Sewage Facilities Research Articles

Пути повышения эффективности очистки сточных вод

Purpose: generalization of available methods to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment. To achieve this goal, the article discusses ways to intensify various sewage facilities. Methods: collection, comparison and systematization of existing methods for improving the efficiency of structures. Results: various options for improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment are considered, the most promising solutions for the modernization of both individual structures and devices for technological treatment of urban wastewater are identified. Practical significance: the use of recommended modern domestic developments in the reconstruction and/or construction of new wastewater treatment plants will allow achieving the degree of wastewater treatment required by the new standards with minimal costs, both monetary a nd temporary.

Strategy for the Development of the Street Area Hygiene Sanitation Standards in Astanaanyar Market Bandung

Bandung, as one of the most popular tourism destinations in West Java, offers unique cultural, natural and culinary treasures. However, culinary tourism in Bandung City faces challenges such as the problem of implementing sanitary hygiene, especially for street vendors. This study aims to create a strategy for the development of a street food area with sanitary hygiene standards in Pasar Astanaanyar, Bandung City, focusing on the availability of sanitation facilities and knowledge of food handlers, from the data on facilities and knowledge obtained, appropriate strategies will be formulated to be implemented. The method in this study uses a Likert scale and a multiple choice statement test given to street vendors by analyzing the data descriptively. The results obtained that the sanitation hygiene facilities in Astanaanyar market are categorized as not good with the largest result more than half (87.5%) of traders do not have sewerage facilities, but the knowledge possessed by traders is categorized as quite good regarding personal hygiene , food hygiene and sanitation facilities with the largest average score of 68.75 regarding food hygiene. The conclusion of this study is the need for involvement between the government, the private sector, and the street vendors themselves to develop a hygienic sanitation standardized street vendor area.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN THE SYSTEM OF ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE PRISM OF MODERN CHALLENGES

The article substantiates the importance of the ecological component in the system of sustainable development goals. The powerful potential of Ukraine's ecosystem and environmental problems, problems of ensuring an ecologically safe environment for people's life and health are outlined. Global challenges for ecosystems are characterized (destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, global climate changes, melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, harmful emissions, air and ocean pollution, drinking water problems, etc.). The significant negative impact of the Russian Federation's war against Ukraine on the environment is described. Environmental threats from nuclear energy manipulations are singled out; from waste storage facilities, coal mines, chemical plants and other branches of heavy industry, especially those located in the zone of active hostilities. It is noted that the destruction/damage of water supply systems, sewage and waste storage facilities, etc. provoke significant damage with long-term consequences for the environment and human health. It is founded that most problems of environmental direction are problems of a global level. Directions for achieving climate neutrality within the framework of the European Green Course are indicated. The results of Ukraine in achieving climate neutrality are analyzed. The state and problems of environmental protection financing are analyzed. It was found that in the structure of expenditures from the state budget of Ukraine for all types of financing of environmental protection measures, current expenditures significantly prevail over capital investments. In the structure of current expenses, the largest share is spent on waste management. It is noted that since the beginning of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the amount of funding for environmental protection has significantly decreased, which is justified by the great need for defense funding. It is founded that the transition to a climate-neutral economy is a challenge for the modernization of economic sectors, requires a rethinking of the role of each member of society, but is at the same time an opportunity to ensure development based on the principles of sustainability. A system of measures to protect the environment and ensure environmental safety is outlined.

Behavioral profile alterations and predation susceptibility of Japanese medaka fish exposed to phenytoin, an antiepileptic drug

Antiepileptic drugs, such as phenytoin, are often leaked into aquatic systems through sewage facilities due to their low metabolic rate. Fish, such as the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), demonstrate abnormal swimming behavior such as equilibrium abnormalities, rotational behavior, and vertical swimming, when exposed to phenytoin. Therefore, it is hypothesized that predator avoidance may be hindered. This study aimed to investigate the effects of phenytoin exposure-induced behavioral abnormalities in predator avoidance in Japanese medaka. The results showed that individuals with behavioral abnormalities had a reduced ability to avoid danger. Furthermore, the fish demonstrated a delayed recognition reaction to approaching predators. Additionally, predatory fish, such as silver pike characin (Ctenolucius hujeta), were more likely to prey upon abnormal individuals. In conclusion, the fish exposed to phenytoin demonstrated behavioral changes that increased its predation risk. This study is the first to determine the effects of behavioral abnormalities in Japanese medaka which was induced after phenytoin exposure on predator risk avoidance.

Emerging Contaminants in the Effluent of Wastewater Should Be Regulated: Which and to What Extent?

