SGOT Levels Research Articles

Role of Physio Biochemical Markers of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults

Introduction: Background: Universally, cardiovascular problems remains a major cause of unfavorable results in young individuals, unlike its decrease in other age bunches. This group isn't well studied and includes an interesting hazard profile with less conventional cardiovascular risk components compared with more seasoned populations. Objective: To highlight the prevalence and risk factors of myocardial infarction in young individuals Material and Methods Study design: quantitative cross sectional Settings: Punjab Institute of Cardiology (PIC) Duration: Six months i.e. 1st July2021 to 31st December 2021 Data Collection procedure: A cross sectional study was conducted with the duration of six months in a tertiary care hospital Lahore. Young hospitalized patients were selected with the age limit of 40 years and admitted to hospital with acute myocardial infarction. Total number of patients was 100 placed in the group one and same numbers of individuals with same age group were also selected without history of any cardiovascular diseases from the population as control. Validated Hamilton anxiety rating scale was used to access the anxiety levels of an individual. BMI, cardiac serum markers and liver enzymes were calculated. For this purpose venous blood was obtained from each individual and test was performed. Results: The average age of the participant in this study was in between 20-40 years of age. In group one 77 were males and 23 females. Group two consist of 82 males and 18 females. As we see in the table 1 findings the levels of LDH, trop I, CKMB and SGOT are significantly high in group 1 which showing myocardial injury as the release of these markers in blood. Anxiety levels and cigarette smoking also noticed high in group 1 as compared to group 2. Conclusion: This study illustrated uneasiness as a possibly driving hazard figure of AMI in young individuals, requiring the need for superior administration of psychosocial wellbeing in youthful age for relieving the hazard of AMI. Preventive intercessions are more likely to abdicate useful results in young individuals and future work on such preventive procedures may empower definition of worldwide arrangements and community campaigns to decrease the health-economic burden of AMI in young grown-ups and make strides results of wellbeing and quality of life Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Smoking, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Blood pressure

Hepatoprotective Effectiveness Test of Salam Leaf Extract in Anthracyclin-Induced Rats

Cancer is the most often diagnosed disease in the world and the top cause of death. Doxorubicin is a widely used systemic therapy, although its efficacy is limited by dose-related toxicity, including haematological suppression, organotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Bay leaf is a commonly utilised plant in the community for treating and preventing many diseases because it includes secondary metabolites that are antioxidants such as phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. The purpose of this work is to characterise EEDS, identify its secondary metabolite content, and test its nephroprotective effect in doxorubicin-induced rats using SGPT and SGOT levels and liver histology. This is a laboratory experimental investigation using rats and comprises of treatment groups receiving 0.5% of CMC-Na, Nature E, or EEDS at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, or 500 mg/kgBW, respectively, followed by doxorubicin. The results indicated that EEDS had 21.64 % water soluble material, 1.79 % total ash, 9.98 % water, 45.38 % ethanol soluble extract, and 0.39 % acid insoluble ash. EEDS included alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids, as determined by phytochemical screening. EEDS doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, and 500 mg/kgBW can significantly lower SGPT by 34%; 52,46%; 59,31% and SGOT levels by 27,05%; 43,96%; 50,07% and can improve the liver histopathology of doxorubicin-induced rats by reducing pyknotic degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, bleeding, steatosis and sinusoidal dilatation with an effective dose of 500 mg/kgBW with a significant difference with the doxorubicin group followed by 0.5% CMC Na. The key to bay leaf ethanol extract has hepatoprotective activity.

Efficacy of Putri Malu Leaf Plant (Mimosa Pudica Linn) as Hepatoprotectors on Ibuprofen Induced Hepatic Damage in White Mice (Mus Musculus)

