) a privacy homomorphism cryptosystem with Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm to provide an encrypted domain for the secure exchange of digital media 2) adopt robust and fair watermarking techniques to ensure high imperceptibility and robustness for the watermarked images against attacks 3) two services of cloud Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) to support virtualized computing infrastructure and Watermarking as a service (WaaS) to execute the speedy process of watermarking, this process is supported by watermarking generation and signing phase (WGSP) and watermark extraction and verifying phase reported in 4th section. 4) cloud service provider (CSP) considered as a “semi-trusted” third party to reduce the burden from the trusted third party (TTP) server and provide storage for the encrypted digital media on cloud databases, this frees content owner from not having a separate storage infrastructure. The proposed scheme encrypts the digital content by using SHA-512 algorithm with key size 512-bits to ensure that it doesn’t affect computational time during the process of encryption. The suggested scheme addresses the problems of piracy tracing, anonymity, tamper resistance, non-framing, customer rights problem. The role of cloud is crucial because it reduces communication overhead, provides unlimited storage, supports the watermarking process and offers a solution for the secure distribution of end-to-end security of digital content over cloud. To check the performance of the suggested CB-BSWP protocol against common image processing attacks, we have conducted experiments in which the perceptual quality of watermarked digital media was found enhanced, resulting in a robust watermark.

Scalable blockchain model using off-chain IPFS storage for healthcare data security and privacy

Traditional healthcare systems in the present scenario follow centralized client-server architecture to store and process patient-health related information. Data stored in each of the healthcare institution remain in silos which cannot be easily shared with other institutions due to technical and infrastructural constraints. Hospitals do not have an effective and secure data sharing mechanism leading to monetary and resource loss in the case of a person visiting different hospitals. Blockchain, a disruptive technology with secure and reliable decentralized framework, and can be used to circumvent problems in traditional healthcare architecture for secure storage, sharing and retrieval of Electronic Health Records (EHR). A blockchain-based framework integrated with InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for EHR in healthcare management has been proposed in this paper. This proposed framework will enable healthcare institutions to maintain fail-safe and tamper-proof healthcare ledgers in a decentralized manner. Hospitals and doctors act as lightweight nodes, whereas patient nodes can be full or lightweight nodes. The model proposes two-factor authentication and multi-factor authentication for preventing fake node attacks. Patient-centric access model allows the patients to act as digital stewards for their health data, allowing access to doctors and hospitals on demand and revoking it after stipulated time. Symmetric key encryption (AES-128) is used for encrypting data before storing into IPFS. Asymmetric encryption (RSA-4096) is used for generating digital envelopes to pass on symmetric key to authorized entities. Digital signatures (RSA-1024) make sure that the transactions are valid and from authorized nodes. Hashing of the encrypted data is done using SHA-256 algorithm. Multiple layers of security implemented in this model makes sure that adversaries cannot obtain data stored in IPFS; even if they retrieve the data, it will not be meaningful since it is encrypted. The proposed framework for off-chain storage of health data using IPFS saves blockchain structure from scalability issues. Further the proposal for blockchain integration with IPFS helps preserve privacy in the healthcare system, making it highly secure, scalable and robust.

Multipurpose medical image watermarking for effective security solutions.

Digital medical images contain important information regarding patient’s health and very useful for diagnosis. Even a small change in medical images (especially in the region of interest (ROI)) can mislead the doctors/practitioners for deciding further treatment. Therefore, the protection of the images against intentional/unintentional tampering, forgery, filtering, compression and other common signal processing attacks are mandatory. This manuscript presents a multipurpose medical image watermarking scheme to offer copyright/ownership protection, tamper detection/localization (for ROI (region of interest) and different segments of RONI (region of non-interest)), and self-recovery of the ROI with 100% reversibility. Initially, the recovery information of the host image’s ROI is compressed using LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) algorithm. Afterwards, the robust watermark is embedded into the host image using a transform domain based embedding mechanism. Further, the 256-bit hash keys are generated using SHA-256 algorithm for the ROI and eight RONI regions (i.e. RONI-1 to RONI-8) of the robust watermarked image. The compressed recovery data and hash keys are combined and then embedded into the segmented RONI region of the robust watermarked image using an LSB replacement based fragile watermarking approach. Experimental results show high imperceptibility, high robustness, perfect tamper detection, significant tamper localization, and perfect recovery of the ROI (100% reversibility). The scheme doesn’t need original host or watermark information for the extraction process due to the blind nature. The relative analysis demonstrates the superiority of the proposed scheme over existing schemes.

