Service Life Of Buildings Research Articles

New paradigms shift in buildings: experimental application of Digital Twin for safety and well-being

Abstract Enhancing durability and service life of buildings and components is pivotal for sustainable development. It constitutes an opportunity to reduce energy consumption, carbon emissions and life cycle impact of buildings in a climate neutral perspective. Issues strongly introduced and set as priorities by EU policies that highlight the urgent need to tackle them also through deeply heritage renovation and digital transformation in the building sector. Digitalization is a cornerstone of this transformation, instrumental in facilitating and enabling it sustainably. The Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) are directly associated with new technological potential and emerging technologies. Digital Twin (DT) approach appears alongside these. Its experimentation and widespread application are gaining prominence in innovating Life Cycle Management (LCM) and sustainability practices of buildings. In this scenario the paper explores the role and potentialities of DT approach presenting the experimental application of the DT4SEM. A digital infrastructure that, by integrating Internet of Things (IoT), synchronizes a physical building with its virtual counterpart. The two realities (physical and virtual) remain interconnected through the mutual exchange of data, both in real-time and asynchronously enabling proactive monitoring and analysis of seismic behaviour. The experimental setup involves simultaneously Big Data analytics, simulation tools and deploying sensors within the sample building. Data is then fed into the virtual DT model, allowing for continuous comparison and analysis to detect anomalies and predict potential risks. This approach facilitates enhanced decision-making, performance optimization and sustainability improvements across the building’s lifecycle: a new vision for built environment management that evolves from a process resulting in a sequence of operative phases into a complex digital infrastructure. The design of the DT4SEM and the current application for seismic monitoring in buildings, results from a collaborative effort involving the academic spinoff BIG srl, the startup Sysdev, the company Berna Engineering srl, and ACCA Software spa.

Implementation Of Life Cycle Cost in The Bus Station Building

With the increase in existing development, of course, there must be consideration of careful cost planning to support planning, use, and the end of the building service period, particularly in the building industry. The use of the LCC method in estimation is one part of estimating the service life. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used in this investigation.. The research refers to the terminal development project, and takes a sample of the building which is the focus of the research. The Budget Plan, containing each of its elements, is also the foundation of the research. The building's service life is then estimated and considered to be 25 years of operation., the resulting life cycle cost is Rp. 20,499,410,364, - The largest cost during the service life of the building is 25 years, which is found in operational costs Rp. 9,302,325,418 (40.86%), the initial cost is Rp. .7,769,441,715 (34.12%), maintenance costs Rp. 2,312,949,413 (10.16%), replacement cost Rp.2,249,032,308 (9.88%) and salvage value Rp.1,134,338,490 (4.98%).

Impact of concrete durability improvement on building life cycle carbon emissions: a case study of residential buildings in Northwest China.

Building carbon emissions (CE) have become the focus of the current topic, but there is still no mature typical building life cycle theory method from the perspective of building materials, and the research on the relationship between building durability and building life cycle is still insufficient. To this end, this study established a detailed calculation method for building carbon emissions (CE) and divided the building life cycle (BLC) into three stages: manufacturing, use, and demolition according to the result analysis. In addition, a durability improvement and carbon reduction scheme of "partition, resistance, and repair" is proposed, and the carbon emission reduction index of effectiveness index is proposed. The proposed method is applied to the case of residential buildings in Northwest China. The main conclusions are as follows: the CE of residential buildings are more dependent on the use stage. If the centralized heating system is adopted, the CE in the operation stage account for 80-90%. If the air conditioning refrigeration and heating system is adopted, the CE in the operation stage account for about 50%. Using the method of improving the durability of buildings to extend the service life of buildings is very significant for building carbon reduction (RC); the effectiveness index proposed in this paper includes key indicators such as total CE, service life, and building area. Compared with the traditional index, the effectiveness index is more accurate and comprehensive. CR is the focus of green building, but the impact of economy needs to be considered in practical engineering. In the future research, durability, CE, and economy need to be considered comprehensively for careful study.