Background:Putri Malu plants (Mimosa pudica linn) contain flavonoid compounds that are useful as hepatoprotectors. Putri Malu plants extract can be usefull to prevent problem such as Ibuprofen-induced hepatic damage., but study that focus on this topic remain scarce in Indonesia. Objective: To prove the extracted content of the leaves of the Putri Malu plant (Mimosa pudica linn) as a hepatoprotector of hepatic damage in mice (Mus musculus) induced by Ibuprofen. Method: This randomized post-test control group design was conducted at the Experimental Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. A total of 28 mice were treated with four condition then underwent SGOT and SGPT blood laboratory tests. Results: Group P1 (placebo) had SGOT and SGPT levels averaging 23.87 mg/dl and 13.45 mg/dl, group P2 (ibuprofen dose 7 mg/KgBW) had SGOT and SGPT levels of 29.13 mg/dl and 19.10 mg/dl, group 3 (Putri Malu extract 35 mg/KgBW) had SGOT and SGPT of 24.05 mg/dl and 13.56 mg/dl, and group 4 (ibuprofen dose 7 mg/KgBW and Putri Malu extract of 35 mg/KgBW) showed SGOT and SGPT levels of 28.23 mg/dl and 18.35 mg/dl. The four groups had different mean SGOT and SGPT levels (P 0,000). Conclusion:Leaf extract of the Putri Malu plants (Mimosa pudica linn) has a chemical effect of heaptoprotector as shown by the decrease in SGOT and SGPT level.

The phenolic compounds of ethanolic extract of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) exert hepatoprotective activity on rat induced carragenan

Background: Hepatotoxic effects can occur with the use of toxic drugs or standard doses, but in the long term or chronic therapy. In addition to the drugs, carrageenan also causes hepatotoxic after 12 hours of induction intraperitoneally. The effect of liver cell repair is highly related to the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in date seeds. Objective: The present study determined the total phenolic levels and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extracts of date palm seeds (EEBK) in carrageenan-induced rats. Method: Determination of total phenolics in palm ethanol extract samples was carried out with the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. This study was the pre and post-test control group design. Examination of SGOT and SGPT levels was performed by the kinetic method based on IFCC. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA test. Results: The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of date seeds of Deglet Noor variety was 8.521% GAE. The ethanol extract of date seed (EEBK) with the dose of 150 mg/kg BW showed the highest reduction in SGOT levels (34.80 U / L). The highest average decrease in SGPT levels occurred at a therapeutic dose of 300 mg/kg BW was 16.20 U / L compared to doses of 150 and 600 mg/kg bb (11.60 and 15.60 U / L respectively). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of date seed (EEBK) with the doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW had hepatoprotective activity in carrageenan-induced rats as observed from a significant decreased in SGOT and SGPT levels (p <0.05). Key word: Date seed, phenolic total, extract, SGPT, SGOT

Ferulic acid prevents cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats through exerting anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and suppression of NF-κB/TNF-α axis.

Cyclosporine is one of the main immunosuppressive agents used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases or transplantation. Despite the favorable effects, cyclosporine-mediated nephrotoxicity critically restricts the clinical use of the agent. Given this, herein, we aimed to evaluate whether ferulic acid could prevent cyclosporine-mediated nephrotoxicity in rats. A total of 32 Wistar rats were chosen to be treated with cyclosporine, ferulic acid, and the combination of both agents for 21days. To evaluate the nephron-protective mechanism of ferulic acid, the serum levels of biochemical parameters, as well as the tissue levels of several oxidative and anti-oxidative mediators, were examined. The expression and the tissue levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, heme oxygenase (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were evaluated using the qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Our results showed while cyclosporine elevated the serum levels of renal-related markers in the rats, in the presence of ferulic acid, there was a significant reduction in the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, and sGOT. Moreover, we found that ferulic acid remarkably prevented cyclosporine-mediated nephrotoxicity by restoring the anti-oxidant system through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. By halting the NF-κB-mediated upregulation of TNF-α, it also seems that ferulic acid prevented lymphocytes infiltration into kidney tissue and consequently suppressed inflammatory responses. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that due to the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ferulic acid, this agent could be used alongside cyclosporine to reduce its adverse effects on kidney tissue.

