Set Of Information Research Articles

Big Data and Hadoop Architecture: A Review Paper

In the world of information, the term Big Data comes with new opportunity and challenges to deal with massive amount of data. Big data terms as large, diverse sets of information that grow at exponential rates. 90% of data is come within past 2-3 years. So, it is big responsibility to take care of this data and retrieve some useful information from it. To find useful information from huge amount of data, we need to analyze the data. In this review paper presents overview of big data, use of Hadoop architecture in big data, scope for the future research. This paper discusses about the big data types after that we discuss Hadoop and its mechanism. Keyword: Big Data, Hadoop, MapReduce, HDFS, Yarn

Evaluation of ChatGPT in Predicting 6-Month Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury.

To evaluate the capacity of ChatGPT, a widely accessible and uniquely popular artificial intelligence-based chatbot, in predicting the 6-month outcome following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Single-center observational retrospective study. Data are from a neuro-ICU from a level 1 trauma center. All TBI patients admitted to ICU between September 2021 and October 2022 were included in a prospective database. None. Based on anonymized clinical, imaging, and biological information available at the patients' hospital admission and extracted from the database, clinical vignettes were retrospectively submitted to ChatGPT for prediction of patients' outcomes. The predictions of two intensivists (one neurointensivist and one non-neurointensivist) both from another level 1 trauma center (Beaujon Hospital), were also collected as was the International Mission on Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury (IMPACT) scoring. Each intensivist, as well as ChatGPT, made their prognostic evaluations independently, without knowledge of the others' predictions and of the patients' actual management and outcome. Both the intensivists and ChatGPT were given access to the exact same set of information. The main outcome was a 6-month-functional status dichotomized into favorable (Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended [GOSE] ≥ 5) versus poor (GOSE < 5). Prediction of intracranial hypertension management, pulmonary infectious risk, and removal of life-sustaining therapies was also investigated as secondary outcomes. Eighty consecutive moderate-to-severe TBI patients were included. For the 6-month outcome prognosis, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) for ChatGPT, the neurointensivist, the non-neurointensivist, and IMPACT were, respectively, 0.62 (0.50-0.74), 0.70 (0.59-0.82), 0.71 (0.59-0.82), and 0.81 (0.72-0.91). ChatGPT had the highest sensitivity (100%), but the lowest specificity (26%). For secondary outcomes, ChatGPT's prognoses were generally less accurate than clinicians' prognoses, with lower AUC values for most outcomes. This study does not support the use of ChatGPT for prediction of outcomes after TBI.

Enhancing Soft Tissue Differentiation with Different Dual-Energy CT Systems: A Phantom Study

To quantitatively evaluate the possible advantages of quantifying and differentiating various soft tissues using virtual monochromatic images (VMI) derived from different dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) technologies. This study involved four DECT scanners with different technologies. CIRS phantom images were acquired in single-energy (SECT) and DECT modes with each scanner. The analysis focused on five equivalent soft-tissue inserts: adipose, breast, liver, muscle, and bone (200 mg). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each equivalent soft-tissue insert. Finally, the contrasts of tissue pairs between DECT and SECT images were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests adjusted for multiple comparisons. Average CT numbers and noise showed a significant difference pattern between DECT with respect to SECT for each CT scanner. Generally, energy levels of 70 keV or higher led to improved SNR in VMI for most of the equivalent soft-tissue inserts. However, energy levels of 40–50 keV showed significantly higher contrasts in most of the equivalent soft-tissue insert pairs. DECT images at low energies, especially at 40–50 keV, outperform SECT images in discriminating soft tissues across all four DECT technologies. The combined use of DECT images reconstructed at different energy levels provides a more comprehensive set of information for diagnostic and/or radiotherapy evaluation compared to SECT. Some differences between scanners are evident, depending on the DECT acquisition technique and reconstruction method.

