Sexual Division Of Work Research Articles

The Brazilian nursing workforce faced with the international trends: an analysis in the International Year of Nursing

Abstract The article analyzes the condition of the Brazilian Nursing workforce when confronted with international trends. Diagnoses in publications by international organizations marked the confrontation of international trends with the reality of Brazilian Nursing, based on secondary research data. The analysis allows asserting that the Brazilian Nursing workforce follows international trends, essentially, because the social and sexual division of work and the foundations of the origin of Nursing as a capitalist occupation are maintained. At the same time, the historical-structural assumption of female proletarianization is based on the following: the disparities between men and women in pay and access to prominent positions in the market; combined inequalities across nations and regions in the supply of the labor market, which stimulates immigration of professionals; exploitation of older professionals, in the context of restricted access to retirement and labor rights; and exposure to violence and harassment, associated with the potential for overload and work intensification, which result in workers contracting diseases. In summary, it is observed that the pillars of female proletarianization and professionalization of Nursing remain in today's differentiated forms of workforce exploitation, being configured depending on the intersections of gender, racial-ethnicity, and regional-nationality.

Realization of Gender Equality in the Workplace Feminist Perspectives of a WLB

It has been a long time since people focused on the term “work-life balance” (WLB). It is an exaggeration to say that a WLB is in vogue like gender equality. Also, in academic fields in Japan, Europe, and the United States, WLB studies have been vigorously discussed, and a number of papers have been published since the 21st century. A WLB policy has been misconstrued as applying only to women because the ideology of the sexual division of work has not been totally dispelled; many women work away from home compared to the old days. This gives a false impression that if working women can easily take maternity leave or childcare leave, many women will have an opportunity to work, which appears to result in gender equality in society. In this interpretation, it has been considered important that company quality should be improved to make maternity leave or childcare leave available to female employees. This paper traces the historical context and previous studies about appearance of the term “WLB,” analyzing what a WLB policy should be to realize real gender equality.

“Mujeres en terrenos de hombres”: Discursos de género en escuelas secundarias técnico-profesionales

En la Educación Técnica Profesional (ETP) secundaria existe una fuerte segmentación por género entre áreas formativas asociadas a distintos estatus y retribuciones salariales. En particular, las mujeres son minoría en establecimientos que imparten especialidades asociadas a los sectores de Electricidad, Metalmecánica y Construcción, donde las estructuras y culturas refuerzan la imagen masculina de las profesiones. A partir de 19 entrevistas realizadas en 6 establecimientos de 3 regiones de Chile, este artículo analiza los discursos de docentes directivos y de aula que emergen en estos entornos. Se identifican tres tipos de discursos según la aproximación al género de los estudiantes: (1) el género invisibilizado, al considerarse inadecuada esta categoría para abordar problemáticas en el espacio escolar; (2) el género de posiciones binarias, que naturaliza y elogia roles tradicionales diferenciados por el sexo biológico; y (3) el género visibilizado en el afuera, que reconoce desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres, pero situándolas en el mercado laboral. Se concluye que las tres posiciones discursivas, al invisibilizar, normalizar o situar fuera del espacio escolar las inequidades de género desestiman posiciones de responsabilidad y agencia en los docentes que transformen culturas y estructuras que imperan en los centros escolares y que perpetúan la división sexual del trabajo.

From the Centre to the Margins and Back Again: Women in Agriculture at the ILO

Women in agriculture play a particularly important role in the economy. But their work—as peasants and as agricultural wage earners—their knowledge, their place in agricultural systems of production and their contribution to global prosperity have only been recognised in recent years, or still lack significant recognition. With changes in systems of production that are related to globalisation, the marginalisation and the workload of women in agriculture has often increased due to the perpetuation of an unequal sexual division of work in agriculture, and due to unequal access to the workforce and to agricultural inputs, technologies, credit schemes and land. One of the main constraints faced by female peasants and agricultural wage earners is the continuous and increasing reproductive work, which rests disproportionately on the most excluded women. Feminist studies have theorised and underlined the centrality of social reproduction, deconstructing what women’s work is and contesting the binary distinction between ‘production’ and ‘reproduction’. They have, further, shown how the prosperity of the global economy benefits from women’s work, including subsistence production where women play a major role. The focus on women in agriculture has been a starting point for gender and development studies. The International Labour Organization’s (ILO) programmes on women in rural areas have included groundbreaking research, the recognition of women’s unpaid and paid work, and support for women’s empowerment in grass-roots organisations. After having disappeared to the margins, rural women are back at the centre of the ILO’s discussion on rural economies in recent years. The approach is now guided by the Decent Work agenda, which prevails globally in the ILO. We will explore how the ILO’s programmes on rural economies and gender have evolved since the Organization’s inception. We will also consider how the ILO’s analysis and programmes directed at the work of the most excluded women in agriculture could contribute to informing the Decent Work Agenda and changing the organisation of social reproduction and livelihoods.