Uji Toksistas Subkronik 28 Hari Ekstrak Metanolik kombinasi Daun Benalu Teh dan Benalu Mangga terhadap fungsi Hepar Pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Betina

ABSTRACT
 Flavonoids and quercetin are metabolite compounds contained in parasite plants. The role of the compounds is as an antioxidant that can protect cell damage from free radicals,for example liver. The presence of antioxidant can neutralize and protect the liver from free radicals. Liver is an organ that is vulnerable to damage caused by drugs or toxic chemicals because the liver is the center of metabolism in the body. Can be known with indicators of increasing level of SGOT, SGPT total bilirubin and histopathologic liver. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of the combination of extracts of tea parasite and mango parasite (EMBTBM) on levels of liver function in female rats (Rattus norvegicus) for 28 days. Data were analyzed using ANOVA version Jamovi 1.0.1.0.. The number of test animals is 20 female rats were divided into four groups, group 1 as a control, group 2,3,4 as a treatment. The treatment groups was given EMBTBM with different doses of 250 mg/kgBW, 500 mg/kgBW and 1000 mg/kgBW. Based on the research results show that a significant value difference between the group was p> 0,05. Therefore EMBTBM given to female rats for 28 days with a dose of 250 mg/BW, 500 mg/kgBW and 1000 mg/kgBW in the treatment group all dose were not significantly different compared with controls. So that the level of liver function in female rats was safe (not toxic) and has no effect on liver histopathology of female wistar rats.
 Keyword: Subchronic, Extract and liver function

Effect of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker and Probiotics in Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Model

Aim: To evaluate to anti-anxiety effectof probiotics and angiotensine receptor blocker in caffeine induced anxiety rat model.
 Methodology: The study was conducted in six groups (n=6). Caffeine was given intraperitoneally at a dosage of 25 mg/kg each day for 14 days. Blood samples, body temperature, and glucose measurements were taken prior to the trial. Caffeine was given intraperitoneally to G1-G5 mice at a dosage of 25 mg/kg. For groups 3 and 4, a probiotic formulation was given orally following the caffeine dosage. In group 5, a probiotic topical gel (30 mg) was given topically to the animals' foreheads. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was given to group 2 animals.
 Results: The body weight was not changed significantly throughout the study period in all the groups. Mortality and clinical signs were not observed during study. When compared to the anxiety control group, there was no statistical significance in either of the groups' glucose levels. There was no statistical significance in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels of animals on day 14 when we compare with anxiety control group. The changes in SGOT and SGPT levels were not found to be statistically significant. There was no statistical significance in rectal temperature of animals. There was no statistical significance in all the groups in hot plate readings on day 7 when compared with anxiety control group. Whereas there was significance increase in latency time (time spent) was observed in group 2 & group 6 when compared to anxiety control group on day 14. Probiotic high dosage and probiotic topic gel treated animals similarly spent significantly more time in open arms than anxiety control animals (P< 0.01). High serotonin levels were observed In the anxiety control rats .however it reduced in treatment groups.
 Conclusion: The study concludes the potential benefit of probiotics and Losartan for the treatment of caffeine induced anxiety.

A rare case report of acute acalculous cholecystitis in active chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an inflammation of gallbladder with absence of gall stones or bile sludge. Daily cases reported about 90-95% of the acute cholecystitis present with gall stone, while only 5-15% occur without gall stones obstruction. AAC is reported associated with Epstein bar virus infection, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis C-induced AAC cases still rare. This case report presents a 49-years-old female patient with epigastric pain, nausea, yellowish sclera, tea urine color, pale stool and there was a history of the patient's husband with hepatitis C. On physical examination there was epigastric and right hypochondriac pain, and positive murphy sign. There was leukocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia and an increase in SGPT (1.360 U/L) and SGOT (1.720 U/L). Antibodies to HCV were positive. Abdominal ultrasonography showed cholecystitis with no biliary duct dilatation and no parenchymal liver disease appearance The patient was diagnosed with acute chronic hepatitis C and cholecystitis. Pathophysiology of hepatitis C induced AAC is not fully understood, but is thought to be due to complexes immune, directly infect gallbladder and proximal biliary epithelial cells uncontrolled, increased portal/septal myofibroblasts activity and inflammation. The presence of AAC with an increase in serum levels of SGOT and SGPT 5-10 times the normal limit should be suspected due to acute hepatitis viral infection. Further research still needs to be done to determine the relationship between hepatitis C and the incidence of AAC.