Shortwave infrared and visible light image fusion method based on dual discriminator GAN

In a tactical warfare setting, the efficacy of target detection becomes profoundly compromised due to prevalent environmental factors such as smoke, dust, and atmospheric interference. Such impediments invariably undermine the precision and reliability of identifying pivotal targets, thereby precipitating potentially dire ramifications. Remarkably, short-wave infrared technology has exhibited unparalleled proficiency in elucidating target attributes even amidst challenging conditions characterized by smoke, fog, or haze. Against this backdrop, the present study delineates a pioneering algorithmic framework that seamlessly amalgamates the imperatives of image registration and fusion. This is achieved through the deployment of an advanced dual-discriminator Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), specifically tailored for amalgamating short-wave infrared and visible light imagery within smoke-obscured contexts. Our methodology commences with the introduction of an augmented Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithm, meticulously designed to rectify inherent misalignments within the input imagery. Subsequent enhancements encompass the refinement of the generator’s loss function and the integration of a multi-scale convolutional kernel, thereby facilitating the extraction and amalgamation of a more expansive array of salient features. This concerted effort culminates in the elevation of image fusion quality. To corroborate the efficacy and robustness of our proposed framework, rigorous validation procedures were conducted utilizing a meticulously curated dataset comprising short-wave infrared and visible light images. Empirical evaluations, encompassing both subjective and objective comparative analyses, unequivocally affirm the superior performance metrics of our fusion network. Specifically, our methodology surpasses alternative fusion techniques across multiple dimensions, including visual fidelity, perceptual quality, and structural congruence of synthesized images.

Smartic: A smart tool for Big Data analytics and IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is leading the physical and digital world of technology to converge. Real-time and massive scale connections produce a large amount of versatile data, where Big Data comes into the picture. Big Data refers to large, diverse sets of information with dimensions that go beyond the capabilities of widely used database management systems, or standard data processing software tools to manage within a given limit. Almost every big dataset is dirty and may contain missing data, mistyping, inaccuracies, and many more issues that impact Big Data analytics performances. One of the biggest challenges in Big Data analytics is to discover and repair dirty data; failure to do this can lead to inaccurate analytics results and unpredictable conclusions. Different imputation methods were employed in the experimentation with various missing value imputation techniques, and the performances of machine learning (ML) models were compared. A hybrid model that integrates ML and sample-based statistical techniques for missing value imputation is being proposed. Furthermore, the continuation involved the dataset with the best missing value imputation, chosen based on ML model performance for subsequent feature engineering and hyperparameter tuning. K-means clustering and principal component analysis were applied in our study. Accuracy, the evaluated outcome, improved dramatically and proved that the XGBoost model gives very high accuracy at around 0.125 root mean squared logarithmic error (RMSLE). To overcome overfitting, K-fold cross-validation was implemented.

Children’s Independent Mobility in Urban Planning: Geospatial Technology with a Technical Approach and Citizens’ Listening

This study proposes planning for children’s independent mobility through geoinformation technologies by listening to children. This research assumes that children’s values and expectations must be considered in city planning. A bibliographic review identified 15 indicators which make spaces safe and attractive for children to circulate and play. Thematic maps of the indicators were prepared and integrated by a multicriteria analysis by the weights of the evidence according to the hierarchical importance of each variable. The definition of the weights considered the opinions of the children and technicians. The consultation with children was carried out by mapping volunteers (VGI), a consultation on hierarchy, the geodesign of ideas for the area, and an artistic workshop. In the technical study, the query applied the Delphi method. It used the VGI—Volunteered Geographic Information—web-based platform, where children recorded places of topophilia and topophobia, while technicians mapped the presence of 15 indicators. The set of information was made available on a web-based platform called SDI—Spatial Data Infrastructure—in which there are resources for a geodesign workshop where ideas for the area were elaborated through negotiation and cocreation. The product is a transformational design for the area through urban design and the parameterization of its uses.

Coupled models for propagation of explosive shock waves in cylindrical and spherical geometries

The propagation of shock waves in different geometries is crucial in engineering and scientific applications. A comprehensive model is developed to elucidate the hydrodynamic growth and decay of shock waves in cylindrical and spherical geometries by using the strong shock wave assumption. This model takes into consideration the conservation equations governing mass, momentum, and energy, thereby allowing for an accurate description of the coupled behavior between the piston and shock wave propagation. In contrast to the localized analysis employed in previous self-similar methods, this model incorporates the finite sound wave velocity to introduce the concept of retarded pressure on the piston surface. Consequently, the proposed model offers a multitude of advantages by providing a complete set of dynamic information concerning the trajectories, velocities, and accelerations of both the piston and shock wave. Furthermore, an asymptotic analytical solution is derived to describe the decay of shock waves in cylindrical and spherical geometries. To validate the theoretical analysis and illustrate the propagation characteristics of shock waves in these specific geometries, thorough comparisons are conducted. These findings contribute to the advancement of our understanding of shock wave dynamics in various physical systems, particularly in the field of plasma physics.