Relações Sociais de Sexo e Psicodinâmica do Trabalho: a sexuação das defesas no trabalho de care

This article aims to present some research analyzed by Pascale Molinier on defense strategies against suffering at caring labor. Under her perspective, if the work situations that produce suffering are not the same for men and women, the sufferings and consequently the defense systems to deal with them will be distinct regarding sex - some are masculine, some feminine.Under the combined perspective of Psychodynamics of Work and Sex Social Relationships, these researches allow to demonstrate a tendency to the “sexuation” of the defenses, not because of the “nature” of men and women, but because of the sexual division of work. These studies provided evidence that the modalities of subjectivation classically attributed to the psychic constellation of femininity are mostly contingent diferentiations and secondary to the experience of work.

Estudantes de engenharia: entre o empoderamento e o binarismo de gênero

RESUMO Este artigo trata, a partir de entrevistas com estudantes de Engenharia (2014), de suas experiências acadêmicas e concepções de gênero em relação ao campo profissional. O materialismo histórico e dialético, como referencial, visa a estabelecer as conexões entre o particular e a totalidade social, e entre a subjetividade e a objetividade no processo histórico de transformações e permanências. O aumento do ingresso das mulheres nas engenharias exige contínuo enfrentamento das estudantes, que expressam estratégias de empoderamento contraditoriamente acompanhadas de atributos sustentados em binarismos de gênero. Por sua vez, os colegas e os professores tendem a reforçar a divisão sexual do trabalho em novas formas.

Motivaciones, ingreso y experiencias participativas de las mujeres en ETA

Este artículo explora las contradicciones, obstáculos, y placeres que experimentan las mujeres integradas en grupos armados en donde la participación está atravesada por ciertas variables que condicionan y polarizan, más si cabe, las relaciones de género (ilegalidad, clandestinidad, violencia). Con este fin se han analizado las vidas de 25 mujeres y 6 hombres integrantes de ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna). Por un lado, a través de sus historias, el artículo presta especial atención a cuáles son las motivaciones de las mujeres para integrarse en ETA y qué factores obstaculizan y ayudan a esa integración. Por otro lado, aborda qué placeres, riesgos y contradicciones viven en todo su proceso participativo una vez integradas ya en la estructura de ETA. Las principales conclusiones muestran que, para su integración, entre los principales elementos limitadores se encuentran la neutralización familiar y territorial. Por el contrario, actúan como facilitadores la ventaja y posición tácita de su género. Además, desarrollan sistemáticamente estrategias para superar las dificultades, como movimientos territoriales o contactos puente. Una vez dentro, tienen que hacer frente a obstáculos derivados, entre otros, de los mandatos de la clandestinidad y la división sexual del trabajo. Así, el exilio y la militancia en el extranjero se constituyen como fuente de riesgos y placeres al mismo tiempo.

Nurses' daily life: gender relations from the time spent in hospital.

Objective: to analyze the everyday life of nurses through the sexual work division as well as through interdependence relations and the time in hospital. Method: quanti-qualitative study, based on the Time Use Survey and in Norbert Elias's Configuration Theory of Interdependencies. Daily shifts distribution record, directed by 42 participants - with self-confrontation - by interviews which drew dialogues on subjective aspects of the everyday experiences related to use of time, based on a job at a university hospital. The theoretical intake that founded data analysis was based on concepts of conflicts of interest, power struggles, sexual work division and polychronic-monochronic concepts - whether the work environment demands multitasking nurses or not. Results: time records allowed to observe differences between the groups studied, useful to identify conflicts, tensions, power struggles and gender inequalities in interviewees' everyday affairs that do not only affect physical and mental health, but also their way of life. Conclusion: the analytical path pointed out the need for public policies that promote equity in gender relations, keeping at sight the exercise of plural discourses and tolerant stances capable to respect differences between individual and collective time.