Biochemical and Histological Evaluation of Penoxsulam Herbicide on an Animal Model

Aims: Many herbicides react to the body system and might effect the activity of hormones in the human body. The present work aims to determine the potential impact of 90 days of repeated exposure to Penoxsulam herbicide by oral gavage on the Liver, Kidney, Thyroid endocrine profile and biochemical stress in the wistar rat model.
 Study Design: The primary study was performed to Wistar rats grouped into 6 groups. Four groups were picked for low dose, middle dose, high dose, and high recovery dose, respectively. They were administered the Penoxsulam at dose levels of 100, 300, 500 mg/kg body weight. Similarly, 2 recovery groups were classified as control and recovery control groups, and doses were administered to them only through the corn oil (vehicle) via the oral route with the help of a suitable cannula for 90 days.
 Place and Duration of Study: Toxicology department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi (INDIA), July 2020 and June 2021.
 Methodology: In this study, healthy 60 male and 60 female Wistar rats aged 6-8 weeks, weighing
 130-190 gm, were used. Before commencing the study, permission from IAEC (Institutional animal ethics committee) was taken for this experiment (CPCSEA).
 Results: This study evaluates significant changes in the body weight of rats; moreover, Penoxsulam elevated the significance level of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, Urea, and Creatinine. No alterations were seen in Hematology parameters and Ophthalmology examination. Also, physiological changes were examined after exposure to penoxsulam in rats.
 Conclusion: Therefore, Penoxsulam showed harmful toxic effects on the Kidney and Liver. However, no alteration has been seen in the thyroid profile (T3 triiodothyronine, T4 thyroxine, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone) of Wistar rats during the experimentation period.

Does Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction With PDE 5 Inhibitor Tadalafil Improve Quality of Life in Male Patients With Compensated Chronic Liver Disease? A Prospective Pilot Study

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in patients with compensated cirrhosis but its impact on the quality of life (QOL) is usually overlooked. This study aimed at determining the frequency of ED in male patients with compensated chronic liver disease (CLD), assessing their QOL and the response to treatment with tadalafil. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of the tadalafil therapy on liver fibrosis, if any. Consecutive patients with compensated CLD and advanced liver fibrosis were screened at the baseline with the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), QOL questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), liver stiffness measurements (LSM) made with Fibroscan™ (Echosens, France), and fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4) scores. Patients with ED meeting eligibility criteria were prescribed PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil 20mg on alternate days. During the follow-up, IIEF-5, LSM, and FIB-4 were monitored after 3 and 6 months while the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was administered at the baseline and at 6 months. Among 89 patients with CLD and advanced liver fibrosis, ED was present in 43 (48%) and tadalafil was prescribed to 34 patients (38%) meeting exclusion and inclusion criteria. At 3 months follow-up, the mean IIEF 5 score increased from 15.57±4 to 20.78±3.6, (P=0.0001) and the improvement persisted at 6 months (IIEF-5 score 21.87±2.2; P=0.12). The physical, social relationships, and environment domains in the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire showed significant improvement at six months (P < 0.05) but not the psychological domain (P=ns). From a baseline value of 12.69±3.1kPa, the mean LSM decreased to 11.37±3.9kPa, (P=0.02) after 3 months on tadalafil. After 6 months, the LSM further decreased from 11±0.9 to 8.2±3.2kPa (P=0.034). FIB-4 values showed a decline from the baseline at 3 months, from 1.52±0.58 to 1.32±0.55, P < 0.05 and at 6 months, from 1.25±0.53 to 0.97±0.36, P > 0.05. The CAP values did not show any significant change. There was an insignificant decline in the SGOT and SGPT levels (P>0.05) with no significant change in CTP or MELD scores. In the short term, tadalafil improves ED and QOL in patients with CLD and advanced liver fibrosis. It may also reduce liver fibrosis in them. Further studies that include liver histology are needed to confirm this preliminary observation of a possible antifibrotic effect.