Аргументация и съдебна реторика: абдуктивното разсъждение и абдуктивни схеми в наказателното производство

Abstract: Human thought makes sense of the phenomena, processes and states of affairs of existence by means of its ability to form judgments (inferences). Since existence is vast and knowledge about it is always limited in terms of time, place, and possibility, the human mind derives its knowledge about the world around it (makes sense of it) precisely on the basis of the available set of time, information, and possibilities. In a criminal proceeding, the object of conceptualization (knowledge), based on a known (limited) set of information (evidence), is an event that occurred in the past - human behaviour that society has elevated as a crime. Since the time of Aristotle and Antiquity it has been known that knowledge follows the formula “from the known to the unknown”. Such is basically the formula embodied in abductive reasoning, as a third type of reasoning along with deductive and inductive reasoning. It is this type of reasoning that has been studied theoretically in the context of criminal law. The aim is to bring out the specificities of abductive reasoning and abductive schemes through the methods of desk research, critical reading and comparative analysis of various basic theoretical publications. The research questions are oriented towards the establishment of basic propositions and specific manifestations in the national context in Bulgaria in the field of criminal law and judicial rhetoric. Keywords: abduction, abductive reasoning, abductive schemes, inference, best explanation, hypothesis, justification, proof, criminal process. Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 58, January 2024

Beyond compliance with the 21st Century Cures Act Rule: a patient controlled electronic health information export application programming interface.

The 21st Century Cures Act Final Rule requires that certified electronic health records (EHRs) be able to export a patient's full set of electronic health information (EHI). This requirement becomes more powerful if EHI exports use interoperable application programming interfaces (APIs). We sought to advance the ecosystem, instantiating policy desiderata in a working reference implementation based on a consensus design. We formulate a model for interoperable, patient-controlled, app-driven access to EHI exports in an open source reference implementation following the Argonaut FHIR Accelerator consensus implementation guide for EHI Export. The reference implementation, which asynchronously provides EHI across an API, has three central components: a web application for patients to request EHI exports, an EHI server to respond to requests, and an administrative export management web application to manage requests. It leverages mandated SMART on FHIR/Bulk FHIR APIs. A patient-controlled app enabling full EHI export from any EHR across an API could facilitate national-scale patient-directed information exchange. We hope releasing these tools sparks engagement from the health IT community to evolve the design, implement and test in real-world settings, and develop patient-facing apps. To advance regulatory innovation, we formulate a model that builds on existing requirements under the Cures Act Rule and takes a step toward an interoperable, scalable approach, simplifying patient access to their own health data; supporting the sharing of clinical data for both improved patient care and medical research; and encouraging the growth of an ecosystem of third-party applications.

Psychedelic Drug Microdosing Practices: A Qualitative Online Exploration.

"Microdosing," defined as the consumption of small, sub-hallucinogenic quantities of psychedelic drugs, has gained recent popularity. Microdosing is a relatively new concept, therefore no scientific recommendations exist on how to prepare and consume microdoses. Many consumers obtain microdosing information online. Few studies have investigated the content of this information; thus, the present study aimed to do so by collecting a large set of online microdosing information. A qualitative approach was taken to compile and characterize online microdosing information. Medical databases, video websites, online forums, drug-specific websites and forums, search engines, and social media websites were searched. A total of 174 unique resources were found, detailing the types of substances, preparation methods, doses, schedules, and safety strategies used by people who microdose. Future research is recommended to further explore how people prepare microdoses through in-person interviews and sample collection.

