Set Of Suffixes Research Articles

Tunnel: Parallel-inducing sort for large string analytics

The suffix array is a crucial data structure for efficient string analysis. Over the course of twenty-six years, sequential suffix array construction algorithms have achieved O(n) time complexity and in-place sorting. In this paper, we present the Tunnel algorithm, the first large-scale parallel suffix array construction algorithm with a time complexity of Onp based on the parallel random access machine (PRAM) model. The Tunnel algorithm is built on three key ideas: dividing the problem of size O(n) into p sub-problems of reduced size Onp by replacing long suffixes with shorter prefixes of size at most a constant D; introducing a Tunnel mechanism to efficiently induce the order of a set of suffixes with long common prefixes; developing a strategy to transform a partially ordered suffix set into a total order relation by iteratively applying the Tunnel inducing method. We provide a detailed description of the algorithm, along with a thorough analysis of its time and space complexity, to demonstrate its correctness and efficiency. The proposed Tunnel algorithm exhibits scalable performance, making it suitable for large string analytics on large-scale parallel systems.

T-Forms of the Akkadian Stative

Abstract This article re-evaluates the status of the Stative paradigm in Akkadian, the language’s only exclusively suffixing paradigm, and argues in favour of a verbal classification on the basis of the possible medialisation of its attested forms. The Stative denotes the state persisting following a perfective-associated event. Thereby, two kinds of Statives are known: a verbal Stative and a nominal Stative. While the root of verbal Statives is mapped onto a Verbal Adjectival base template, the nominal Stative uses either a noun or an adjective’s stem as its base. To the respective bases both forms add the same distinct set of suffixes. Re-evaluating the morphological make-up of the form as well as its semantic connotation, this article proposes a new paradigmatic split between root-derived (verbal) and stem-derived (nominal) Stative forms and adduces previously disregarded evidence for medialisation of both verbal and nominal Statives as the main argument in favour of a verbal interpretation.

Review Essay: The Sicilian World of Gaetano Cipolla

Review Essay: The Sicilian World of Gaetano Cipolla

Verbal number in Idi

Abstract This paper provides a first description of verbal number in Idi, a language of the Pahoturi River family spoken in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Idi shows an intricate system of marking verbal number, evident in verb stems and two sets of suffixes occurring in different positions on the verb, based on a distinction between nonplural (1 or 2) versus plural (more than 2). Verbs also agree in person and number with core arguments; this system of nominal number is distinguishing singular (1) from nonsingular (more than 1). Elements from the two systems are combined to arrive at composite number values for both events and participants. In addition, verbal number interrelates with a lexical aspectual distinction of punctual/telic versus durative/atelic, manifesting on verb stems and in inflectional patterns. The paper provides evidence for the thesis that verbal number in Idi is not merely lexically determined, but largely inflectional.

A Study of Vowel Deletion in English: A Foot-Based Approach

This study focuses on the deletion of base-final unstressed vowels when a base word is followed by a set of suffixes in English. The traditional analysis assumes that a schwa is inserted between consonants of the base-final syllable consisting of an obstruent followed by sonorants [r, l, m]. Contrary to this, we argue that the schwa before the [r] is underlying rather than an epenthetic. The schwa in rhythm[ðəm]~rhythmic is epenthetic while it is underlying in winter[tər]~wintry. The difference of the schwa can be observed in the realizations of the following word pairs: rhythm[ðəm]~rhythmize[ðmayz] and winter[tər]~winterize[tərayz]. If the schwa in winterize is epenthetic, there must be a proper reason to justify the presence of the schwa in winterize. Concerning the schwa deletion in wintry, we argue that the unstressed vowel deletes to achieve exhaustive syllable parsing into feet. The preservation of the same schwa in winterize is ascribed to blocking stress-class if the schwa deletes in the output. The realization of the schwa in the base-final syllable is decided by the properties of suffixes that belong to different suffix classes. It indicates that variant sets of suffixes behave differently in the base-final schwa realizations in English. A constraint-based analysis in this study tries to explain these by using two different constraint rankings.

The semantics of the two causative suffixes -Ci and -Cii in Andong dialect

Abstract Most Korean dialects have only one set of suffixes, -i, -hi, -li, -ki, as causative suffixes where the main vowel is i. On the other hand, Andong dialects of Korean have two sets of causative suffixes; while one set (-Ci) consists of -ˈi, -ˈhi, -ˈli, -ˈki, etc., the other set (-Cii) contains -íi, -híi, -líi, -kíi, etc. This article proposes that the choice between -Ci and -Cii in Andong dialect depends on the degree of causer’s agentivity. -Ci indicates causation characterized by the full agentivity of the causer. On the other hand, -Cii indicates that the degree of causer’s agentivity is relatively low.

Prediction of Medical Concepts in Electronic Health Records: Similar Patient Analysis.