EVALUATION OF THE SECURITY OF THE USE OF GUAJAVA PSIDIUM EXTRACT CAPSULE ON HEART FUNCTION IN DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORAGIC FEVER PATIENTS IN TYPE C HOSPITAL

&#x0D; There are 126,675 DHF sufferers in 34 provinces and 1,229 of them died, while the Incidence Rate (IR) in Central Java is 47.9 per 100,000 population. Based on the safety of Psidium guajava Linn on the liver by calculating the lethal dose average showed that there were no deaths from the two experimental models of Swiss mice and Wistar mice in the dose range up to 2,000 mg/kg BB. Safety tests in rats proved lethal dose 50 (LD50) of guava leaf extract more than 5 g/kg. This study aims to determine the effect of psidii capsules containing guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava Linn.) toward levels (SGOT and SGPT) of DF and DHF patients in PKU Muhammadiyah Wonosobo Hospital. This study belongs to perspective cohort analytic observational using blood plasma patients of PKU Muhammadiyah Wonosobo Hospital of 37 patients in the period of March to August 2018 which were divided into two groups, namely standard therapy + guava leaf extract capsules and the group receiving standard therapy only. Dosage of Psidium guajava 3x2 capsules for 3 to 4 days. Examination of SGOT and SGPT levels used UV-vis spectrophotometry. General linear model was used for analyzing the data. The average SGOT level after treatment was 64 U/L in DF and 99 at DHF while the SGPT levels were 30 U/L and 35 U/L. Average levels of SGOT and SGPT decreased. There were no differences in SGOT and SGPT mean of DF and DHF patients in the two groups after giving guava leaf extract capsules with p&gt;0.05. In SGOT mean, there was an increase in SGOT after giving guava leaf extract probably because there were patients who had chronic liver disorders.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Guava extract capsule, SGOT SGPT&#x0D;

SERUM AFP (ALPHA FETO PROTEIN) LEVELS PROFILE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS IN DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA

Higlight:1. The USG results of AFP level can be used for early detection and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma that can prevent metastasis, progressivity, and recurrence. 2. The most common patients with high AFP levels are those with hepatitis B depending on etiology, younger age, male, gender, high SGOT level and BCLC B patients.Abstract:Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 90% of liver cancer which is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC was 626.000 cases every year worldwide. Early detection and therapy can prevent metastasis, progressivity, and recurrence. AFP level ≥ 400 ng/ml and USG results can be used as a diagnosis parameter of hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To analyze the AFP level’s profile in hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Descriptive methods used in this study with data collected from medical records on patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia during the periods of 1st January 2013- December 31st 2015. This study used various variables such as age, gender, etiology and size of the tumor, number of a nodule, hepatic function with child classification, staging BCLC, and AFP level. Results: This study found that the 98 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with high AFP level or &gt;400 ng/ml were dominated by younger patients with average age of 49.91 years, the most common etiology was hepatitis B (56.8%), poor results of laboratory tests (SGOT, SGPT), patients with all level of hepatic function based on Child-Pugh classification and staging B of the tumor (70.5%). Patients with normal AFP ≤20 ng/ml were dominated by female patients, with the most common etiology of fatty liver and others, and with BCLC A and C staging. Descriptively, there was no difference in AFP level based on the number of nodules and size of tumor. Conclusion: The most common patients with high AFP level are those who have hepatitis B as etiology, younger age, male gender, high SGOT level and BCLC B staging. Meanwhile, patients with normal AFP level dominated with female and non-hepatitis patients. In this research, we found no differences of AFP level based on number and size of tumor descriptively.

Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Liver Function in Association with Bax Downregulation, P53 Downregulation and Bcl-2 Upregulation in Diabetic Wistar Rat

Hyperglycemia in Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial disruptions in the liver, thereby triggering apoptosis through Bcl-2 family signaling. Excessive apoptosis leads to liver dysfunction. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) was elucidated in this study in preventing liver dysfunction as a progression of DM. The diabetic model was conducted in Wistar rats, divided into six groups. Blood examinations were done to measure the levels of blood glucose, SGOT, and SGPT. The liver was harvested for analysis of SOD2, Bax, and Bcl-2 mRNA. A paraffin section was used for p53 immunostaining. Liver dysfunction occurred in the DM 2 months group indicated by higher levels of SGPT and SGOT, higher expression of Bax, and lower expression of Bcl-2 compared to the control group. Giving CGA 12.5 mg/kgBW ameliorated blood glucose and liver enzyme levels, which were associated with lower expression of Bax, lower signaling of p53, and higher expression of Bcl-2 compared to DM 2 months group. Administration of CGA did not affect SOD2 expression in diabetic rats. CGA may attenuate liver dysfunction in diabetic rats through downregulation of Bax and p53, and upregulation of Bcl-2 signaling.

Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Serum Lipid Profile among Children with Epilepsy at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai, India

Introduction: An arsenal of Antiepileptic Drugs (AED) is used in the management of childhood seizure disorders. Most of them are taken long-term. These drugs have the potential to cause hyperlipidemia by inducing the P450 enzyme system. The alteration in lipid profile caused by long-term use of antiepileptic drugs in children needs to be studied to reduce the risk of future atherosclerosis. Aim: To analyse the effect of antiepileptic drugs on serum lipid profile in children with epilepsy in a tertiary care. Materials and Methods: This prospective descriptive study was conducted in the Outpatient and Inpatient Wards of the Department of Paediatrics and Neurology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from February 2017 to September 2017. The study involved a total of 155 children, who were on monotherapy antiepileptic drugs for atleast 6 months (33 on phenytoin, 42 on phenobarbitone, 20 on levetiracetam, 20 on carbamazepine, 40 on sodium valproate). A corresponding numbers of children, who attended the General Outpatient Department for acute upper respiratory tract and were otherwise healthy, were included as controls. A blood sample (3 mL) was drawn after an overnight fast for serum glucose, liver enzymes, total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density LipoproteinCholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and Triglycerides (TG) measurement. Chi-square test was performed to find out the significance of association and independent t-test was used to compare the mean between various groups. Results: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme inducers like carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbitone significantly modified serum lipids in epileptic children when compared to healthy controls. In children on long-term phenytoin monotherapy, mean cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the cases compared to controls (156.73±31.93 mg/dL vs 105.03±8.60 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001), significantly elevated triglycerides (123.48±25.99 mg/dL vs 87.88±12.16 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001), and HDL-C level was significantly lower (44.52±10.14 mg/ dL vs 56.73±12.56 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001) than in controls. Phenobarbitone use was associated with significantly higher levels of cholesterol (164.97±34.41 mg/dL vs 107.76±9.28 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001), LDL (155.27±28.55 mg/dL vs 93.36±6.81 mg/ dL, p-value &lt;0.0001), and triglycerides (125.55±42.19 mg/dL vs 86.30±8.12 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.001) and lower HDL (46.30±9.47 mg/dL vs 57.73±14.41 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001). Levetiracetam was not associated in significant alteration in both liver enzymes and lipid profile (p-value &gt;0.05). Carbamazepine monotherapy was associated with higher levels of cholesterol (180.50±28.06 mg/dL vs 112.15±13.55 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001), LDL (138.85±22.55 mg/dL vs 82.45±12.12 mg/dL, p-value&lt;0.0001) and triglycerides (142.80±9.48 mg/dL vs 85.40±6.29 mg/dL, p-value &lt;0.0001) when compared to healthy controls. There was no alteration in lipid profile in valproate monotherapy. Valproate monotherapy was associated with significant increase in levels of SGOT and SGPT when compared to mean levels (40.35±11.208 (IU/L), and 40.70±8.809 (IU/L), respectively) observed in other AEDs and significant increase in SGPT levels when compared to healthy controls (36.50±10.61(IU/L) in cases vs 40.70±8.81 (IU/L) in controls). Conclusion: Levetiracetam did not produce significant changes in the serum lipid profile and liver enzymes and appears to be safe to use in children for long-term epilepsy management especially in children with baseline deranged lipid profile.

The Bigger Level Of Blood Lead, The Higher Level Of SGOT and SGPT In Residents Around The Used Battery Recycling Industry

Hazardous materials that need to be watched out for are exposure to lead (Pb) in solder wire from the used battery recycling industry. Pb can cause health problems for workers and the community around the high risk industry. Exposure occurs through inhalation, ingestion or skin because Pb is a multi-media pollutant. Abnormal levels of Pb in the blood have a risk of 1,783 times, can reach toxic levels and cause disturbances in the soft tissues of the liver, characterized by increased levels of SGOT and SGPT in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between blood lead levels and SGOT &amp; SGPT levels in residents around the used battery recycling industry. The number of research samples as many as 40 respondents through the analytical method of observational cross-sectional design approach. Sampling was done by non-probability sampling with purposed sampling technique. The results showed that Pb levels reached 695.90 ug/L exceeds the value of the biological exposure index (IPB). There is a relationship between blood lead levels and blood SGOT&amp; SGPT levels (p = 0.003) and (p = 0.000) with a strong positive relationship (r = 0.460)and (r = 0.526). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between blood lead levels and SGOT &amp; SGPT levels in residents around the used battery recycling industry and the greater the blood Pb level, the higher the SGOT &amp; SGPT levels.