Characterization and future projection of marine heatwaves under climate change in the South China Sea

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are widely recognized as prolonged periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures, leading to substantial adverse impacts on marine ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics and potential changes under climate change in the South China Sea (SCS, 0 ∼ 25°N, 105 ∼ 125°E) remains insufficient. Here, utilizing the OISST V2.0 reanalysis dataset, our study first examines MHW characteristics and their trends in the SCS during the historical period (1982 ∼ 2014). Then, in accordance with the criteria established in this study, GFDL-ESM4, EC-Earth3-Veg, NESM3, EC-Earth3, and GFDL-CM4 are identified from the CMIP6 ensemble of 19 models for their enhanced simulations of historical MHW characteristics. Moreover, considering that the fixed and sliding threshold methods offer distinct perspectives on the future evolution of MHWs, we employ both approaches to evaluate MHW characteristics under projected scenarios for the future period (2015 ∼ 2100) and subsequently compare the disparities between the two methodologies. The outcomes obtained using these methods consistently indicate that MHWs in the SCS are anticipated to intensify and persist for longer durations in the future. Besides, addressing seasonal variability, the peak intensity of MHWs falls in May during both the historical period and the four projected future scenarios. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of MHWs in the SCS within the context of climate change, underscoring the urgency of adopting effective mitigation strategies. Especially, the use of two definition methods provides a more comprehensive set of information for understanding the future changes of MHWs in the SCS.

Engaging children's voices for tourism and marine futures through drawing in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia

Ocean tourism is a primary source of income for many small-island and coastal communities. Participatory processes have been advocated to develop and implement community-based management plans to address various problems induced from tourism development and achieve the desired and sustainable futures. One debate over such processes is the under-representation of children. Using drawing workshops with children, this paper aims to explore children's representations and temporal orientations toward the future of the marine environment of a tourist destination – Gili Trawangan in Indonesia. A total of 91 children participated in four drawing workshops in January 2023. They were asked to make two drawings based on the following broad questions: (1) What do you see/do at the sea and coast now? and (2) What do you want to see/do at the sea and coast 5 years later? They also attended a short interview to describe and explain what they had drawn. The children have represented uses of the sea and coast by themselves, other users as well as the marine animals. They have also expressed various temporal orientations through their drawings and interview, including anticipation, hope, expectation, concern, anxiety and despair. These temporal orientations offer a very strong set of information to be included in decision-making workshops and policy recommendations. This paper has reiterated that children do have a stake in such decision-making processes for their sustainable futures and thus their voices need to be heard. This paper is one of the attempts to provide opportunities for children to actively engage in research and have their voices heard through innovative methodologies. It is also the first attempt to explore children's orientations toward the marine futures with the intent to include such information in the subsequent decision-making process. It adds to the existing literature by engaging children's voices to promote inter-generational justice, and calls for increased efforts in the realization of such component in sustainable development.

GlyComb: A novel glycoconjugate data repository that bridges glycomics and proteomics

The glycosylation of proteins and lipids is known to be closely related to the mechanisms of various diseases such as influenza, cancer, and muscular dystrophy. Therefore, it has become clear that the analysis of post-translational modifications of proteins, including glycosylation, is important to accurately understand the functions of each protein molecule and the interactions among them. In order to conduct large-scale analyses more efficiently, it is essential to promote the accumulation, sharing, and reuse of experimental and analytical data in accordance with the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Re-usability) data principles. However, a FAIR data repository for storing and sharing glycoconjugate information, including glycopeptides and glycoproteins, in a standardized format did not exist. Therefore, we have developed GlyComb (https://glycomb.glycosmos.org) as a new standardized data repository for glycoconjugate data. Currently, GlyComb can assign a unique identifier to a set of glycosylation information associated with a specific peptide sequence or UniProt ID. By standardizing glycoconjugate data via GlyComb identifiers and coordinating with existing web resources such as GlyTouCan and GlycoPOST, a comprehensive system for data submission and data sharing among researchers can be established. Here we introduce how GlyComb is able to integrate the variety of glycoconjugate data already registered in existing data repositories to obtain a better understanding of the available glycopeptides and glycoproteins, and their glycosylation patterns. We also explain how this system can serve as a foundation for a better understanding of glycan function.