The research progress and Hotspot analysis of polymer cement mortar based on bibliometrics

Ordinary cement mortar is commonly used in building engineering due to its high strength, affordability, and easy access to raw materials. However, it suffers from high shrinkage and poor impermeability, which result in reduced building service life and significant carbon dioxide emissions during production. Polymer additives have been found to enhance the mechanical properties of cement mortar, leading to increased interest in polymer cement mortar by researchers. This study collected and analyzed 420 papers published between 1995 and 2023 in the field of polymer cement mortar. The analysis included publication trends, author cooperation networks, national cooperation networks, published journals, co-citation of references, and keywords. The findings reveal a rapid publication growth from 2018 to 2023, with China making the most significant contribution in this field. Among the scholars, Ru Wang has published the highest number of articles in the field of polymer cement mortar, while Ohama’s papers have been cited the most. The journal with the most articles is Construction and Building Materials. Research in polymer cement mortar focuses on mechanical properties, performance, hydration process, microstructure, and other related aspects. The reinforcement effect of polymer-modified cement mortar on reinforced concrete and applying superabsorbent polymer-modified cement mortar and polymer fiber in cement mortar have emerged as recent research frontiers. This study can help scholars quickly identify high-quality references and research frontiers in the field of polymer cement mortar while also providing research directions and ideas.

Flexural behavior of corroded RC beams repaired with high performance cementitious mortar under cyclic loading

AbstractThe understanding of the cyclic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) elements is of vital importance in relation to the extent of the service life of buildings and infrastructures. Steel rebar corrosion plays a major role in this regard because it significantly affects the overall structural integrity, especially under cyclic loads, leading to reduced stiffness and load‐bearing capacity of structural elements. Cyclic condition has the potential to accelerate the corrosion‐induced cracking and spalling, the effectiveness of the bond strength between rebar and concrete, and also the ductility and energy dissipation characteristics of the structure. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a high‐performance thixotropic repairing cementitious mortar in improving the fatigue behavior of RC elements through a multiscale experimental approach. First, at the material scale of concrete specimens, two different concrete classes together with the repairing one‐component, pre‐blended, thixotropic cementitious mortar, were tested under incremental cyclic condition. Based on the results obtained from material scale, four reinforced concrete beams were exposed to different levels of accelerated corrosion by means of the impressed current technique and, subsequently, repaired by bonding a layer of the thixotropic high‐performance mortar onto the tension side. Finally, beams were tested under incremental cyclic four‐point bending test to investigate the fatigue behavior in terms of crack onset, propagation and energy dissipation. The resulting cyclic properties and cracking behavior of the structural elements were related to the level of corrosion achieved through the accelerated test and the effectiveness of the structural repair mortar was proven. In terms of code compliance, the repairing mortar was able to fulfill the requirements of frequent and quasi‐permanent combination of loads, remaining below all the threshold values provided by the Italian NTC2018 and Eurocode.

Clinker High-Hollow Ceramic Stones: Prospects for Technology and Application

A substantiation is given for the prospects of using clinker large-format ceramic stones of increased hollowness with a water absorption of less than 3% in construction. It has been shown that due to the high strength of the ceramic material itself (more than 100–150 MPa), ceram-ic stones will have the necessary strength – more than 10–15 MPa in terms of compressive strength. Due to the increased void content with as many rows of voids as possible per 100 mm length of the ceramic stone and a smaller thickness of the internal walls, the stones will have reduced thermal conductivity. Due to the low porosity of clinker ceram-ics as a material and the use of appropriate masonry mortars, masonry made of clinker stones will be guaranteed not to be vapor permeable, which will significantly increase the service life of buildings. When us-ing certain technological techniques, namely the application of cham-fers, relief, engobes on the front faces, large-format high-hollow clinker stones can also play the role of facing products, which will significantly increase their consumer attractiveness. With an increase in the hollow-ness of stones, the costs of mass preparation, drying and firing of products are proportionally reduced, which significantly reduces their cost. It has been shown that the “ideal” raw material for producing clinker large-format ceramic stones can be stone-like clay raw materials – argillite-like clays, argillites, shales and their transitional varieties. When grinding them and preparing molding masses, due to the for-mation of a certain grain composition and the introduction of corrective microadditives, it is possible to obtain molding masses with optimal pre-firing technological properties and a clinker shard with water ab-sorption of up to 3% and a compressive strength of up to 200 using one raw material. MPa, bending strength up to 50 MPa.

