Serum S100B Protein Research Articles

Serum S100B Protein Levels in Patients with Panic Disorder: Effect of Treatment with Selective Serotonine Reuptake Inhibitors.

ObjectiveAltered serum S100B protein levels have been shown in several psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to investigate whether plasma S100B is different in patients with panic disorder (PD) when compared with controls. Our second aim was to investigate whether treatment with SSRIs have an effect on S100B levels in patients with PD.MethodsThe sample included 32 patients diagnosed with PD (21 women, 11 men) per DSM-IV criteria and 21 healthy controls (11 women, 10 men). S100B levels were measured with BioVendor Human S100B ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit.Results14 patients were not on drug treatment (43.8%) while 18 patients were taking various SSRIs. Median S100B value was 151.7 pg/mL (minimum-maximum: 120.4-164.7 pg/mL) in the control group, 147.4 pg/mL (minimum-maximum: 138.8-154.1 pg/mL) in the drug free group and 153.0 pg/mL (minimum-maximum: 137.9-164.7 pg/mL) in the treatment group. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed a significant diffrerence among the three groups (z=9.9, df=2, p=0.007). Follow up Mann-Whitney-U tests indicated that while the control and the patients with treatment were not significantly different (z=-0.05, p=0.96), there were significant differences between the control group and untreated patients (z=-2.6, p=0.009) and treated and untreated patients (z=-3.0, p=0.003).ConclusionOur results suggested that, serum S100B protein level might be decreased in untreated PD patients and that patients who were treated with SSRIs had similar S100B level to healthy controls.

The Relationship of Serum S100B Levels with Infarction Size and Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

S100B protein, which helps nerve development and differentiation, is produced by astrocytes and can be detected in peripheral circulation after brain damage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the serum S100B protein level and the infarction volume and clinical outcome and also the early prognostic role of serum S100B protein in patients with ischemic stroke. Fifty patients admitted in the first 24-hour period of acute ischemic stroke were evaluated prospectively, and the findings were compared to those of the controls (n=26). S100B levels of the patients and neurological findings on days 1, 3, and 5 and their functional outcomes on the discharge day and at the first month were recorded by the same examiner. S100B levels were not affected by sex, age, or concomitant systemic diseases. The maximum levels of S100B were recorded on the 3rd day, and there was a correlation between infarct size and S100B levels. No correlation between the severity of stroke and S100B level was found. There was a poor correlation between the functional outcomes of the patients at the 1st month and S100B levels and on the 3rd day. The detection of high S100B levels in peripheral circulation after acute ischemic stroke and the correlations of S100B levels with infarct size (good) and disability (poor) imply that S100B protein may be used as a peripheral marker in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Serum S100B Protein as an Outcome Prediction Tool in Emergency Department Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

SUMMARYObjectivesTraumatic brain injury is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Early recognition of patients with brain cellular damage allows for early rehabilitation and patient outcome improvement.MethodsIn this prospective study, the clinical conditions of patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) were assessed, and patient serum S100B levels were measured. Patients were followed up one month later and evaluated for level of consciousness, presence or absence of post-traumatic headache, and daily activity performance (using the Barthel scale). Student's t-test and the chi-square test were used for data analysis, which was performed using SPSS software.ResultsThe mean serum S100B value was significantly lower for patients with minor TBI than for patients with moderate TBI (23.1±14.2 ng/dl and 134.0±245.0 ng/dl, respectively). Patients with normal CT scans also had statistically significantly lower serum S100B levels than patients with abnormal CT findings. The mean S100B value was statistically significantly higher for patients with suspected diffused axonal injury (632.18±516.1 ng/dl) than for patients with other abnormal CT findings (p=0.000): 24.97±22.9 ng/dl in patients with normal CT results; 41.56±25.7 ng/dl in patients with skull bone fracture; 57.38 ±28.9 ng/dl in patients with intracranial hemorrhage; and 76.23±38.3 ng/dl in patients with fracture plus intracranial hemorrhage).ConclusionsSerum S100B levels increase in patients with minor to moderate TBIs, especially in those with diffused axonal injury. However, serum S100B values cannot accurately predict one-month neuropsychological outcomes and performance.