Hash-Based Deep Learning Approach for Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery Detection

Ship detection plays a crucial role in marine security in remote sensing imagery. This paper discusses about a deep learning approach to detect the ships from satellite imagery. The model developed in this work achieves integrity by the inclusion of hashing. This model employs a supervised image classification technique to classify images, followed by object detection using You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3) to extract features from deep CNN. Semantic segmentation and image segmentation is done to identify object category of each pixel using class labels. Then, the concept of hashing using SHA-256 is applied in conjunction with the ship count and location of bounding box in satellite image. The proposed model is tested on a Kaggle Ships dataset, which consists of 231,722 images. A total of 70% of this data is used for training, and the 30% is used for testing. To add security to images with detected ships, the model is enhanced by hashing using SHA-256 algorithm. Using SHA-256, which is a one-way hash, the data are split up into blocks of 64 bytes. The input data to the hash function are both the ship count and bounding box location. The proposed model achieves integrity by using SHA-256. This model allows secure transmission of highly confidential images that are tamper-proof.

Application of Hash Sha-256 Algorithm in Website-Based Sales Software Engineering

Rapid technological developments can spur changes in the cycle of human activities, one of which is software engineering activities that continue to develop in accordance with technological developments, the development of software engineering activities is also developing methods of data security to withstand attacks from irresponsible parties. answer. This research was conducted to analyze the performance and robustness of the sha-256 data security method with ciphertext customization. The steps that the researchers took in conducting the analysis were collecting theory and case examples, designing programs, implementing programs, testing and saving the results. Based on this process, it can be concluded that ciphertext customization on sha-256 is needed to strengthen security and resistance to attacks from irresponsible parties, besides that the performance of sha-256 calculations with customization on ciphertext and without ciphertext is not too much different where only 65 ms difference based on the results of performance testing that researchers did.

SHA-512 Algorithm on Json Web Token for Restful Web Service-Based Authentication

The development of technology is getting faster and continues to grow so as to create various types of technology, architecture, to new programming languages. Surely this will be a new problem because of differences in technology, programming language, and architecture that must still be able to provide interconnected sources of information. So in order for the system to remain integrated, a Web Service (WS) is needed as a bridge in integrating between systems without differentiating the platform, programming language, or architecture used. One of the Web Service architectures that is widely used is REST (REpresentational State Transfer), but there will be problems in implementing REST Web Service because it does not have security standards in the authentication process. Then an authentication method is needed, namely JSON Web Token (JWT). In implementing JWT, a hash algorithm is needed, such as SHA-512. The results of this study indicate that the use of SHA-512 on the JWT has a good speed with an average data request speed of 512.8 milliseconds (ms) when compared to the SHA-256 algorithm which has an average data request speed of 515.55 MS. Meanwhile, in terms of data size, SHA-512 produces an average data request size of 0.75 kilobytes (kb) compared to SHA-256 which has an average data request size of 0.72 kb.

Implementation of Password Hashing on Embedded Systems with Cryptographic Acceleration Unit

In this modern world where the proliferation of electronic devices associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) grows day by day, security is an imperative issue. The criticality of the information linked to the various electronic devices connected to the Internet forces developers to establish protection mechanisms against possible cyber-attacks. When using computer equipment or servers, security mechanisms can be applied without having problems with the number of resources associated with this activity; the opposite is the case when implementing such mechanisms on embedded systems. The objective of this document is to implement password hashing on a FRDM-K82F development board with ARM® Cortex™-M4 processor. It describes the basic criteria necessary to aim at moderate levels of security in specific purpose applications; that can be developed taking advantage of the hardware cryptographic acceleration units that these embedded systems have. Performance analysis of the implemented hash function is also presented, considering the variation in the number of iterations performed by the development board. The validation of the correct functioning of the hashing scheme using the SHA-256 algorithm is carried out by comparing the results obtained in real-time versus an application developed in Python software using the PyCryptodome library.