The Effect of Polypropylene Fiber and Glass Fiber on the Frost Resistance of Desert Sand Concrete

To study the influence of polypropylene (PP) fibers and glass fibers on the frost resistance of desert sand concrete (DSC), the fast-freezing tests were carried out to investigate the freeze-thaw damage law using the apparent damage, mass loss, and relative dynamic elastic modulus as indicators; Based on the mercury intrusion method (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the microstructure evolution was analyzed to reveal the mechanism of fiber frost resistance enhancement. Fit the freeze-thaw damage process of fiber reinforced DSC (FRDSC) and predict the frost resistance life. The results show that fibers can greatly improve the freezing resistance of DSC. The hybrid fiber had the highest enhancing effect, followed by PP fiber and glass fiber. The dynamic elastic modulus of the DSC with 0.15% PP fiber and 0.05% glass fiber is as high as 95%. The pore distribution ratio of FRDSC changes faster, but it is still better than that of reference DSC after freeze-thaw. PP fiber and glass fiber can play a full role in the micro and macro stages of crack development of DSC respectively. The freeze-thaw damage model has high fitting accuracy and the DSC mixed with fibers can significantly improve the service life of buildings in northern China.

Accurately predicting the mechanical behavior of deteriorated reinforced concrete components using natural intelligence-integrated Machine learners

Corrosion in reinforced concrete components promotes the degradation of structural durability during the service life of buildings. In this paper, the performance of several advanced prediction and ensemble machine learning models is compared in terms of their respective abilities to predict the strength of deteriorated reinforced concrete components. The models compared include three single models, namely least square support vector regression (LSSVR), radial basic function neural network (RBFNN), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and two ensemble models, namely logit boosting (LogitBoost) and the extreme gradient boosting technique (XGBoost). All machine learning models were trained using an equilibrium optimizer (EO). A dataset consisting of 140 data samples collected from residential buildings in southern Vietnam was used to establish, validate, and test the machine learning methods using a cross-validation method. The experimental results, supported by statistical tests, demonstrate that the hybrid EO-LSSVR achieved the best prediction performance in terms of root mean square error (110.98), mean absolute percentage error (2.66%), mean absolute error (44.38), and coefficient of determination (0.958). The new machine learning models proposed in this study effectively overcome limitations inherent in theoretical and experimental studies and help increase prediction accuracy. Therefore, these models offer a promising tool for obtaining early and accurate estimates of structural durability, which are critical to scheduling and performing effective building maintenance.

Prediction of mining-induced seismicity and damage assessment of induced surface buildings in thick and hard key stratum working face: a case study of Liuhuanggou coal mine in China

Thick and hard key stratum working faces are characterized by frequent mine tremors and significant ground tremors during mining which seriously threaten the safety production of the mine. With working face (4-5) 06 of Xinjiang Liuhuanggou Coal Mine as the engineering background, using field investigation, microseismic monitoring, and theoretical analysis, a mining-induced seismicity prediction method and damage assessment of surface buildings for thick and hard key stratum working faces is proposed, which is based on the evolution characteristics of overlying strata spatial structure and the motion state of the key stratum. The results of the study are as follows: 1) The movement law of overlying strata is the basis of mining-induced seismicity prediction for working faces. The magnitude of the risk of mining-induced seismicity occurrence is mainly related to the boundary conditions of the working face, the thickness of the key stratum, the distance from the coal seam to the key stratum, the height of the overlying strata spatial structure, and the fracture step of the key stratum. 2) The mining-induced seismicity energy contains the original accumulation elastic energy of the key stratum, the transfer elastic energy of low rock strata, and the accumulation elastic energy of gravity work. Based on this, a mechanical model of surface building damage induced by the release of mining-induced seismicity energy was established. A ground vibration damage boundary and vibration induction boundary under the action of strong mining-induced seismicity were proposed, and the service life of buildings when they reach the critical damage value under the action of frequent mining-induced seismicity was obtained. 3) The temporal and spatial distribution law of mining-induced seismicity activities in thick and hard key stratum working faces was revealed. According to the results of micro-seismic monitoring, the “zonality” characteristics of the time series and the “transition” law of spatial distribution of mining-induced seismicity verified the reliability of the mining-induced seismicity prediction method. The research results provide a theoretical basis for predicting mining-induced seismicity and assessing the risk of induced disasters during the mining process of thick and hard key stratum working faces, and can provide technical support for mining-induced seismicity prevention and control and safety production in mines with similar conditions.