Serum Protein S100β is a Diagnostic Biomarker for Distinguishing Posterior Circulation Stroke from Vertigo of Nonvascular Causes

Background: In patients presenting with acute vertigo or dizziness, identifying the posterior fossa stroke as the underlying cause can be a major challenge. We therefore evaluated the serum biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of nonvascular vertigo and posterior circulation stroke. Methods: Of a total of 80 patients, 31 patients had an ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation and 12 infratentorial hemorrhage. Findings in these patients were compared with those in 22 patients with vertigo of nonvascular origin and 15 matched control patients without neurological symptoms. Blood samples drawn <24 h after symptom onset were analyzed for S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100β), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results/Conclusion: Serum levels of S100β were significantly higher in stroke patients than in nonvascular vertigo patients. Serum concentrations of MMP-9 tended to be higher in stroke patients, whereas no significant differences among groups were found for sVCAM-1 and GFAP. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 31.8% for detecting stroke in patients presenting with vertigo for S100β. S100β may serve as a biomarker for distinguishing between vertigo of vascular causes and nonvascular, acute vertigo.

Effects of interposed abdominal aorta compression for cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation on cardiac arrest in rabbit models

Objective To determine the effects of interposed abdominal aorta compression as a novel approach on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rabbits with cardiac arrest (CA).Methods Twentyeight healthy New Zealand rabbits with 2.0-2.5 kg body weight were randomly (random number) divided into two groups in equal number (n =14).And they were resuscitated either by external chest compression CPR (CC-CPR) or by interposed abdominal aorta compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IAAC-CPR),in which the abdominal aorta was compressed intermittently at the same rate of external chest compression.The model of CA was made by injection of iced potassium chloride combined with occlusion of trachea.Electrocardiogram (ECG),hemodynamic variables including mean arterial pressure (MAP),aorta systolic blood pressure (SBP),and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were monitored continuously from 5 minutes before cardiac arrest to the end of experiment.MAP,SBP and CBF were calculated and compared at 30 s,60 s,90 s and 120 s of resuscitation between both groups.Blood samples were taken before modeling,and 2 h and 6h after the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).The rate of ROSC and successful resuscitation,24-hour survival rate,24-hour neurological deficit score and changes of S100B in serum were recorded and compared.The ultramicro-structures of myocardium,lung and brain tissues were observed with HE staining.The data were analyzed by using t-test or Fisher's exact probability test.Results Compared with CC-CPR,the MAP (mmHg),SBP and CBF values in the IAAC-CPR group were significantly increased within 2 minutes of resuscitation,MAP:[30 s:(46.4 ± 9.4) vs.(31.4 ± 8.7,60) s:(55.8±13.8) vs.(34.0±11.5); 90s:(61.2±11.5) vs.(38.2±10.1); 120s:(63.6±11.8)vs.(40.2±10.2); 95％CI,30 s:-21.73--12.41,60s:-28.03--16.26,90 s:-25.27--14.87,120s:-25.38--13.19; t:30 s:-7.536,60 s:-7.734,90 s:-7.943,120 s:-6.505; P＜0.05,P＜0.01]; SBP (mmHg):[30s:(62.6±9.2) vs.(43.4±15.1); 60s:(75.4±14.0) vs.(50.4±13.8); 90s:(78.4±12.6) vs.(59.4±16.2),120s:(82.8±10.3)vs.(64.3 ±15.9); 95％CI,30 s:-28.91--9.51,60 s:-35.82--14.18,90 s:-30.28--7.71,120s:-28.93--8.07; tvalue:30s:-4.071,60 s:-4.751,90 s:-3.460,120 s:-3.647; Pvalue,30s:P＜0.05,P＜0.01,60 s:P＜0.05,P＜0.01,90s:P=0.02,P＜0.05,120s:P=0.01,P＜0.05]; CBF [30s:(16.1±6.0) vs.(7.8±2.2); 60s:(91.6±11.8) vs.(57.3±23.2); 90s:(259.9±74.9) vs.(163.6±50.3); 120s:(301.5±60.5) vs.(208.4±23.8); 95％CI,30s:-14.82--1.70,60s:-61.24--7.49,90s:-189.45--3.29,120s:-160.12--26.03; t2:30 s:-2.904,60 s:-2.948,90 s:-2.387,120 s:-3.201; Pvalue,30s:P=0.020,P＜0.05,60 s:P=0.018,P＜0.05,90 s:P =0.044,P＜0.05,120 s:P=0.013,P ＜ 0.05].At 2 h and 6 h after ROSC,the level of S100B protein in serum was significantly lower in the IAAC-CPR group [2 h:(148.7 ± 19.9) vs.(176.0 ± 17.5) ; 6 h:(237.7 ± 17.7) vs.(267.0 ±14.8),95％CI,2 h:4.53-50.05,6 h:9.29-49.26; 2 h:t=2.519,6 h:t=3.164; 2 h:P=0.022,P ＜ 0.05,6 h:P =0.007,P ＜ 0.05).Rate of successfully recovery and the 24 h neurological score of IAAC-CPR group were better than the CC-CPR group (Rate of successfully recovery:80％ vs.60％,x2 =5.250 ; P =0.022,P ＜ 0.05 ; 24 h neurological score:(3.3 ± 1.49) vs (4.4 ± 0.94) ; t =2.429; 95％CI,0.18-2.11 ; P =0.024,P ＜0.05).Myocardial damage was found in both groups.The changes of ultramicro-structure in myocardium,lung and brain tissues of CC-CPR group were more extensive than those of IAAC-CPR group.Obvious damage of abdominal organs was not observed.Conclusion Compared with the CC-CPR,the cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation with IAAC-CPR is more effective in the incipient stage of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.IAAC-CPR elevates the MAP,SBP and CBF more noticeable and increases the successful rate of resuscitation,decreasing the injuries in CA models of rabbit. Key words: Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary cerebnal resuscitation; Interposed abdominal aorta compression-cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Chest compression-cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Mean arterial pressure; Cerebral blood flow; S100B protein; 24-hour neurological function score