BackgroundMedicine 2.0—the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies such as social networks in health care—creates the need for apps that can find other patients with similar experiences and health conditions based on a patient’s electronic health record (EHR). Concurrently, there is an increasing number of longitudinal EHR data sets with rich information, which are essential to fulfill this need.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that we can leverage similar EHRs to predict possible future medical concepts (eg, disorders) from a patient’s EHR.MethodsWe represented patients’ EHRs using time-based prefixes and suffixes, where each prefix or suffix is a set of medical concepts from a medical ontology. We compared the prefixes of other patients in the collection with the state of the current patient using various interpatient distance measures. The set of similar prefixes yields a set of suffixes, which we used to determine probable future concepts for the current patient’s EHR.ResultsWe evaluated our methods on the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II data set of patients, where we achieved precision up to 56.1% and recall up to 69.5%. For a limited set of clinically interesting concepts, specifically a set of procedures, we found that 86.9% (353/406) of the true-positives are clinically useful, that is, these procedures were actually performed later on the patient, and only 4.7% (19/406) of true-positives were completely irrelevant.ConclusionsThese initial results indicate that predicting patients’ future medical concepts is feasible. Effectively predicting medical concepts can have several applications, such as managing resources in a hospital.

Switch-reference and Insubordination in Ngarla (Ngayarta, Pama-Nyungan)

In this article, the switch-reference system of Ngarla (Ngayarta, Pama-Nyungan) is described in detail. Switch-reference is shown exclusively to occur in non-restrictive relative clauses. There are three sets of suffixes marking switch-reference, tense being distinguished with same subject marking. The so-called ‘naturalness assumption’ regarding the association between SS/DS marking and simultaneous/sequential ordering is shown to hold true in certain contexts. However, it may also be violated. Switch-reference marked constituents that form part of noun phrases are also discussed, as well as insubordinate uses (in Evans’ 2007 sense) of the switch-reference suffixes, and marked and unmarked switch-reference clauses.

Kannada morpheme segmentation using machine learning

This paper addresses and targets morpheme segmentation of Kannada words using supervised classification. We have used manually annotated Kannada treebank corpus, which is recently developed by us. Kannada bears resemblance to other Dravidian languages in morphological structure. It is an agglutinative language, hence its words have complex morphological form with each word comprising of a root and an optional set of suffixes. These suffixes carry additional meaning, apart from the root word in a context. This paper discusses the extraction of morphemes of a word by using Support Vector Machines for Classification. Additional features representing the properties of the Kannada words were extracted and the different letters were classified into labels that result in the morphological segmentation of the word. Various methods for evaluation were considered and an accuracy of 85.97% was achieved.

Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection. I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.

Finiteness and rational sequences, constructively

AbstractRational sequences are possibly infinite sequences with a finite number of distinct suffixes. In this paper, we present different implementations of rational sequences in Martin–Löf type theory. First, we literally translate the above definition of rational sequence into the language of type theory, i.e., we construct predicates on possibly infinite sequences expressing the finiteness of the set of suffixes. In type theory, there exist several inequivalent notions of finiteness. We consider two of them, listability and Noetherianness, and show that in the implementation of rational sequences the two notions are interchangeable. Then we introduce the type of lists with backpointers, which is an inductive implementation of rational sequences. Lists with backpointers can be unwound into rational sequences, and rational sequences can be truncated into lists with backpointers. As an example, we see how to convert the fractional representation of a rational number into its decimal representation and vice versa.

The effect of context on the articulation of harmonic vowels in Assamese: An ultrasound study

Tongue root (TR) harmony in Assamese affects high back vowels and mid vowels (Mahanta 2007). The description (based on perception and limited acoustic measurements) is that Assamese shows the following five properties.—Constrast: TR contrasts in monosyllabic words. — [bel] “bell” vs. [bɛl] “stupid person”—Harmony: Vowels agree with a following vowel, e.g., triggered by suffixes. — [nomori] “not-die.non-finite” vs. [nɔmɔra] “not-die.habitual.non-finite”—CC-blocking: Harmony crosses one consonant only, no harmony in __CCi vs. harmony in __Ci. — [bɔnti] “lamp” vs. [nomori] “not-die.non-finite—N-blocking: There is no harmony in [….ɔNi…] (*[…oNi…], N = any nasal). — [kʰɔmir] “leavening agent” vs. [nomori] “not-die.non-finite—Idiosyncrasy: /a/, which otherwise does not harmonize, appears as [e]/[o] before an idiosyncratic set of suffixes. — [kɔpal] “destiny” vs. [kopolija] “destined.” This ultrasound study explores Assamese vowel articulation to determine the nature of tongue position in different harmonic co...

Locating affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum

This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes.

A neurolinguistic study of South Swedish word accents: Electrical brain potentials in nouns and verbs

The brain response to words with correct and incorrect word accent–suffix combinations in South Swedish was investigated using electroencephalography (EEG). Accent 1 yielded an increased brain response (‘preactivation negativity’) that has previously been interpreted as reflecting preactivation of suffixes. Preactivation is greater for accent 1 due to its association with a limited set of suffixes, whereas accent 2 is default for compound words. The tonal realization of the word accent opposition in South Swedish is practically the mirror image of that in Central Swedish, where a similar preactivation negativity has been found. Therefore, the brain response is unlikely to result from a difference in acoustic features between the word accents. Invalidly cued suffixes yielded brain response pattern showing increased processing load of the unexpected suffix (negative electric potential) followed by its reprocessing (positivity ‘P600’).