Inonotus obliquus aqueous extract prevents histopathological alterations in liver induced by environmental toxicant Microcystin

Environmental toxicants like microcystins are known to adversely impact liver physiology and lead to the increased risk for abnormal liver function and even liver carcinoma. Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is reported for various properties mainly antibacterial, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study was aimed to assess the effect microcystin (MC-LR) on histopathology of liver in mice and a preventive measure by using aqueous extract of Inonotus obliquus (IOAE). Adult Balb/c mice were administered with MC-LR at 20 ​μg/kg body weight, per day, intraperitoneal (i.p.) for 4 weeks. IOAE was treated to one group of MC-LR mice at 200 ​mg/kg body weight, per oral, for 4 weeks. Histological staining for liver structural details and biochemical assays for functions were assessed. The results of the study showed that MC-LR drastically reduced the body weight of mice which were restored close to the range of control by IOAE treatment. MC-LR exposed mice showed 1.9, 1.7 and 2.2-fold increase in the levels of SGOT, SGPT and LDH which were restored by IOAE treatment as compared to control (one-fold). MC-LR exposed mice showed reduced level of GSH (19.83 ​± ​3.3 ​μM) which were regained by IOAE treatment (50.83 ​± ​3.0 ​μM). Similar observations were noted for catalase activity. Histological examinations show that MC-LR exposed degenerative changes in the liver sections which were restored by IOAE supplementation. The immunofluorescence analysis of caspase-3 counterstained with DAPI showed that MC-LR led to the increased expression of caspase-3 which were comparatively reduced by IOAE treatment. The cell viability decreased on increasing the concentration of MC-LR with 5% cell viability at concentration of 10 ​μg MC-LR/mL as that of control 100% Cell viability. The IC50 was calculated to be 3.6 ​μg/ml, indicating that MC-LR is chronic toxic to AML12 mouse hepatocytes. The molecular docking interaction of NF-κB-NIK with ergosterol peroxidase showed binding interaction between the two and showed the plausible molecular basis for the effects of IOAE in MC-LR induced liver injury. Collectively, this study revealed the deleterious effects of MC-LR on liver through generation of oxidative stress and activation of caspase-3, which were prevented by treatment with IOAE.

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Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a malignant tumor located in the nasopharynx, which can be treated by Cisplatin, a chemotherapy that has a side effect of increasing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that can damage the liver. We aim to determine the effect of giving Mahkota Dewa ( Phaleria macrocarpa ) as an antioxidant on liver function of NPC patients receiving Cisplatin chemotherapy. Subjects and Method: Forty subjects of stage III and IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma patients were divided into treatment and control groups. Subjects will be tested for SGOT SGPT before cisplatin chemotherapy. The treatment group was given Phaleria macrocarpa capsules 300 mg/24 hours for 5 weeks since a week before chemotherapy. The control group was given placebo capsules/24 hours for 5 weeks since a week before chemotherapy. The patients received two series of cisplatin chemotherapy with an interval of 3 weeks, then a second blood sample was taken 1 week after the second series of cisplatin chemotherapy. Results: There was a significant difference in SGOT levels in the post-treatment group of Phaleria macrocarpa and control, as well as the difference in the pre- and post- treatment group between the Phaleria macrocarpa and control groups. Also, there was a significant difference in SGPT levels in the pre- and post- treatment in the Phaleria macrocarpa and control groups. Conclusion: The administration of Phaleria macrocarpa has an effect on decreasing the levels of SGOT and SGPT in NPC patients receiving Cisplatin chemotherapy therapy Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa , SGOT, SGPT, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Cisplatin Correspondence: Adi Januar Akbar. ENT Department of Diponegoro University. Prof. Sudarto Street No. 13, Tembalang, Tembalang Sub-district, Semarang City, Central Java, 50275. Email: diaz17akbarsaleh­@gmail.com. +628161455179. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2022), 07(01): 1-8 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2022.07.01.01