Effluent discharged from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a major source of emerging contaminants (ECs) requiring effective regulation. To this end, we collected discharge datasets of pharmaceuticals (PHACs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), representing two primary categories of ECs, from Chinese WWTP effluent from 2012 to 2022 to establish an exposure database. Moreover, high-risk ECs' long-term water quality criteria (LWQC) were derived using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. A total of 140 ECs (124 PHACs and 16 EDCs) were identified, with concentrations ranging from N.D. (not detected) to 706 μg/L. Most data were concentrated in coastal regions and Gansu, with high ecological risk observed in Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hong Kong. Using the assessment factor (AF) method, 18 high-risk ECs requiring regulation were identified. However, only three of them, namely carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and bisphenol-A, met the derivation requirements of the SSD method. The LWQC for these three ECs were determined as 96.4, 1010, and 288 ng/L, respectively. Exposure data for carbamazepine and bisphenol-A surpassed their derived LWQC, indicating a need for heightened attention to these contaminants. This study elucidates the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese WWTPs and provides theoretical and data foundations for EC management in urban sewage facilities.

Chemical Dosing Solutions for A New-Build Sewage Plant

How SEKO supplied Spring series pumps and Elektra control units for a Chinese sewage facility

Urban wastewater management in Nepal: generation, treatment, engineering and policy perspectives

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization has caused a worldwide increase in the discharge of wastewater effluent. Although Nepal has a noteworthy history of wastewater management, progress in this field has been hindered by persistent issues. These problems encompass insufficient sewer coverage, deficient treatment and sludge disposal facilities, inadequate treatment infrastructure, lack of coherent institutional frameworks, and a lack of comprehensive planning. This review provides a glimpse into Nepal's current urban wastewater landscape while also offering a concise historical overview of its wastewater management trends. The study gathered data, information from government organizations, as well as related research, review articles, and reports from 1999 to 2023. Our findings reveal that more than 85% of urban households in Nepal rely on onsite sanitation, with limited access to septage treatment facilities. The ratio of wastewater treatment to generation is disconcertingly low, further emphasized by the concentration of centralized treatment plants in the capital city. This low ratio underscores the inadequacy of the existing wastewater system and the novice approaches of the government, which contribute to the poor sewerage facilities in Nepal. This study unequivocally highlights the imperative need for functional and institutional hierarchy emphasizing local communities, substantial changes in resource allocation, governance practices, and technical infrastructure.

Interceptor sewer for abatement of pollution in surface water

Abstract Unplanned population growth in urban cities has largely caused unplanned habitations called slums. Due to various complexities, service providers are unable to provide basic amenities, i.e., water, roads, sanitation, and sewerage in these slums. Water, being the basic need for human survival, is either managed by these residents by extracting groundwater or the minimum required water is provided by the government through water tankers or tube wells. In the absence of sewerage facilities, sewage is discharged directly into stormwater drains, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc. It contaminates the freshwater of these water bodies. The Yamuna River (22 km stretch) from the Wazirabad Barrage to the Okhla Barrage, and about 600 lakes in Delhi, India, are highly polluted. To avoid such severe events of contamination of water resources, it is necessary to develop a system to intercept wastewater at the source, transfer it to the nearest sewage treatment plant, and treat it to the required discharge standard, called the interceptor sewer. This case study is an outcome of a successful mega project of an interceptor sewer along three major drains (Najafgarh, Supplementary, and Shahadra) for the abatement of pollution in river Yamuna, Delhi.

VISIONS OF THE NEW MIGRATION POLICY IN CHILE: A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF LEADERS’ NARRATIVES

In recent decades migration within Latin America has increased significantly. To take one example, 1,625,074 South American migrants were living in Chile as of 2023, many enduring precarious conditions such as being on the streets or in assigned basic camping sites without water or sewage facilities. In the past 50 years the Chilean government has enacted just two official migration policies: the first in 1975, designed by the military dictatorship and with some amendments added by subsequent democratic governments, and the second in 2021. This article aims at a qualitative analysis of the present and controversial migration policy that is based upon the narratives of key migration policy actors in contemporary Chile. Three main framings for understanding the policy are presented. The first can be defined as technocratic, attentive to format and data processing; the second is socially conscious of the subjectivity and vulnerability of migrants; and the last focuses on ensuring migrants’ human rights. These visions are not necessarily in opposition, as they sometimes interconnect or complement each other. However, the interviewees expressed a certain degree of gratitude that a new law had been designed and ratified, although they had expected more from it.