De la imposible conciliación a los permanentes malos arreglos

Las estrategias europeas para promover el empleo han puesto en evidencia la importancia del tiempo. Pero unicamente del tiempo de trabajo, entendido en clave de horario laboral. Otras voces, desde la perspectiva de genero, recuerdan que esa vision es poco acertada. Asi, senalan que la actual organizacion temporal perjudica a las mujeres destinatarias de las politicas de conciliacion. Otras precisan que la conciliacion esconde la division sexual del trabajo. E incluso destacan que ni tan solo tenemos una definicion aceptable de lo que se entiende por conciliacion. Este articulo pretende comentar esos argumentos. Y exponer algunas de las conclusiones de dos estudios sobre la conciliacion realizados por el QUIT. En el primero, se han analizado las dificultades culturales que deben afrontar las politicas de conciliacion en Espana. En el segundo, se esta estudiando la falta de desarrollo de estas politicas en la negociacion colectiva. Como alternativa a esos inconvenientes, se plantean politicas de tiempo.

Impacto de los estereotipos de género en la construcción de la identidad profesional de estudiantes universitarios / Impact of gender stereotypes in the construction of professional identity of college students

This paper presents the processes of reflection and analysis developed by college students on their last year of Educational Psychology Degree, from the University of Córdoba about the influence of gender stereotypes in the construction of professional identities of women and men. The experience is part of the Professional Guidance course, believing its content and pedagogical approach taken are be closely related to the design and development of professional projects by students and, it is expected that their future professional performance as mentors and counselors will be affected as a result. From a critical perspective, students identified the influence of certain factors of gender inequality in employment. We focus especially on gender socialization processes and the overload of domestic and family responsibility in the case of women. Through the construction of occupational family trees, we propose to discover strategies that perpetuate discrimination against a market structure differentiated by gender. The results show that sexual division of work and occupational segregation characterize the social and employment situation of women perpetuating gender discrimination. Therefore, such inequality factors should be considered in the process of vocational guidance.

Sexe du tuteur et perception de l’avenir professionnel de jeunes en alternance : une recherche qualitative

The study aims to undertake the influence of sex roles of tutors in enterprises, supervising young adults in alternating training in Higher Education. On the basis of workplace mentoring models and works, twenty young adults have been interviewed. Half of them were supervised by a woman and the other half by a man. The results underline the key role of the variable sex to analyze the relationships in enterprises. They show that this variable has to be studied regarding the particular sexual division of work in each work context as well as with the social representations the young adults have of the occupations.

Corresponsabilidad social en el cuido. La contribución del movimiento feminista en Costa Rica

El presente artículo explica la construcción social de la división sexual del trabajo y cómo esta división asigna valores distintos a trabajos diferentes. El debate ha transcendido en la institucionalidad costarricense por medio de la corresponsabilidad social del cuido, partiendo de dos fenómenos todavía no resueltos: el cambio en la composición de las familias y la incorporación de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo, situaciones que han generado nuevas condiciones para las mujeres. Además, se abordan los avances en materia jurídica y de políticas públicas, el papel del movimiento feminista, con el objetivo de extender la corresponsabilidad social del cuido por parte de todos los sectores de la sociedad costarricense y alcanzar el bienestar de todas las personas. ABSTRACT The article describes the social construction of gender of the division of work by gender, and how this separation assigns different values to different jobs. This debate has transcended the Costa Rican institutionalization through co-responsibility for care work from two unresolved phenomena: the change in household composition and the entry of women into the labor market; situations that have created new conditions for women. Furthermore, the article addresses advances in legal and public policy matters, the role played by the feminist movement with the aim of extending the social co-responsibility for care work by all sectors of Costa Rican society and for the well-being of people.