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Saroglitazar as a Treatment Modality for Dyslipidemic Transaminitis in Nafld Patients

Background: NAFLD is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease due to increase in the prevalence of obesity. NAFLD patients are at increased risk of liver related and cardiovascular mortality. It is the most common cause of asymptomatic elevated aminotransferase levels. Elevated triglycerides is strongly associated with NAFLD among markers of dyslipidemia. Aims: To assess difference in triglyceride and SGPT before and after administering Saroglitazar for 3 months in NAFLD patients. Methods: A total of 50 NAFLD patients aged >18 years with triglyceride >170 mg/ dl, SGPT > 50 U/L were enrolled. Their baseline lipid parameters, liver function parameters and diabetic status were measured and they were treated with Saroglitazar 4mg everyday for 3months after taking informed consent. 2 patients did not give consent and 1 patient lost to follow up. Lipid parameters, liver function tests were re-assessed at the end of 3months.NAFLD fibrosis score was calculated at baseline and at the end of 3 months. Results: Between the baseline and 12 weeks follow up population, there is a statistically significant difference in SGOT and triglyceride levels before and after treating with Saroglitazar. Conclusion: Saroglitazar improves triglyceride and SGPT levels in NAFLD patients with no significant adverse effect. Biography 1. Honey Maity 2. First year resident, DNB-SS, department of gastroenterology, Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Kolkata, India 3. MBBS from NRSMCH, Kolkata ( 2009- 2015)MD General Medicine with distinction from VIMS, RKMSP, Kolkata (2016- 2019) Publication: Maity H, Kumar S. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation In: Kumar S, eds. The Protocol Book for intensive care. 5th ed. Haryana: Jaypee; 2018. P. 266-76 4. 5/D/2, flat no. 3 and 4, Radhakunj, 1st floor, Bediadanga, 1st lane, Kolkata- 700039, 9163183071, [email protected] 5. Oral presentation

CORRELATION OF LIVER FUNCTION TESTS WITH SEVERITY OF DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH DENGUE FEVER – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Introduction: Dengue has emerged as a notable public health problem in recent decades in terms of mortality and morbidity associated with it. The clinical spectrums of dengue illness range from undifferentiated fever, self-limiting dengue fever (DF) to more severe, life-threatening forms of the illness termed dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Recent reports have demonstrated elevated hepatic transaminases or aminotransferases [Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT)] levels in dengue infection, suggesting that the liver is one of the main targets for the dengue virus. Aims And Objectives: Ÿ To evaluate the impact of Dengue fever on liver function. Ÿ To determine whether serum transaminases can be of prognostic value in dengue fever. Materials And Methods: This hospital based prospective study correlated the liver function tests with severity of disease in children with dengue fever. It was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala among 50 children with dengue fever. The liver function enzymes were estimated and correlated with the severity of dengue fever. The student ttest was used for comparing the mean values between the 2 groups whereas chi-square test was applied for comparing the frequency using the SPSS software. Results: The mean age of the study population was 13.62±3.12 years with 76.0% males and 24.0% females. The mean SGOT and SGPT was signicantly more among DSS group at baseline and follow-up. The mean SGOT was signicantly more among DSS group at baseline and followup (681.38±796.27 and 35.88±10.62 respectively) compared to DF and DHF at baseline (123.62±151.89 and 180.82±99.56 respectively) and follow-up (26.28±3.90 and 30.77±6.19 respectively). The mean SGPT was signicantly more among DSS group at baseline and follow-up (308.13±282.13 and 45.38±14.61 respectively) compared to DF and DHF at baseline (67.93±38.37 and 106.25±49.72 respectively) and follow-up (35.31±4.38 and 38.62±6.64 respectively). Conclusion: Degree of elevation of SGOT and SGPT levels can be used to predict the severity of dengue. Hence, both elevated SGOT and SGPT level can be used as an early predictor of Severe Dengue fever.