Effects of hypothermia on S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein in asphyxia rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hypothermia on S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum and hippocampus CA1 area in asphyxiated rats after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A total of 100 SD rats were designated into four groups: group A, sham operation group; group B, rats received conventional resuscitation; group C, rats received conventional resuscitation and hypothermia at cardiac arrest; group D, rats received conventional resuscitation and hypothermia at 30 min after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Rats were then killed by cardiac arrest at 2 and 4 h after ROSC; brain tissue was taken to observe dynamic changes of S100B and GFAP in serum and hippocampus CA1 area. Following ROSC, S100B levels increased from 2 to 4 h in group B, C, and D. In addition, S100B in serum and hippocampus CA1 area was all significantly increased at different time points compared with group A (P < 0.05). Following ROSC, serum S100B level at 2 h in group C was significantly decreased compared with group B, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, S100B in serum at 4 h after ROSC was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), S100B in cortex was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The expression of GFAP was also examined. GFAP level in hippocampus CA1 area was significantly decreased in group B, C, and D at 4 h after ROSC compared with group A (P < 0.05). S100B and GFAP were expressed in rat serum and hippocampus CA2 area at early stage after ROSC, which can be used as sensitive markers for brain injury diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Hypothermia is also shown to reduce brain injury after CPR.

Prediction of neuropsychological outcome after mild traumatic brain injury using clinical parameters, serum S100B protein and findings on computed tomography

Primary objective: To identify if demographics, clinical and computed tomographic (CT) characteristics at first presentation and S100B concentrations at 3 and 6 hours after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) predict the development of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) after 1 month.Research design and methods: All consecutive MTBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 13–15) admitted to the Emergency Department aged older than 15 were included in this prospective, observational study. Outcome was assessed using a Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire to identify the patients with and without PCS 1 month after the injury.Main outcomes and results: A total of 176 patients with isolated MTBI were included in the study. After multivariate analysis of the demographics, clinical variables, and CT abnormalities, headache (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.04–4.21, p = 0.038), seizure (OR = 5.64, 95% CI = 1.55–20.54, p = 0.009), the presence of subarachnoid haemorrhage on CT (OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.46–9.24, p = 0.006) and 6-hour S100B concentration (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.15–4.28, p = 0.017) were independently significant predictors of the outcome.Conclusions: Outcome prediction using baseline characteristics (post-traumatic headache and seizure), CT and laboratory findings (6-hour S100B) were valuable factors for identification of the individual MTBI patient at risk for developing PCS 1 month after the injury.