Temporal Changes in the Physico chemical Composition of Lake Geneva from 1957 to the Present

This manuscript presents an exhaustive analysis of a physicochemical dataset collected from Lake Geneva since 1957, offering a detailed exploration of its long-term environmental evolution. This study encompasses an array of cycles and trophic states that the lake has undergone. A critical finding is the significant influence of human activities within the catchment area, notably the introduction of substantial quantities of nutrients, especially phosphorus, into the lake’s ecosystem. This anthropogenic impact culminated in a marked ecological decline between the 1960s and 1970s, characterized by a phase of eutrophication. This period saw a surge in algal blooms and a consequent decrease in water transparency. In the 1970s, strategic interventions were implemented to address this environmental challenge. These measures, including the enhancement of phosphorus treatment at sewage facilities in the catchment area and the nationwide ban on phosphated detergents in Switzerland, proved instrumental in reducing the influx of nutrients. Consequently, a significant reduction in the lake’s phosphorus levels was observed by the 1980s. The lake is currently undergoing a re-oligotrophication process, with phosphorus concentrations indicating a mesotrophic state. However, it is noteworthy that the biological components of the lake are exhibiting a slower recovery rate in adapting to reduced nutrient levels, in contrast to the more immediate response noted during the eutrophication phase. Despite the progress achieved, ongoing vigilance and efforts are essential to continuously monitor, identify, and manage potential sources of phosphorus pollution. This proactive approach is vital for maintaining the lake’s ecological balance and ensuring it remains free from significant algal proliferation.

Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis of the central Atlantic ocean after installation of treatment sewage facilities

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are vital to Morocco's artisanal fishermen both nutritionally and economically. This study probed the bioaccumulation of trace metals zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in mussels from three sites north of Agadir: Anza, Aourir, and Imouran. Analyzed using atomic absorption techniques across different seasons, findings indicated variable metal concentrations, with Imouran notably presenting the highest, potentially due to influences from the new wastewater plants of Anza and Aourir. While lead was not detected, cadmium, albeit in lower concentrations, posed potential health concerns upon regular consumption. Individual Mean Bioaccumulation Index (IMBI) demonstrated fluctuations, majorly influenced by Zn, Cd, and Cu levels. These trends in IMBI between 2017 and 2018 for Aourir and Imouran hinted at similar environmental impacts or exposure levels. Despite site differences, Metal Pollution Index (MPI) values consistently pointing to analogous potential toxicity due to metal combinations. Intricate relationships between trace metals and their environmental parameters were evident, with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) showcasing differing correlations between variables. These results highlight the nuanced interactions between trace metals and bioaccumulation indices, such as MPI and IMBI. In conclusion, the findings accentuate the imperative of regular coastal water quality checks and effective management strategies to curtail pollutant discharges.

Обеспеченность услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения в Карагандинской области

В статье проведен анализ охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области, представлены данные по протяженности сетей и их техническом состоянии, также о эффективной работе сооружений системы водоотведения. Цель работы — изучить степень охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения и их технического состояния среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области за период 2010–2020 годов. Ретроспективный анализ вторичных данных за10 лет, а именно формы «О работе водопроводных и канализационных сооружений в Республике Казахстан». Из 421 сельских населенных пунктов области 245 обеспечены централизованным водоснабжением (89,9 %), 166 — децентрализованным (9,9 %) и 8 — привозным (0,2 %). Охват централизованным водоснабжением в городских местностях области составляет 98 %, охват централизованным водоотведением 78,43 %. Протяженность водопроводных сетей в сельской местности имеет тенденцию к увеличению и составляет 80,5 %, система водоотведения также увеличилась на 81,2 %. В городской местности протяженность сетей осталась неизменной. Охват сельского населения центральным водоснабжением и водоотведением за исследуемый период значительно увеличился. Полученные результаты исследований указывают на то, что в настоящее время имеется значительная диспропорция между обеспеченностью населения централизованным водоснабжением и централизованным водоотведением. Техническое состояние сетей водоснабжения и канализации в сельской местности остается на неудовлетворительном уровне, что приводит к высоким потерям и ухудшению качества питьевой воды.