Stress Evaluation in Axially Loaded Members of Masonry Buildings and Space Structures: From Traditional Methods to Combinations with Artificial Intelligence Approaches

Stress state evaluation in axially loaded structural members is significant for sustaining and preserving the service life of buildings. While successful monitoring furnishes staunch information on the health, integrity, safety and serviceability of structures, maintaining the structural performance of a building with time significantly depends on assessing the occurrence. Variations in the stress in axially loaded members may occur in masonry buildings or space structures caused by different conditions and human-induced factors. In the last decades, numerous nondestructive methods have been generated to furnish practical means for identifying axial load in the tie-rods of masonry buildings and in the structural members of space structures. Significant effort has been put into dynamic-based approaches, which make use of the vibrational response of the monitored member to investigate its condition and evaluate the axial load. In particular, wide laboratory and field tests have been executed worldwide, resulting in several findings. Meanwhile, with flourishing sensing technology and computing power, Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, such as hybrid methods, optimization techniques and deep learning algorithms, have become more practicable and widely used in vibration-based axial stress prediction, with efficiency and, frequently, with strict precision. While there have been various manuscripts published on dynamic-based axial stress evaluation, there are no works in which the passage from traditional methods to combinations with AI approaches have been illustrated. This article aims to address this gap by introducing the highlights of the traditional methods, and furnish a review of the applications of AI techniques used for nondestructive-based axial stress prediction in tie-rods and structural members. Conclusions, including further studies and field developments, have also been mentioned at the end of the article.

The Diagnostics of the Condition and Management of Large-Panel Buildings Using Point Clouds and Building Information Modelling (BIM)

Technological developments involving the implementation of modern measuring equipment and the digitalisation of civil engineering can contribute to extending the service life of buildings. Large-panel buildings constitute a large housing stock throughout Europe. This paper presents the possibility of using laser scanning to identify typical assembly defects in large-panel buildings. Based on point cloud data, numerical models were created to assess the impact of improper assembly on the elements’ performance. It was indicated that using scanning to identify and monitor the displacement of structural elements does not relieve experts of the need to perform other tests. Analyses related to the possibility of using Building Information Modeling technology to manage large-panel buildings were also conducted. A parametric model was made, from which a number of possibilities of its use at every stage of the building’s life were presented in an example. It was highlighted that parametric models of large-panel buildings, due to their repeatable geometry, can be copied for use in managing entire neighbourhoods. Limitations associated with implementing BIM technology in practice were also formulated. The analyses and research performed confirm the validity of implementing modern research methods in engineering practice and digitising the documentation of large-panel buildings.

Adaptability in healthcare buildings: a perspective through Joseph Bracops Hospital.

The healthcare sector has to face changes happening fast and often in an unpredictable way, such as epidemiological trends, the advancements of medical technology and processes or evolving social and economic needs. This results in a frequent need for infrastructures' retrofitting, with an increasing focus on the environmental impact of buildings, which have one of the highest embodied carbon footprints per square meter in the construction sector. As result, interest in healthcare buildings' adaptability is growing among researchers and practitioners. After an introduction on the research topic, a focus on the definition of adaptability and the existing assessment models is provided to address the following research question: to what extent are adaptability models effective to evaluate and orient the design of healthcare buildings? A quite varied use of the term adaptability has been found in the literature, as well as a new research trend aiming to establish a link with circularity. Moreover, most of the assessment models do not have a focus and have never been tested on the healthcare sector. An approach to circular and adaptable design is presented through the case study of the Joseph Bracops Hospital (Belgium), which has been submitted for evaluation by the Reversible Building Design protocol developed by Dr. Durmisevic. The evaluation highlights some of the current barriers in the design of adaptable healthcare facilities. Insights for future research are provided to encourage data-collection about the service life of healthcare buildings, so to understand if the adaptability of these infrastructures should be mainly monofuntional or transfunctional.