Biomarkers S100B and neuron-specific enolase predict outcome in hypothermia-treated encephalopathic newborns*.

To evaluate if serum S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase measured during therapeutic hypothermia are predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome at 15 months in children with neonatal encephalopathy. Prospective longitudinal cohort study. A level IV neonatal ICU in a freestanding children's hospital. Term newborns with moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy referred for therapeutic hypothermia during the study period. Serum neuron-specific enolase and S100B were measured at 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of hypothermia. Of the 83 infants enrolled, 15 (18%) died in the newborn period. Survivors were evaluated by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at 15 months. Outcomes were assessed in 49 of 68 survivors (72%) at a mean age of 15.2 ± 2.7 months. Neurodevelopmental outcome was classified by Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II Mental Developmental Index and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores, reflecting cognitive and motor outcomes, respectively. Four-level outcome classifications were defined a priori: normal = Mental Developmental Index/Psychomotor Developmental Index within 1 SD (> 85), mild = Mental Developmental Index/Psychomotor Developmental Index less than 1 SD (70-85), moderate/severe = Mental Developmental Index/Psychomotor Developmental Index less than 2 SD (< 70), or died. Elevated serum S100B and neuron-specific enolase levels measured during hypothermia were associated with increasing outcome severity after controlling for baseline and socioeconomic characteristics in ordinal regression models. Adjusted odds ratios for cognitive outcome were 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3-4.8) for S100B and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.6) for neuron-specific enolase, and for motor outcome, 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2-5.6) for S100B and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.6) for neuron-specific enolase. Serum S100B and neuron-specific enolase levels in babies with neonatal encephalopathy are associated with neurodevelopmental outcome at 15 months. These putative biomarkers of brain injury may help direct care during therapeutic hypothermia.

Effects of sevoflurane on β-amyloid-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress response of hippocampal tissues in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress response of hippocampal tissues in rats.Methods Ninety-six male adlut SpragueDawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) ; group Aβ ; 1.3 ％ sevoflurane group (group S1) and 2.6 ％ sevoflurane group (group S2).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal.10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.Cognitive dysfunction was induced by injecting Aβ1-40 2 μ1 into the bilateral hippocampi in Aβ,S1 and S2 groups.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.At 22 days after injection,C and Aβ groups were exposed to 30％ oxygen for 4 h,and S1 and S2 groups inhaled 1.3 ％ and 2.6 ％ sevoflurane,respectively,for 4 h.Eight rats were chosen at days 1,3 and 7 after exposure and cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze test.The swimming speed,escape latency and exploration time at the original platform quadrant were recorded.The rats were then sacrificed after the end of the behavioral test and blood samples were taken for determination of serum S100β protein concentration.Hippocampi were immediately isolated and the homogenate was prepared for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.Results Compared with group C,the escape latency was significantly prolonged and exploration time at the original platform quadrant was shortened,the serum S100β protein concentration and MDA content were increased,and SOD activity was decreased at each time point in group Aβ (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the variables mentioned above between Aβ and S1 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The escape latency was significantly prolonged and the exploration time at the original platform quadrant was shortened,the serum S100β protein concentration and MDA content were increased,and SOD activity was decreased at each time point in group S2 as compared with Aβ and S1 groups (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the swimining speed among the 4 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Inhalation of 2.6 ％ sevoflurane for 4 h can aggravate the cognitive dysfunction induced by Aβ in rats and aggravation of oxidative stress response may be involved in the mechanism. Key words: Anesthetics, inhalation ; Amyloid ; Cognition disorders ; Oxidative stress