Calibration Considering the Direction of Rotation for Contact Type Three-Dimensional Position-Measuring Instruments

In Japan, the aging of sewage facilities due to long-term use has become a significant social issue. As a result, there has been a growing interest in portable and easy-to-operate standalone pipe inspection robots in recent years. However, the pipes being inspected not only have level differences due to joint connections but also pose a high risk of toppling over due to deterioration, collapses, and sludge caused by external disturbances. Many standalone robots address this by suppressing tipping through tire shape and axle adjustments. However, this method is for suppression and not complete prevention. Therefore, we are exploring a software-based approach to prevent tipping through control of robot movement and aiming to achieve advanced self-position estimation. Currently, we are in the stage of verifying this self-position estimation. However, due to the curved nature of the pipes, it is difficult to accurately measure the robot's position and orientation using conventional measurement instruments. Thus, we have developed a specialized three-dimensional position measurement instrument for pipe inspection robots. Furthermore, although we performed calibration in the translational direction of the instrument, while improvements in accuracy were observed in the translational direction, the accuracy in the rotational direction deteriorated. In this paper, we propose a method to simultaneously calibrate the translational and rotational accuracy of the instrument to address this issue. We discuss the mechanism model, calibration parameters, elimination of redundant parameters by introducing redundancy, and parameter estimation using the Newton method. Additionally, through comparative validation using the instrument, we confirm that the position accuracy after calibration is within the range of approximately ±1.0 mm, and the orientation accuracy is within the range of approximately ±0.3 degrees. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Water access and sanitation facilities in the Johor River Basin, Malaysia: A comparison between indigenous and more modernised communities

Abstract Water access, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) data for Malaysia suggest that almost 100% of the population have access to basic sanitation and basic drinking water, but this data may not include marginalised communities and stateless individuals, indigenous or otherwise. The aim of this study was to evaluate WASH provision for residents of the Johor River Basin and evaluate the disparity in facilities between indigenous Orang Asli and more modernised communities. Questionnaires were distributed to eight communities. In total, 899 questionnaires were completed including 100 from indigenous communities and 799 from more modernised communities. Significant differences existed between communities with regard to education levels (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), household income (p < 0.001), type of toilet, sewage and sanitation facilities (p < 0.001) and perception of health risks and concerns (p < 0.001). There is a significant difference in access to water and sanitation facilities between indigenous and modernised communities. Further study is now required to understand behaviours and educate river-based communities on relevant potential health risks from water contamination in the Johor River Basin.

Novel Escherichia coli-Infecting Bacteriophages Isolated from Uganda That Target Human Clinical Isolates.

The antimicrobial resistance catastrophe is a growing global health threat and predicted to be worse in developing countries. Phages for Global Health (PGH) is training scientists in these regions to isolate relevant therapeutic phages for pathogenic bacteria within their locality, and thus contributing to making phage technology universally available. During the inaugural PGH workshop in East Africa, samples from Ugandan municipal sewage facilities were collected and two novel Escherichia coli lytic phages were isolated and characterized. The phages, UP19 (capsid diameter ∼100 nm, contractile tail ∼120/20 nm) and UP30 (capsid diameter ∼70 nm, noncontractile tail of ∼170/20 nm), lysed ∼82% and ∼36% of the 11 clinical isolates examined, respectively. The genomes of UP19 (171.402 kb, 282 CDS) and UP30 (49.834 kb, 75 CDS) closely match the genera Dhakavirus and Tunavirus, respectively. The phages isolated have therapeutic potential for further development against E. coli infections.

Corrosion of Concrete in a Water Management Structure in Conditions of Biogenic Sulfuric Acid Aggression

Concrete is a construction material that is extremely widely used in the construction of water management facilities. However, in the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the gas-air operating environment, concrete can undergo extremely aggressive biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion. The paper presents the results of an experimental chemical, physico-chemical and phase study of concrete samples from the surface part of the gravity sewage collector and the primary sump of the city sewage facilities and oil trap at the oil production site. It was proved that all concrete samples were subjected to biogenic sulfuric acid aggression, to the greatest extent – a sample from a city sewage collector.

Enhanced iterated local search for the technician routing and scheduling problem

Most public facilities in the European countries, including France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, were built during the reconstruction projects between 1950 and 1980. Owing to the deteriorating state of such vital infrastructure, its maintenance has become relatively expensive in the recent decades. A significant part of the maintenance operation costs is spent on the technical staff. Therefore, the optimal use of the available workforce is essential to minimize the overall costs. This includes planning technical interventions, workload balancing, productivity improvement, etc. In this paper, we focus on the routing of technicians and the scheduling of their tasks. We address for this purpose a variant of the workforce scheduling problem called the Technician Routing and Scheduling Problem. This problem has applications in different fields, such as maintenance of transportation infrastructure (rail and road networks), telecommunications, and sewage facilities. To solve the problem, we propose an enhanced iterated local search approach. The enhancement of the iterated local search firstly includes an intensification procedure that incorporates a set of local search operators and removal-repair heuristics adapted for the studied problem. Next, four different mechanisms are used in the perturbation phase. Finally, an elite set of solutions is used to extensively explore the neighborhood of local optima as well as to enhance diversification during search space exploration. To measure the performance of the proposed method, experiments were conducted based on benchmark instances from the literature, and the results obtained were compared with those of an existing method. Our method achieved very good results, since it reached the best overall gap, which is almost three times lower than that of the literature. Furthermore, eILS improved the best-known solution for 31 instances among a total of 56 while maintaining reasonable computational times.