Effects of environmental and architectural factors on chloride-salt deposition on coastal building surfaces in the Zhujiang River Estuary

Chloride salts deposited on building surfaces not only accelerate the degradation of historic coastal buildings and incur costly repairs, but also penetrate into building plaster mortars and corrode steel reinforcement, reducing the service life of modern coastal buildings. The unclear chloride-salt deposition and their spatial pattern on different building surfaces severely hinder targeted salt-resistant designs for coastal buildings. This paper adopted a non-destructive method based on flocked swabs to sample salts deposited on surfaces of typical buildings in the Zhujiang River Estuary of Guangzhou, China. These field investigations enabled the analysis of the effects of environmental and architectural factors on chloride-salt deposition. Our results showed that offshore distances, building elevations, and building layouts critically governed such deposition, whereas building ages exerted little influence. Specifically, chloride-salt deposition on building surfaces was positively correlated with not only offshore distances in the 500 m–500 m range, but also building elevations in the 10 m–100 m range under unobstructed conditions. Moreover, narrower spacings between the buildings promoted greater chloride-salt deposition on their surfaces. It is envisioned that our findings will provide valuable insights into salt-prevention designs for new buildings and salt-resistant maintenance strategies for old buildings.

ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ТЕПЛОТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОГРАЖДАЮЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ЗДАНИЙ ПЕРЕД ПРОВЕДЕНИЕМ КАПИТАЛЬНОГО РЕМОНТА

The analysis of the results of the instrumental thermal engineering survey of 22 multi-apartment residential buildings built of silicate and ceramic bricks or reinforced concrete panels, with a service life of buildings of more than 40–50 years, carried out before major repairs is given. Thermal calculations to determine the savings in energy resources showed an average value of savings in thermal energy after insulation of 28 %. Typical defects of enclosing structures identified during thermal imaging examination are presented and systematized. An external examination by infrared thermography is carried out with a thermal imager, followed by processing of thermograms. The absence of influence of the results of thermal imaging examination on the parameters of the insulation is shown. The results of measurements of resistance to heat transfer are presented. The measurements are made using ten-channel heat flux density and temperature meters. The actual measured heat transfer resistance deviated from the design resistance by an average of 16 per cent to 33 per cent. The heat transfer resistance of the wall before insulation is much less than the value of the heat transfer resistance of the insulation and the final resistance of the multilayer wall structure. The error in determining the thermal resistance of the insulated wall does not affect the required thickness of the insulation. It is concluded that the instrumental examination of the enclosing structures of buildings before a major overhaul seems to be redundant. It is recommended to use a typical thickness of insulation during the overhaul of Soviet-built residential buildings, which for the climatic conditions of the Belgorod Region will be 10 cm of mineral wool insulation.

The influence of the climate of the urbanized territory and the main parameters of building

The article deals with the peculiarities of the organization of the urbanized territory, the influence of the territory on changes in climatic parameters, the protection of buildings from negative weather phenomena and the extension of the service life, the influence of anthropogenic and natural nature.
 The research method is the main problem of construction in urbanized areas – protection and improvement of the environment, increasing the service life of buildings and structures. An urbanized area can have a significant impact on changing climatic parameters, in particular on increasing air temperature and higher humidity. This is influenced by various factors, such as intensive construction, traffic flows, emissions of harmful substances, use of air conditioners and other devices. One of the important aspects of the urbanized area is to ensure its effective protection from negative weather phenomena. Buildings located in urban areas often experience significant damage from natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, winds, and other weather phenomena. One of the possible solutions is the introduction of new construction technologies that provide a high level of protection of buildings against these phenomena. These aspects are the main part of the design and planning work at all stages of the design and operation of the city territory. This is a problem of increasing the effectiveness of forecasting the consequences of climate change for the natural environment and society. The biggest issue in the study and prediction of climate change is the question of the causes that cause these changes.
 Conducted studies have shown that modern construction standards, with the allocation of insufficient attention to the natural and climatic influence on construction and structures. Usually uses typical construction projects throughout the country. Thus, the emergence of a research issue necessitated the structuring of the main climatic indicators that have an impact on the urbanized area. Based on this, a method of balancing the negative impact of climatic parameters is proposed.
 The use of architectural and climatic analysis from architectural climatology makes it possible to balance climatic conditions at the design stage with the help of architectural and urban planning and engineering solutions.