Detection and clinical significances of serum IL-18, Caspase-3 and S-100B protein expression level in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Objective To analyze the levels and clinical significances of IL-18, Caspase-3 and nerve tissue-specific protein S-100B at different disease extent and different stages of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods This study was clinical experimental studies.Sixty-seven infants with HIE (23 cases of mild HIE, 23 cases of moderate HIE, 21 cases of severe HIE) from February 2008 to June 2009 in Hebei Children′s Hospital were enrolled.The levels of IL-18, Caspase-3 and S-100B protein in all samples were measured at acute phase (1 d，3 d) and recovery phase (7 d) by ELISA method.Twenty healthy full-term neonates were selected as the normal control group.Multi-factor analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test was used for statistical analysis. Results The levels of the three indicators in the moderate and severe group were higher than the normal control group.In the moderate group，IL-18 levels were（132.15±9.87），（150.31±15.04）and (87.91±9.93） ng/L，Caspase-3 levels were (5.79±0.64)，(7.36±1.57）and (3.79±0.61）μg/L，S-100B levels were（6.82±0.61）,（9.62±1.29）and（10.76±1.64） μg/L.In the severe group, IL-18 levels were（160.23±16.03），（189.86±18.32）and （107.35±13.02） ng/L；Caspase-3 levels were (6.86±1.02)，（9.54±1.43）and（5.25±0.71） μg/L；S-100B levels were（8.90±0.32），（12.54±0.89）and（13.53±0.75） μg/L.In the normal control group, IL-18 levels were (71.08±11.52)，(72.53±11.05) and (71.93±11.30) ng/L；Caspase-3 levels were(2.84±0.52)，(2.98±0.53) and (2.87±0.52) μg/L；S-100B levels were（1.50±0.25），（1.62±0.30）and（1.53±0.29） μg/L.IL-18 levels ,Caspase -3 levels and S-100B levels in severe group were higher than the moderate group and the mild group were higher than the mild group.IL-18 levels were (73.46±4.77)，(77.59±4.02) and (72.87±6.92) ng/L;Caspase-3 levels were (3.13±0.31)，(3.63±0.40) and (3.26±0.45) μg/L;S-100B levels were（3.68±0.40），（5.851±0.63）and（6.95±0.58）μg/L in the mild group.S-100B levels in the mild group were higher than that in the normal control group.The IL-18 and Caspase-3 levels were risen in the third day to the first day in the acute phase of the moderate group and severe group, decreased in the recovery phase.Serum S-100B protein levels in the acute and recovery phase increased gradually, and there was no correlation between the three indicators (r=0.321, 0.14, 0.48, P=0.438,0.974,0.911 respectively). Conclusions IL-18, Caspase-3 and S-100B were involved in the pathophysiological process of HIE. The levels were closely related to the severity and disease progression of HIE, the severer of the illness, and the higher of the levels.Dynamic monitoring the changes of the three indicators may contribute to an early diagnosis, condition monitoring and prognosis of HIE.（Chin J Lab Med,2014,37: 276-280） Key words: Hypoxia-ischemia, brain; Interleukin-18; Caspase 3

Effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats .Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 7-8 weeks , weighing 270-320 g , were randomly divided into 6 groups （ n=8 each ） using a random number table ：sham operation group （group S ） , traumatic brain injury group （group I） ,fat emulsion group （group F） and low-dose propofol group （group L） , medium-dose propofol group （group M ） ,and high-dose propofol group （group H ） .Traumatic brain injury model was established according to the method described by Feeney .In group S ,0.9% normal saline was infused into the left femoral vein at 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 .In I ,F ,L ,M and H groups ,0.9% normal saline ,20% fat emulsion 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 ,and propofol 17.46 ,34.92 and 69.84 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 were infused into the left femoral vein ,respectively .Blood samples were collected from the right common carotid artery at 15 and 60 min of infusion （T1-2 ） for determination of serum S100β protein concentrations . The rats were then sacrificed after collecting blood samples at T2 and brains were removed for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the cerebral cortex （light microscope ） and ultrastructure of neurons in the cerebral cortex （transmission electron microscope） .Results The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in the other five groups than in group S （ P〈0.05 ） .Compared with I and F groups ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were＆nbsp;significantly decreased at T1 ,2 in L ,M and H groups （ P〈0.05） .Compared with group L ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were significantly decreased at T2 in M and H groups , and the serum S100β protein concentrations were increased at T1 in H group （ P〈 0.05 ） . The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in H group than in group M （ P〈0.05 ） .Light microscopic examination showed that nucleus condensation , cell necrosis , and cell edema were significantly attenuated in L ,M , and H groups as compared with group I;normal neurons could be found in group M .Transmission electron microscopic examination showed that the severity of neuronal damage was significantly attenuated in L ,M ,and H groups as compared with group I .Conclusion Different doses of propofol can reduce traumatic brain injury in rats . Key words: Propofol; Brain injuries