Environmental Sanitation with the Incidence of Helmothermal Disease

Environmental sanitation of an environment consisting of sewage facilities, water supply facilities, garbage disposal facilities, and wastewater disposal facilities. And the sanitation must be owned by every housing that is maintained, clean and healthy, in order to prevent environmental pollution. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation and the incidence of helminthiasis in elementary school children in the Barrang Lompo island area with a sample size of 143 children aged 5-10 years. The variables in this study were fecal disposal facilities (latrines), house floors, provision of trash bins, and clean water facilities as part of environmental sanitation. The method used was observational method with cross sectional study design. The results of this study were there was no relationship between latrine ownership and helminthiasis with a value of P = 0.077 > 0.05. There is a relationship between the floor of the house and the incidence of helminthiasis where the value of P = 0.000 < 0.005. There is a relationship between clean water facilities and the incidence of helminthiasis where P value = 0.000 < 0.05. There is a relationship between waste disposal facilities and the incidence of helminthiasis where the P value = 0.000 < 0.05. The conclusion shows that there is an association between helminthiasis in children aged 5-10 years with clean water facilities, house floors, and garbage disposal.

Применение дезинфектантов нового поколения в решении современных проблем обеззараживания в водопроводно-канализационном хозяйстве

Purpose: To consider and evaluate alternative methods of water disinfection and disinfection of water supply and sewerage facilities and to select the most effective. To determine the possibility of using several agents at the same time, to select disinfectants with a biodegradable composition, the use of which will help reduce the negative impact on the environment. Methods: Comparison of the composition and effectiveness of existing disinfectants. Results: The necessity of using various combinations of disinfectants to reduce the likelihood of resistance in microorganisms to biocides is indicated. The most promising method for treating structures is the aerosol method, which allows achieving the necessary disinfection effect with small doses of the reagent. The use of multi-component disinfectants (such as the “Silver Bullet” anolyte and biocide) is safe for humans and the environment due to their composition, it also helps prevent microbial habituation to the substances. Practical significance: Due to the conditions of water intake changing for the worse and stricter regulations for the content of harmful substances in drinking water, the use of combined schemes for water disinfection and disinfection of structures has most potetial.

Water, Sanitation and Hygienic (WASH) risk factors that promote cholera outbreaks in Nairobi County

BACKGROUND 
 Cholera is still a significant worldwide threat to global public health as it leads to about 100,000 deaths every year. It is a diarrheal water and foodborne disease with its person-to-person transmission resulting from limited sanitation access, poor hygiene, and inadequate water supply, which often leads to outbreaks. This study sought to examine Water, Sanitation and Hygienic (WASH) risk factors that promote cholera outbreaks in Nairobi County 
 METHODOLOGY 
 A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used in this study. The target population included 2,154,726 residents of Nairobi County aged 18 years and above. Slovin's Formula was used in the study to estimate the sample size. The study adopted stratified random sampling in the selection of 399 respondents from the target population. Primary datasets were collected using questionnaires and key informant interviews. The data from the questionnaires were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies were used to study the trends and WASH factors related to cholera outbreaks. Inferential statistics included Chi-square (X2), which was used to analyze the relationship between variables. 
 RESULTS 
 The study established that the top five WASH challenges associated with the spread of Cholera disease included lack of enough water supply (76%); poor personal hygiene (54%); poor wastewater management (54%); poor community hygiene and sanitation (55%); and poorly maintained sewage facilities in the residential areas (44%). Communal water challenges included irregular supply of water (77%) and limited access to safe drinking water in most of the households (58%), lack of tap water in households (44%), unhygienic water vending facilities (57%) and supply of poorly treated water (38%). 
 CONCLUSION 
 The main risk factors related to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene practices (WASH) in areas reporting cholera outbreaks in Nairobi County were lack of adequate water supply, poor personal hygiene, poor wastewater management, poorly maintained sewage facilities, and poor culture of community hygiene and sanitation. Inadequate water supply, unregulated water vendors and water kiosks made water contamination likely.