Long-Term Performance of Monolithic Silica Aerogel with Different Hydrophobicities: Physical and Color Rendering Properties after an Accelerated Aging Process.

Due to its excellent properties, monolithic silica aerogel is a promising material for innovative glazing systems. Since glazing systems are exposed to deteriorating agents during building service life, it is essential to investigate the long-term performance of aerogel. In the present paper, several 12.7 mm-thick silica aerogel monoliths produced by a rapid supercritical extraction method were tested, including both hydrophilic and hydrophobic samples. After fabrication and characterization of hydrophobicity, porosity, optical and acoustic properties, and color rendering, the samples were artificially aged by combining temperature and solar radiation effects in an experimental device specifically developed at the University of Perugia. The length of the experimental campaign was determined using acceleration factors (AFs). Temperature AF was evaluated according to the Arrhenius law using thermogravimetric analysis to estimate the aerogel activation energy. A natural service life of 12 years was achieved in about 4 months, and the samples' properties were retested. Contact angle tests supported by FT-IR analysis showed loss of hydrophobicity after aging. Visible transmittance values in the 0.67-0.37 range were obtained for hydrophilic and hydrophobic samples, respectively. The aging process involved optical parameter reduction of only 0.02-0.05. There was also a slight loss in acoustic performance (noise reduction coefficient (NRC) = 0.21-0.25 before aging and NRC = 0.18-0.22 after aging). For hydrophobic panes, color shift values in the 10.2-59.1 and 8.4-60.7 ranges were obtained before and after aging, respectively. The presence of aerogel, regardless of hydrophobicity, results in a deterioration in light-green and azure tones. Hydrophobic samples had lower color rendering performance than hydrophilic aerogel, but this did not worsen after the aging process. This paper makes a significant contribution to the progressive deterioration assessment of aerogel monoliths for applications in sustainable buildings.

Experimental Investigation on Self-Centering Steel-Timber Hybrid Beam-Column Connections

Self-centering heavy timber frames rely on the self-centering beam-column timber connections to limit damage and provide the recentering capability. However, low compressive strength and stiffness perpendicular to the grain of the timber columns have long been a design challenge, which yields low initial post-tensioning forces and possibly a significant loss of post-tensioning forces over the building service life. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new design solution for the self-centering steel-timber hybrid beam-column connections, in which the timber column is replaced by a steel-timber composite column. Cyclic tests were conducted on four beam-column connection specimens with post-tensioning. During the gap-opening, the composite column provided a stiff foundation to the timber beam. The hysteretic curves of all four connections were in a flag shape. Compared with self-centering beam-column timber connections that had the same geometry and material properties, the proposed connection had a larger connection stiffness and an improved efficiency of dissipating energy. After the cyclic loading, the loss of post-tensioning force of the proposed connection was also lower than that of the counterpart timber connections.