Effects of dexmedetomidine on expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1 ） during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion （I/R ） in rats .Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 8-12 weeks ,weighing 280-320 g ,were randomly divided into 3 groups （ n= 12 each ）：sham operation group （group S ） , cerebral I/R group （group I/R ） and dexmedetomidine group （group D ） .The animals were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate 3.5 ml/kg .The focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion using a nylon thread with rounded tip inserted into internal carotid artery and advanced cranially until resistance was met .In group D ,dexmedetomidine 3μg/kg was injected intravenously immediately after beginning of ischemia ,followed by infusion at 3μg·kg-1 ·h-1 for 120 min ,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group I/R .Four rats from each group were chosen at 24 ,48 and 72 h of reperfusion , and blood samples were taken from the left ventricle to determine the concentrations of serum S100B protein .The rats were then sacrificed and the brains were removed to determine the expression of TNF-αand ICAM-1 in brain tissues .Results Compared with group S ,the concentrations of serum S100B protein were significantly increased , and the expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 in brain tissues was up-regulated in I/R and D groups （ P〈0.05） .Compared with group I/R ,the concentrations of serum S100B protein were significantly decreased , and the expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 in brain tissues was down-regulated in group D （ P〈0.05 ） .Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine reduces the cerebral I/R injury is related to down-regulation of TNF-αand ICAM-1 expression in rats . Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Brain; Reperfusion injury; Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

Serum Biomarkers of Brain Injury to Classify Outcome After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest*

Morbidity and mortality in children with cardiac arrest largely result from neurologic injury. Serum biomarkers of brain injury can potentially measure injury to neurons (neuron-specific enolase), astrocytes (S100b), and axons (myelin basic protein). We hypothesized that serum biomarkers can be used to classify outcome from pediatric cardiac arrest. Prospective observational study. Single tertiary pediatric hospital. Forty-three children with cardiac arrest. None. We measured serum neuron-specific enolase, S100b, and myelin basic protein on days 1-4 and 7 after cardiac arrest. We recorded demographics, details of the cardiac arrest and resuscitation, and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category at hospital discharge and 6 months. We analyzed the association of biomarker levels at 24, 48, and 72 hours with favorable (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category 1-3) or unfavorable (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category 4-6) outcome and mortality. Forty-three children (49% female; mean age of 5.9 ± 6.3) were enrolled and 17 (40%) died. Serum S100b concentrations peaked earliest, followed by neuron-specific enolase and finally myelin basic protein. Serum neuron-specific enolase and S100b concentrations were increased in the unfavorable versus favorable outcome group and in subjects who died at all time points (all p < 0.05). Serum myelin basic protein at 24 and 72 hours correctly classified survival but not good versus poor outcome. Using best specificity, serum S100b and neuron-specific enolase had optimal positive and negative predictive values at 24 hours to classify both favorable versus unfavorable outcome and survival, whereas serum myelin basic protein's best accuracy occurred at 48 hours. Receiver operator curves for serum S100b and neuron-specific enolase to classify favorable versus unfavorable outcome at 6 months were superior to clinical variables. Preliminary data show that serum S100b, neuron-specific enolase, and myelin basic protein may aid in outcome classification of children surviving cardiac arrest.

Is serum S100B protein an useful biomarker in migraine?

