Abstract
Aims: Many herbicides react to the body system and might effect the activity of hormones in the human body. The present work aims to determine the potential impact of 90 days of repeated exposure to Penoxsulam herbicide by oral gavage on the Liver, Kidney, Thyroid endocrine profile and biochemical stress in the wistar rat model.
 Study Design: The primary study was performed to Wistar rats grouped into 6 groups. Four groups were picked for low dose, middle dose, high dose, and high recovery dose, respectively. They were administered the Penoxsulam at dose levels of 100, 300, 500 mg/kg body weight. Similarly, 2 recovery groups were classified as control and recovery control groups, and doses were administered to them only through the corn oil (vehicle) via the oral route with the help of a suitable cannula for 90 days.
 Place and Duration of Study: Toxicology department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi (INDIA), July 2020 and June 2021.
 Methodology: In this study, healthy 60 male and 60 female Wistar rats aged 6-8 weeks, weighing
 130-190 gm, were used. Before commencing the study, permission from IAEC (Institutional animal ethics committee) was taken for this experiment (CPCSEA).
 Results: This study evaluates significant changes in the body weight of rats; moreover, Penoxsulam elevated the significance level of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, Urea, and Creatinine. No alterations were seen in Hematology parameters and Ophthalmology examination. Also, physiological changes were examined after exposure to penoxsulam in rats.
 Conclusion: Therefore, Penoxsulam showed harmful toxic effects on the Kidney and Liver. However, no alteration has been seen in the thyroid profile (T3 triiodothyronine, T4 thyroxine, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone) of Wistar rats during the experimentation period.
Highlights
Penoxsulam (2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy1,2,4] triazolo [1,5-c] pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethy) benze-nesulfonamide)) [1] is a new triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide herbicide used in California for post-emergence, broadspectrum weed control in rice (Oryza sativa L.).Penoxsulam is a systemic herbicide that internally disrupts growing weeds, being absorbed by the phloem and xylem tissues, leading to death
The present work aims to determine the potential impact of 90 days of repeated exposure to Penoxsulam herbicide by oral gavage on the Liver, Kidney, Thyroid endocrine profile and biochemical stress in the wistar rat model
Bodyweight gain in the high dose (G4) group of animals was decreased in males and females when compared to that of the control group (G1) of animals after administration of the dose; though the decrease was statistically significant in the high dose group (G4) (Fig. 1), and body weight gain of the high recovery dose (G6) group animals was comparable to the body weight gain of the recovery control (G5) group animals (Table 2)
Summary
Penoxsulam is a systemic herbicide that internally disrupts growing weeds, being absorbed by the phloem and xylem tissues, leading to death. Penoxsulam is used to control broadleaf, sedge, and grass weeds in transplanted, dry-seeded, and water-seeded rice [2]. Adverse effects on plants by Penoxsulam depend on the defoliant metabolic process rate in plants and on their inhibitory strength upon the target site [3]. This systemic herbicide is absorbed primarily via leaves and secondarily via roots translocated in both xylem and phloem. Herbicide sprays are widely used for weed control, and they are very harmful both to humans and animals
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