Machine learning for performance prediction in smart buildings: Photovoltaic self-consumption and life cycle cost optimization

The application of Photovoltaic (PV) system in buildings is growing rapidly in response to the need for clean energy sources and building decarbonization targets. Nonetheless, enhancing PV self-consumption through technical solutions such as Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is getting higher importance to increase the profitability of PV plants, by minimizing the building-grid interaction. In this context, analyzing PV self-consumption of different energy storage configurations becomes more relevant and crucial in building energy modeling although it is heavily time-consuming and complicated, particularly within a multi-objective optimization related to the ESS design. As a solution to resolve this issue, this paper evaluates the accuracy, training, and prediction speed of 24 Machine Learning (ML) models to be used as surrogate models for analyzing PV self-consumption in smart buildings. Furthermore, the performance of short-term Thermal Energy Storage (TES) to increase PV self-consumption is assessed and presented using ML models. The results showed the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Neural Networks (NN) including bilayered and trilayered NN models, Support Vector Machines (SVM) including the fine gaussian and cubic SVM models, and Ensembles of Trees (EoT) as superior ML models. The results also revealed that TES systems can efficiently increase PV self-consumption in the building equipped with electric heat pumps to provide heating, cooling, and domestic hot water. Moreover, the TES size optimization regarding the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) showed that the LCC-based optimum TES size can yield 7.1% savings within 30 years of the building service life. The novelties of this research are first to provide a reference to select the most suitable ML models in predicting PV self-consumption, second to implement machine learning for analyzing the performance of short-term thermal energy storage to enhance PV self-consumption in buildings, and third to carry out an LCC-based optimization on TES size using ML-based prediction models.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ФОРМУЛЫ ДЛЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ДЕФИЦИТА СЕЙСМОСТОЙКОСТИ ЗДАНИЙ НЕЛИНЕЙНЫМ СТАТИЧЕСКИМ МЕТОДОМ В SAP2000

The article is a continuation of research previously published in the Bulletin (2021, vol. 21, no. 2). Au-thor offers explanations and clarifications of a formula proposed to assess insufficient earthquake resistance shortage (hereinafter Id) of buildings using calculation procedures of nonlinear static Pushover analysis in SAP2000. An idea was implemented to graphically justify the mathematical expression used to determine Id with building age adjustments per building age. It was assumed that under certain conditions a change in service life-span (hereinafter referred to as Tst) of a building will lead to changes in the calculated acceleration of vibrations in proportion to the cube root of Tst. It was also assumed that at the end of a building's service life an earthquakes, can cause severe structural damage (or destruction) of its members, can occur. Change of a building age by estimation time of Id value was assumed to be distributed accord-ing to an exponential law. A value corresponding to the end of the building's service life Tst was taken an objectivity compliance criteria for the proposed formula for estimating of Id. Obtained an Id value should be confirmed by technical survey of buildings in seismic areas. Relationship curves of Id (Tst) were plotted according to a refined formula for the considered territory tremor values and earthquake waiting time. The obtained results can be applied to fulfill the re-quirements of term 6.19.11 of Seismic Design Building Code SP 14.13330.2018 and to be used as a supplement the cal-culation provisions laid out in the Assessment Procedure for Survey of Standard Buildings to Determine their Earth-quake Resistance and Need for Seismic Retrofitting (Kamchatgrazhdanproekt, 2009).

Dynamic life cycle assessment of the recurring embodied emissions from interior walls: Cradle to grave assessment

The construction sector is recognized as being one of the main generators of CO₂ emissions and consumption of resources. Lately, special attention has been directed to the search for strategies that optimize and mitigate the embodied impact of constructive systems. In this research, the widely used life cycle assessment is applied to analyze the embodied emissions of several constructive systems used as interior partition walls (IPW), from a “cradle to grave” perspective. The study includes dynamic parameters in the design of scenarios for calculating the recurrent embodied emissions. The aim of the research is to assess the influence of these parameters on the variability of the accumulated results and to identify the constructive systems with optimal environmental performance. The results show the importance of maximizing the service life of systems and buildings in order to reduce the associated emissions, since the impact can be reduced by up to 60% over a 120-year perspective for the same system. This parameter's direct influence on the accumulated environmental performance was observed when an IPW with high initial impact but with longer service life consideration (IPW 26 – scenario 28 with 506 kg CO2 eq) could be just as suitable as an IPW with lower impact but shorter service life (IPW 27 – scenario 22 with 500 kg CO2 eq). It is also concluded that the initial embodied emissions of the construction systems are determinant in the cumulative impact, therefore highlighting the importance of material selection and optimization and the need for improvement in production processes.