How Online Consumers Use Multiple Advice Sources: An Empirical Exploration Using Verbal Protocol Analysis

With more online stores providing recommendations and reviews simultaneously from multiple advice sources—such as recommendation agents, other consumers, and experts—consumers are facing the challenge of deciding how to use wide-ranging and possibly conflicting sets of information to improve their product selection. Although previous studies have investigated the classical decision-making strategies used in preferential choice problems, most of these are not directly applicable to multiple advice source environments. In addition, since most of these studies have mainly focused on a variance model rather than a process model, they cannot fully explain how decision makers reach their product selection decisions. To shed light on the processes that online consumers use in making product selections when using multiple advice sources, this study: (1) explores if, how, and when consumers use consistency as a part of their decision-making strategies through developing process models; (2) identifies the consistency strategies utilized when using multiple advice sources; and (3) proposes a new consistency-based decision-making model. Through concurrent verbal protocol analysis, we identified four consistency strategies and found that the use of consistency strategies increases decision quality more than traditional nonconsistency strategies. Our findings are triangulated through the theoretical lens of cognitive dissonance theory, information search process model, and confirmation bias for rigorous validation. We also describe the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

Analysis of selected road traffic safety problems in Poland and Mazovia

In Poland, the risk of road safety is still one of the highest in the EU and, despite a 36% decrease in the number of fatalities, requires further intensive work to reduce the risk associated with travelling on the roads. In 2021, the National Road Safety Program for 2022-2030 was announced, which should be followed by regional programs. The article presents a set of information needed to diagnose traffic safety at the province level. Using the example of the Masovian Province, basic statistical data, road safety trends, basic risk indicators, the structure of accidents and fatalities from various perspectives were presented. In addition, the costs of accidents and collisions that occurred in the Masovian Province were shown. Based on the analyses conducted, the characteristic features and main road safety problems in the province were identified. The analyses and their results presented show that the annual costs of all road accidents in the Masovian Province, although decreasing, still significantly exceed the expenses planned in the province budget for a given year. Therefore, reducing the number of road incidents, especially accidents, and their consequences may bring significant savings to the province budget.

Object and Subject of Cri¬minal Offenses in the Field of Use of Electronic Computers, Systems and Computer Networks and Telecommunication Networks

The article deals with the object and subject matter of computer criminal offenses. The purpose of the article is to study the object and subject matter of computer criminal offenses, to analyze the current state of legal regulation of computer criminal offenses, and to provide suggestions and comments to the legislation.&#x0D; It is proved that due to the development of scientific and technological progress at the end of the twentieth century, a new type of social relations in the field of computer information circulation emerged in the State, which were subsequently taken under the protection of criminal law. The information security (cybersecurity) of the state has become one of the components of Ukraine's national security. Unlike other scholars, we believe that the direct object of computer criminal offenses is social relations to ensure the integrity and safety of computer information and the safe operation of information systems. The foundation of an information system is a set of information&#x0D; resources in the form of computer information, computer technologies and equipment, as well as related computer infrastructure, including telecommunication networks. Not all computer information requires criminal legal protection and, accordingly, can be the subject of computer criminal offenses, so the legislator should amend the dispositions of Articles XVI of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and replace the term "information” with "information protected by law”. It seems that by limiting the ways of influencing computer information in the law, the legislator has provided opportunities to avoid criminal liability to persons who otherwise cause damage to the owners of computer information.&#x0D; The complexity of protecting legal relations in the field of computer information lies not only in the evolution of technologies for its registration and transfer, but also in the evolution of legal relations themselves and the ways of influencing them. The backwardness of the articles of Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the problems of qualification of acts under these articles which arise in modern judicial practice cannot be solved by changing the dispositions of these corpus delicti only.

Guarantees of protection of personal data of conscripts during their use in state registers for military registration

It is indicated that the guarantees of protection of personal data of conscripts are a system of conditions, principles, legal and organizational means established by law, which ensure the protection of information or a set of information about a person-conscript, who is identified or can be specifically identified for the purpose of implementation by such persons constitutional rights and freedoms in legal relations arising during mobilization training and/or mobilization.&#x0D; The author emphasized that the need to make operational and immediate decisions significantly reduces the potential of the principle of scientificity, the observance and consideration of which is important on the way to the development of the most optimal solution. In particular, in such a difficult situation, in which vital decisions have to be made, quite natural questions arise in the area of timeliness, adequacy of such decisions, their compliance with the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. In the author's opinion, one of the similar issues is the search for ways to ensure the protection of personal data of conscripts during their use in state registers for military registration.&#x0D; Legal and organizational ways aimed at ensuring the protection of personal data of conscripts and other persons during their receipt, processing and use by electronic register tools are proposed, in particular: amend the draft law aimed at avoiding the exchange of data between state registers and their owners and administrators as such, which contradicts the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; clearly define the list of persons (as well as the professional requirements for them) with the right of access to the electronic register in order to reduce the negative impact of the so-called human factor of illegal use or "negligent leakage” of personal data from the register's information bases; by analogy with positive foreign experience, publish certificates and detailed technical information (including the source code) of the corresponding software product, which should confirm the high technical level of protection of the electronic information and telecommunications system; provide for administrative and criminal liability for illegal receipt, distribution and use of personal data of conscripts and other persons, illegal interference in the work of the electronic register, etc.