A mixed system of agreement in the suffix classes of Lealao Chinantec

In Lealao Chinantec, an Oto-Manguean language of Mexico, verbs receive a set of suffixes which index person and number of the subject. There are various sets of such affixes producing the sort of allomorphy that is typical of inflectional classes. In this paper, I study the distribution of such suffixes in a large sample of verbs from Rupp and Rupp’s (1996) dictionary and show that the allomorphy is largely morphosyntactically motivated for a group of verbs that have two paradigms, animate and inanimate. For many other verbs this morphosyntactic mapping fails and the allomorphy we observe is essentially morphological in nature. This allomorphy reflects the interaction of what I treat as two competing systems of agreement. One such system is a more canonical agreement system based on subject (S/A), the other is based on animacy agreement with the absolutive argument (S/O) (also found in other Chinantecan languages). These two systems and the way they talk to each other has important consequences for the morphology-syntax interface of Lealao Chinantec.

Productivity of verb-forming suffixes in Modern Greek: a corpus-based study

The paper studies the productivity of eight Greek verb-forming suffixes (-aro, -eno, -evo, -ino, -izo, -(i)azo, -jazo and -ono) in a corpus of 4,143,583 words. The corpus used comes from the Corpus of Greek Texts and includes all text types found in it in the same proportion. Our study follows similar research on other languages, investigating frequency and morphological productivity with a corpus-based methodology. The productivity of the suffixes was studied in the corpus as a whole, across its two subcorpora of written and spoken registers and across and within the text types included in the corpus. Three main sets of suffixes were identified: (a) the very productive -izo and -ono, (b) the moderately productive -evo and -aro and (c) the least productive or unproductive -iazo, -jazo, -eno and -ino. The results from the study of text types suggest that the degree of productivity of each suffix is influenced by the text type in which it occurs. Quantitative evidence drawn from the measurement of productivity, by means of vocabulary growth curves and related methods, was combined with qualitative evidence on the semantic and other properties of verb-forming suffixes. On the basis of our results it cannot be argued that there is a default suffix for verb derivation in Modern Greek; it is rather suggested that the two most productive suffixes, -izo and -ono, are used in Greek in a more or less complementary way, since they show a different preference for meanings and text types.

ON-LINE CONSTRUCTION OF A SMALL AUTOMATON FOR A FINITE SET OF WORDS

In this paper we describe a "light" algorithm for the on-line construction of a small automaton recognising a finite set of words. The algorithm runs in linear time. We carried out good experimental results on real dictionaries, on biological sequences and on the sets of suffixes (resp. factors) of a set of words that shows how our automaton is near to the minimal one. For the suffixes of a text, we propose a modified construction that leads to an even smaller automaton. We moreover construct linear algorithms for the insertion and deletion of a word in a finite set, directly from the constructed automaton.

Special factors and the combinatorics of suffix and factor automata

The suffix automaton (resp. factor automaton) of a finite word w is the minimal deterministic automaton recognizing the set of suffixes (resp. factors) of w . We study the relationships between the structure of the suffix and factor automata and classical combinatorial parameters related to the special factors of w . We derive formulae for the number of states of these automata. We also characterize the languages L S A and L F A of words having respectively suffix automaton and factor automaton with the minimal possible number of states.

From Nerode’s congruence to suffix automata with mismatches

In this paper we focus on the minimal deterministic finite automaton S k that recognizes the set of suffixes of a word w up to k errors. As first result we give a characterization of the Nerode’s right-invariant congruence that is associated with S k . This result generalizes the classical characterization described in [A. Blumer, J. Blumer, D. Haussler, A. Ehrenfeucht, M. Chen, J. Seiferas, The smallest automaton recognizing the subwords of a text, Theoretical Computer Science, 40, 1985, 31–55]. As second result we present an algorithm that makes use of S k to accept in an efficient way the language of all suffixes of w up to k errors in every window of size r of a text, where r is the repetition index of w . Moreover, we give some experimental results on some well-known words, like prefixes of Fibonacci and Thue-Morse words. Finally, we state a conjecture and an open problem on the size and the construction of the suffix automaton with mismatches.

Suffix Ordering and Morphological Processing

There is a long-standing debate about the principles constraining the combinatorial properties of suffixes. Hay 2002 and Hay & Plag 2004 proposed a model in which suffixes can be ordered along a hierarchy of processing complexity. We show that this model generalizes to a larger set of suffixes, and we provide independent evidence supporting the claim that a higher rank in the ordering correlates with increased productivity. Behavioral data from lexical decision and word naming show, however, that this model has been one-sided in its exclusive focus on the importance of constituent-driven processing, and that it requires supplementation by a second and equally important focus on the role of memory. Finally, using concepts from graph theory, we show that the space of existing suffix combinations can be conceptualized as a directed graph, which, with surprisingly few exceptions, is acyclic. This acyclicity is hypothesized to be functional for lexical processing.