Experimental data have demonstrated a role for S100B protein through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, following trigeminal nerve activation, implicated in the pathology of migraine. We investigated serum levels of S100B protein, as a peripheral glial biomarker, in patients with migraine. In total, 49 migraineurs and 35 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled in this prospective clinical study. The migraine diagnosis was made according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders II diagnostic criteria. Serum samples were obtained for the measurement of S100B levels from all participants and were analyzed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Serum S100B levels were significantly lower in migraineurs than controls (p < 0.001). S100B levels did not significantly differ in migraineurs with or without aura (p > 0.05). In addition, there was no correlation between serum S100B levels and headache characteristics, including attack severity, frequency and duration, and disease duration (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that serum S100B levels were significantly decreased in migraine patients, but further research is needed to ascertain the contribution of S100B in the clinical evaluation of migraine.

Influence of endovascular stent coil embolization on serum NSE and S100B protein in patients with intracranial aneurysms

目的 探讨血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S100B蛋白的影响.方法 86例颅内动脉患者按数字表法随机分为观察组43例和对照组43例.观察组采用血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗,对照组采用显微夹闭治疗.对两组患者的近远期疗效进行分析,且测定两组患者治疗前后的血清NSE和S100B蛋白并比较.结果 两组近期好转率均为100.0%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.00,P>0.05).观察组远期优良率为100.0%,高于对照组的90.7%(χ2=4.06,P<0.05).对照组治疗后血清NSE和S100B蛋白均有明显升高(t=2.725、2.076,均P<0.05),观察组治疗后血清NSE和S100B蛋白均低于对照组(t=2.925、2.246,均P<0.05).结论 血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤患者血清NSE和S100B蛋白影响较小。

Serum levels of S100β protein in 90 children with febrile convulsion

Objective To understand the brain damage caused by different types of febrile convulsion (FC) detecting the serum levels of S100 β protein in children with FC after the episodes of convulsion.Methods Ninety children with FC were selected as an experimental group,who were hospitalized into our hospital from October 1st,2012 to April 30th,2013.At the same period,sixty children with upper respiratory tract infection were chose as a control group.The serum level of S100β protein was detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The levels of serum S100β protein were statistically higher in the children with complex FC and in the children who were younger than 15-month-old than in the control group(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The children with complex FC and in young age have high level of serum S100 β protein,indicating they have different degree brain damage.To prevent nervous system sequelae,the onset time of FC should be shortened,the frequency of FC should be lowered,and neuroprotectants should be administrated. Key words: Febrile convulsion; S100β protein; Brain damage

Prognostic Value and Optimal Sampling Time of S-100B Protein for Outcome Prediction in Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value and optimal sampling time of serum S-100B protein for the prediction of poor neurological outcomes in post-cardiac arrest (CA) patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Methods: We prospectively measured serum S100 calcium binding protein beta subunit (S-100B protein) levels 12 times (0-96 hours) after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The patients were classified into two groups based on cerebral performance category (CPC): the good neurological outcome group (CPC 1-2 at 6 months) and the poor neurological outcome group (CPC 3-5). We compared serial changes and serum S-100B protein levels at each time point between the two groups and performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the prediction of poor neurological outcomes. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the study. S-100B protein levels peaked at ROSC (0 hour), decreased rapidly to 6 hours and maintained a similar level thereafter. Serum S-100B protein levels in the poor CPC group (n = 22) were significantly higher than in the good CPC group (n = 18) at all time points after ROSC except at 4 hours. The time points with highest area under curve were 24 (0.829) and 36 (0.837) hours. The cut-off value, the sensitivity (24/36 hours) and specificity (24/36 hours) for the prediction of poor CPC at 24 and 48 hours were 0.221/0.249 ug/L, 75/65% and 82.4/94.1%, respectively. Conclusions: Serum S-100B protein was an early and useful marker for the prediction of poor neurological outcomes in post-CA patients treated with TH and the optimal sampling times were 24 and 36 hours after ROSC.