<b>Mulheres e ciência: desafios e conquistas</b><br>DOI:10.5007/1807-1384.2011v8n2p20

The aim of this article is to discuss the challenges and the achievements of women in science in the western modern society. Throughout History, there have been pioneer women who produced scientific knowledge in spite of the prejudices and discriminations, but who were kept in invisibility just because they were women. The studies on gender and science brought them into visibility. There were two kinds of challenges the women had to overcome: the customs of a patriarchal and male chauvinist society and the sexual division of work in family which kept them home, doing housework and taking care of the dependent family members. This has brought an inequality between men and women concerning the work time dedicated to science – inequality that persists until now. As for achievements, we consider that, in the present days, the women are the majority at the universities of different countries, including Brazil. There are a lot of women working in research institutions but the most important positions are occupied by men. Women are the majority in health and human sciences and men are most present in the exact and technological sciences. Finally we leave a question for reflection: does the participation of women in science bring changes on the scientific paradigm?

Peruvian Children's Folk Taxonomy of Marine Animals

Free listing was used to obtain names of marine animals from 234 Peruvian children with families involved in fishing activities. They live in the fishing towns of Vila-vila, Morro Sama and Ilo, located in Southern Peru. Fishes, birds and the category “other marine animal” were used for the classification of marine fauna by children. The group of 6-8 year-olds shows a mean frequency of 19.7 names per child, while the group of 9-11 year-olds shows a mean frequency of 25.7 names per child. Folk species of fish is the most frequently recorded category with a predominance of coastal species and with a mean frequency of 7.56 and 11.51 names per child for the groups of 6-8 year-olds and 9-11 year-olds, respectively. In contrast, bird names are less frequently recorded in the lists. Some bird and mollusc names have lexical under-differentiation at a generic level and apparently have lower cultural significance than fish. Children’s classification in different levels of organization is evidence of a folk biology. The folk taxonomy of marine animals could be influenced by the lesser cognitive development of younger children and the ecological salience of some species. Some species with coastal habitat exhibit a high dominance index of folk names. Cultural transmission of knowledge about birds could be failing due to the recent occupancy of the study sites by migratory people and the sexual division of work in the children’s families.

Peruvian Children’s Folk Taxonomy of Marine Animals

Free listing was used to obtain names of marine animals from 234 Peruvian children with families involved in fishing activities. They live in the fishing towns of Vila-vila, Morro Sama and Ilo, located in Southern Peru. Fishes, birds and the category “other marine animal” were used for the classification of marine fauna by children. The group of 6-8 year-olds shows a mean frequency of 19.7 names per child, while the group of 9-11 year-olds shows a mean frequency of 25.7 names per child. Folk species of fish is the most frequently recorded category with a predominance of coastal species and with a mean frequency of 7.56 and 11.51 names per child for the groups of 6-8 year-olds and 9-11 year-olds, respectively. In contrast, bird names are less frequently recorded in the lists. Some bird and mollusc names have lexical under-differentiation at a generic level and apparently have lower cultural significance than fish. Children’s classification in different levels of organization is evidence of a folk biology. The folk taxonomy of marine animals could be influenced by the lesser cognitive development of younger children and the ecological salience of some species. Some species with coastal habitat exhibit a high dominance index of folk names. Cultural transmission of knowledge about birds could be failing due to the recent occupancy of the study sites by migratory people and the sexual division of work in the children’s families.

Do campo à "Campanha": gênero, performance e narrativas orais na fronteira entre o Brasil e o Uruguai

Neste artigo abordo questões referentes à configuração dos papéis de gênero entre contadoras e contadores de "causos" da região da fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai, considerando também o papel da pesquisadora nesse contexto. Na pesquisa etnográfica realizada, as diferenças entre os gêneros foram gradualmente revelando sua importância para o estudo das histórias narradas e, consequentemente, para a compreensão da sociedade fronteiriça. Assim como na organização social local percebe-se uma clara divisão do trabalho, do tempo e dos espaços ocupados por homens e mulheres, também nas narrativas orais e nas suas performances essa divisão encontrará correspondência. Levando em conta esses aspectos, procuro demonstrar de que maneira, seja no conteúdo das narrativas, seja na forma de contá-las, essas diferenças vão sendo demarcadas.