Peculiarities of Europeana Metadata as a Set of Information for Describing Digital Cultural Heritage

The relevance of the research. European integration is the main and unchanging foreign policy priority of Ukraine. Further development and deepening of relations between Ukraine and the EU are the main direction of its development. A new stage in the development of EU-Ukraine treaty relations, which began with Ukraine’s accession to the EU candidate status in June 2022, requires further raising awareness of Ukraine’s European integration among all members of society. Libraries can contribute to the formation of objective motivations among the population by understanding the practical benefits of cooperation with the EU. One of the ways of such integration for Ukrainian libraries is to become part of the European library network.&#x0D; The purpose of research is to identify the features of Europeana metadata for further digitization of library collections in Ukraine in order to preserve cultural heritage.&#x0D; The methodology. To achieve this goal, theoretical and general scientific research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction, were used. The data visualization method and the method of generalization were used to present the Europeana data models.&#x0D; The results. The article defines the types of the Europeana operational model, provides a general overview of the classes defined in the Europeana data model and the process of interaction between Europeana data and wikidata.&#x0D; The scientific topicality. The article summarizes previous, primarily foreign, research on the peculiarities of the development of the Europeana funds. The article presents the data models of the Europeana that function to fill the web portal.&#x0D; The practical significance. The results of the research are presented in the form of Europeana data models and the definition of Europeana metadata types (descriptive, structural, administrative, markup language).&#x0D; The conclusion. The current operating model of Europeana uses the Open Archives Initiative’s Metadata Collection Protocol (OAI-PMH) and the Europeana Data Model (EDM) to import data through Metis, Europeana’s data collection and aggregation service. However, OAI-PMH is an outdated technology that is not web-oriented, resulting in high maintenance costs, especially for smaller institutions. Metadata can be divided into several categories, or types, for different data management purposes. Traditional library cataloging focuses, for example, on the identification and description of resources, but there are obviously other types of metadata that carry valuable information (structural, administrative, markup language).

Optimization of gas extraction of producing wells to increase the efficiency of condensate production

The article discusses ways to increase the efficiency of condensate production due to the optimal distribution of gas flows between producing wells. For a large number of wells, the solution of this problem becomes nontrivial and requires special methods of nonlinear optimization. The main aim of research is obtaining accurate solutions to the problem of optimizing condensate production using direct dependencies between gas and condensate production. The minimum set of reliable field information has been determined, which allows solving the problem of optimal distribution of gas production between wells at the maximum condensate flow rate. An optimization problem is formulated for this model. The conditions under which the initial problem is divided into a system of optimization subtasks for subgroups of wells are considered. By the method of pairwise optimization, analytical expressions were found for optimal ratios of gas flow rates in a group of wells. Based on the expressions obtained, an algorithm has been developed for the exact solution of the problem of short-term optimization of the well operation mode.

Feature Selection Problem and Metaheuristics: A Systematic Literature Review about Its Formulation, Evaluation and Applications.

Feature selection is becoming a relevant problem within the field of machine learning. The feature selection problem focuses on the selection of the small, necessary, and sufficient subset of features that represent the general set of features, eliminating redundant and irrelevant information. Given the importance of the topic, in recent years there has been a boom in the study of the problem, generating a large number of related investigations. Given this, this work analyzes 161 articles published between 2019 and 2023 (20 April 2023), emphasizing the formulation of the problem and performance measures, and proposing classifications for the objective functions and evaluation metrics. Furthermore, an in-depth description and analysis of metaheuristics, benchmark datasets, and practical real-world applications are presented. Finally, in light of recent advances, this review paper provides future research opportunities.