EPA-0325 – Serum s100b protein levels in first-episode psychosis

S100B is a calcium-binding protein produced by the astrocytes that has been used as a biomarker of brain inflammation. S100B has been involved in the schizophrenia pathophysiology, being considered a marker of state and prognosis. Studying the relationship between serum S100B levels and psychopathology in first-episode psychosis (FEP). At admission and discharge, serum S100B levels were measured in 20 never-medicated FEP in-patients and 20 healthy controls. Psychopathology was assessed with the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale). The total, positive, negative and general psychopathology scores were assessed. Results are presented as mean±sd. and S100B levels in pg./ml. At admission, patients had significantly higher serum S100B concentrations than healthy subjects (39.2±6.4 vs. 33.3±0.98, p<0.02). S100B levels increased from admission to discharge (39.2±6.4 vs. 40.0±6.8, p=0.285) but they do not reach statistical significance. There were no correlations between PANSS (total, positive, negative and general) scores and S100B at admission and discharge. Individual item by item PANSS correlations with S100B elicited a positive correlation with P5 (grandiosity) (r=0.486, p=0.030) and G5 (mannerisms/posturing) (r=0.514; p=0.02) at discharge. There also was a positive trend with G7 (motor retardation) (r=0.409; p=0.073) at discharge. FEP in-patients have significantly increased serum levels of S100B proteins, suggesting an activation of glial cells that may be associated with a neurodegenerative/inflammatory process. Apart from the study of total scale scores, the analysis of individual item is also recommended. The long-term treatment effect (one year or more) may be relevant to see their relationship to S100B levels.

A Novel Biomarker‐Based Approach for the Detection of Asymptomatic Brain Injury During Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) is a widely used method for studying of asymptomatic brain injury during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, this technique lacks sensitivity for subtle or diffuse brain lesions. We investigated whether detection of the ablation-related brain injury can improve by assessment of a biomarker of brain damage-protein S100B. DW-MRI and assessment of S100B were performed in 58 patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of paroxysmal or persistent AF 1 day before and after the procedure. We observed no symptomatic neurological complications. S100B levels increased after ablation above the upper reference limit of 105 ng/L in 3 patients. One of them developed a new ischemic lesion on the DW-MRI. No acute lesions emerged on DW-MRI in the patients with normal postablation S100B levels. Serial assessment of serum protein S100B may improve detection of asymptomatic acute brain injury in patients undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation of AF. In our study, the incidence of these events was 1.7% when evaluated only by DW-MRI, but the incidence increased to 5% after employing the more sensitive biomarker-based approach.

Serologic Behavior of S100B Protein in Patients Who Are Brain Dead: Preliminary Results

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to assess the S100B protein serum concentrations from brain dead (BD) donors to understand whether its level could provide clinical information during BD diagnosis as a potential confirmatory test. MethodsDuring 12 months, 26 patients declared BD were prospectively included in this study. Once the diagnosis of BD was achieved, serum S100B protein levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence assay. For analytical purposes, we selected the maximum S100B serum value reached during the first 5 days of evolution from a historical cohort of 124 survived patients after a severe brain injury (SBI), as well as from 18 healthy donors (HD) and a subgroup of patients who had severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) without extracranial injuries. ResultsMean age was 53.48 years (SD, 18.91 years). The BD group had significantly higher S100B serum levels (1.44 μg/L; interquartile ratio [IR], 0.63–3.68) than the SBI (0.34 μg/L; IR, 0.21–0.60) and HD groups (0.06 μg/L; IR, 0.03–0.07; P < .001). Analysis of S100B levels depending on the main cause responsible for BD development showed significant differences between subgroups (P = .012). S100B serum levels were higher in the isolated TBI BD group (P = .004). The S100B value showed an odds ratio for BD diagnosis of 8.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–60.45; P = .035). Reciever operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.79–1.00; P = .007). We set a cut-off value of 2 μg/L in S100B serum concentrations. At this level, the diagnostic properties of S100B would reach 100% of specificity and positive predictive value (PPV), and sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of 60% and 86.7%, respectively. ConclusionThis preliminary analysis shows for the very first time that BD is associated with higher S100B serum levels, compared with other neurocritical care patients. We also found that the cause of BD development must be considered. Specifically, S100B serum levels in severe isolated TBI patients—with clinical exploration compatible with BD—could be used in a future as confirmatory test.