Logging conflicts in Southern Cameroon: A feminist ecological economics perspective

Growing attention has been paid to gender in ecological economics, political ecology and development studies but a focus on gender in resource extraction conflicts is still rare. This article explores women-led resistance movements to commercial logging in South-eastern Cameroon, focusing on the moabi tree ( Baillonella toxisperma). The latter provides oil, medicine and other non-timber products and use-values to local forest societies and particularly to women. Resistances arise because most socio-environmental costs of the international logging trade are imposed on the rural populations and especially on women of the extractive regions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the root causes of the gender structure of such mobilisations as well as the impacts on gender relations induced by such resource extraction conflicts. After proposing a typology of different environmental currents and their gender counterparts, this paper focuses on the gender construction of local Bantu societies, taking as a point of departure Paola Tabet's thesis that masculine control over production tools is the objective factor revealing the sexual division of work. In our case study, we found that the men's control over technology not only highlights the sexual work division but also the gendered division of access rights to natural resources. Thereby, we argue that the sexual division of access rights and work — revealed through differentiated control over technology — are two key institutions explaining the gendered structure of local mobilizations. We, then, discuss the empowerment allowed by the new forms of women's organizations, with a particular focus on the appropriation of new production tools by women. This highlights a non-Western form of environmental feminism.

A IMAGEM CORPORAL DA ENFERMEIRA COMO OBJETO SEXUAL NA MÍDIA: UM ASSÉDIO A PROFISSÃO

Amídia, em especial a internet, veicula informações que exploram o corpo da enfermeira como objeto sexual, estigmatizando sua imagem. Alguns fatores contribuem com a definição de um estereótipo negativo à enfermagem: seu passado histórico (por ter sido exercida por mulheres marginalizadas como prostitutas, alcoolistas, analfabetas); a divisão sexual do trabalho; e sua formação fundamentada nos saberes médicos. Concomitante aos relatos históricos, em sites de buscas, digitando-se a palavra “enfermeira”, encontra-se muitos arquivos estimulantes do imaginário popular que erotizam a profissão, expondo-a a situações constrangedoras. Os arquivos que representam a palavra “enfermeiro”, entretanto exprimem seriedade. Este artigo reafirma os preconceitos sofridos por uma profissão cuja representação carrega estereótipos assimétricos, e procura apontar estratégias de enfrentamento do problema e divulgação da verdadeira imagem da profissão, revertendo para a enfermagem a notoriedade social que faz jus pela responsabilidade, desempenho e importância de seu trabalho para sociedade global.

Psicodinâmica do trabalho e relações sociais de sexo: um itinerário interdisciplinar. 1988-2002

A psicodinâmica do trabalho se define como a análise dos processos psíquicos mobilizados pelo encontro entre um sujeito e os constrangimentos da organização do trabalho. Nos anos 1980, as pesquisas realizadas nos meios de trabalho masculino permitiram descobrir a existência de estratégias coletivas de defesa contra o sofrimento no trabalho. A partir de 1988 iniciou-se um importante trabalho interdisciplinar com as sociologias do trabalho. Trata -se de saber se a psicodinâmica do trabalho era heurística para analisar igualmente as situações das mulheres no mundo do trabalho e de reexaminar os conhecimentos preexistente, sobre o sofrimento dos homens no quadro de uma problemática sexuada. O artigo relata os principais determinantes que conduziram a criar as relações sociais de sexo e de seu desafio, a divisão sexual do trabalho, uma dimensão central da pesquisa clínica, a teoria e a metodologia em psicodinâmica do trabalho. Um ponto importante do artigo é a situação das enfermeiras a partir da qual são constituídos os principais conhecimentos sobre as relações entre saúde e trabalho do lado das mulheres.

Un nuevo paradigma para el análisis de las relaciones sociales: el enfoque de género

Gender Studies have been especially productive in the field of Sociology.This paper will focus on the basic importance of the gendered perspective in the analysis of reality, the sexual division of work and the issue of asymmetric power relations between the sexes. It will finally locate and make clear the different meanings of «gender» from a sociological point of view. Las otras en los derechos humanos Mercedes Alcaniz The object of this paper focuses on the application of mainstreaming to several historical Human Rights Declarations from the first in 1776 to the latest. The conclusion is that we can talk about three different phases or stages in the consideration of women’s human rights: when women were invisible, equality between men and women in human rights and, third, the recognition of women’s difference.